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A Narrative Literature Review of Global Pandemic Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Epidemiology, Virology, Potential Dr

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A Narrative Literature Review of Global Pandemic Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Epidemiology, Virology, Potential Dr Review Article iMedPub Journals Archives of Medicine 2020 www.imedpub.com Vol.12 No.3:9 ISSN 1989-5216 DOI: 10.36648/1989-5216.12.3.310 A Narrative Literature Review of Global Pandemic Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Epidemiology, Virology, Potential Drug Treatments Available Venkatesh Balaji Hange* Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, K.D. Dental College & Hospital, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India *Corresponding author: Venkatesh Balaji Hange, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, K.D. Dental College & Hospital, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India, Tel: 7385051925; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: April 18, 2020; Accepted date: April 29, 2020; Published date: May 04, 2020 Citation: Hange VB (2020) A Narrative Literature Review of Global Pandemic Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Epidemiology, Virology, Potential Drug Treatments Available. Arch Med Vol. 12 Iss.3:9 Copyright: ©2020 Hange VB. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Keywords: SARS-COV2; COVID-19; Pandemic; Potential Abstract drug treatment Coronaviruses (CoVs) are the largest group of viruses belonging to the Nidovirales order, which includes Introduction Coronaviridae, Arteriviridae, Mesoniviridae and Coronaviruses (CoVs) are the largest group of viruses Roniviridae families. Coronavirus virion are circular with a diameter of nearly 125 nm. Its most conspicuous belonging to the Nidovirales order, which includes characteristic of coronaviruses is the club-shaped spiked Coronaviridae, Arteriviridae, Mesoniviridae, and Roniviridae projections originating from the surface of the virion. families. Coronavirus virion are circular with a diameter of Such spikes are a definite characteristic of the virion and nearly 125 nm. Its most conspicuous characteristic of give them a solar corona appearance leading the term coronaviruses is the club-shaped spiked projections originating coronaviruses [1]. Coronaviridae covers a broad range of from the surface of the virion. Such spikes are a definite host & carriers, infecting many mammalian & avian characteristic of the virion and give them a solar corona species/subspecies, this may affect the upper respiratory, appearance leading the term coronaviruses [1]. Coronaviridae gastrointestinal, hepatic and central nervous system via a covers a broad range of host & carriers, infecting many number of diseases [2]. SARS-CoV, group 2b-β mammalian & avian species/subspecies, this may affect the coronavirus, was detected as the potential cause of the upper respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic and central 2002-2003 outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory nervous system via a number of diseases [2]. Syndrome (SARS) in the Guangdong Province of China. In a cluster of highly pathogenic respiratory tract infections in Saudi Arabia and other Countries in the middle east throughout 2012, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV), was found to be the potential cause is an example of another novel human CoV [3]. On 31 December 2019, the Wuhan Health Commission in the Republic of China's Hubei Province notified the National Health Commission, China CDC and the WHO of a series of 27 cases of unexplained etiological pneumonia. Leaks have been predominantly tracked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, that trades fish and a myriad of livestock species comprising chickens, bats, marmots and snakes [4]. By January 7th, 2020 Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention officials had isolated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2). On 11 February, WHO officially named the disease as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [5]. The Figure 1 Comparison of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS- World Health Organization (WHO) also announced a CoV with respect to epidemiology, virology & etiology. global emergency on January 31st due to increasing concern about its rapid expansion and the disease SARS-CoV, group 2b-β coronavirus, was detected as the became listed as a pandemic by March 11th. potential cause of the 2002-2003 outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in the Guangdong Province of © Copyright iMedPub | This article is available from: http://www.archivesofmedicine.com/ 1 Archives of Medicine 2020 ISSN 1989-5216 Vol.12 No.3:9 China. In a cluster of highly pathogenic respiratory tract April 2020, 9352 laboratory-confirmed cases, 980 recovered infections in Saudi Arabia and other Countries in the middle and 324 deaths were reported by Indian Council of Medical east throughout 2012, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-CoV Research (Figure 2). (MERS-CoV), (Figure 1) was found to be the potential cause is an example of another novel human CoV (Table 1) [3]. Literature Review On 31 December 2019, the Wuhan Health Commission in the Republic of China's Hubei Province notified the National This narrative review discusses the relevant literature, Health Commission, China CDC and the WHO of a series of 27 including updated studies, Case series, protective measure, cases of unexplained etiological pneumonia. Leaks have been treatment guidelines and the implications for practice with predominantly tracked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale respect to (novel Coronavirus, nCoV) infection. After Market in Wuhan, that trades fish and a myriad of livestock performing a literature search using ProQuest, MEDLINE, and species comprising chickens, bats, marmots and snakes [4]. By PUBMED, Google Scholar search engines. The search terms January 7th, 2020Chinese Center for Disease Control and used were COVID-19, Coronaviruses, outbreak, “respiratory Prevention officials had isolated severe acute respiratory illness ” , “ transmission ” , and “ infection control and syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). On 11 February, WHO management”. After reading the article titles and abstracts, officially named the disease as the coronavirus disease 2019 full text, 43 articles were included based on the quality of the (COVID-19) [5]. The World Health Organization (WHO) also studies. announced a global emergency on January 31st due to Table 1 Comparison of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV increasing concern about its rapid expansion and the disease patients. became listed as a pandemic by March 11th [6]. Corona Viruses S.A.R.S- COV 2 S.A.R.S- COV M.E.R.S- COV First reported November, date December,2019 2002 April,2012 Outbrea Wuhan City, Hubei Guangdong, Jeddah city, Saudi k site Region, China China Arabia Confirm ed 1,876,707 till 13 April cases 2020 8096 2519 Mortality rate 117,653(21%) 744 (10%) 866(34.4%) Incubati on period (Days) Jul-14 02-Jul 05-Jun Chinese Origin Chinese horseshoe horseshoe host bats bats Bats Carrier host pangolin Civet cats Camel Figure 2 Informative graphics showing location & number of High fever, confirmed cases as of April 9 2020. Image source obtained headache, cough, fever, from Statista. fever, cough, myalgia Chills, rhinorrhea, or fatigue, pneumonia, shortness of shortness of and complicated breath, dry breath, dyspnea, whereas Non- gastrointestinal As per the World Health Organization (WHO), the Centers Less common include productive symptoms, headache, diarrhea, Cough in few nausea, vomiting, for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the FDA, there hemoptysis, runny Cases fatigue, and are presently no drugs or vaccinations that are known to be nose, and phlegm respiratory myalgia, successful for SARS-CoV-2 management or preventing the producing cough failure. respiratory failure. spread. Within clinical trials and compassionate use guidelines, Recepto numerous different compounds are used relying on in vitro r ACE2 ACE2 DPP4(CD26) activity (against SARS-CoV-2 or associated viruses) and on Droplet (Close) or Droplet Close contact with constrained clinical knowledge. There was no proven efficacy potentially distant (Close) infected animal or (aerosol) from symptomatic animal products, for any drug therapy [7]. symptomatic & patients, Limited human to asymptomatic patients, surface human As of April 13, 2020, COVID-19 has been recognized in 196 surface contamination, contamination transmission via countries, with a total of 1,876,707 laboratory-confirmed Spread faecal transmission , close contact cases, 435,591 recovered and 116,789 deaths. In India till 13th 2 This article is available from: http://www.archivesofmedicine.com/ Archives of Medicine 2020 ISSN 1989-5216 Vol.12 No.3:9 Geograp influenza virus evolution [12]. E-protein plays a crucial role in hy 196 countries 29 countries 27 countries the assembling and release of viruses. In addition, the E- proteins have several other roles, like the activation of the ion channel necessary for SARS-CoV pathogenesis, and Virology presumably SARS-CoV-2 [9] (Figure 3). Coronaviruses belong to a family that comes under the The presence of this furin-like cleavage region in SARS-CoV-2 order “Nidovirales”. Nidovirales order includes the viruses that promotes the priming of S proteins and may improve the use a nested set of mRNAs for their replication. Further, the performance of SARS-CoV-2 dissemination [8]. coronavirus sub-family has four genera (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta coronaviruses). Treatment and Management Beta-coronaviruses that carry the disease comprise HCoV- HKU1, HCoV-OC43, Middle East respiratory coronavirus Drug repurposing is a feasible, quick and expense-effective syndrome (MERSCoV), severe acute respiratory
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