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The Health Indicators of Housing in the Rural Areas of Kurdistan Province, Iran

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The Health Indicators of Housing in the Rural Areas of Kurdistan Province, Iran J Adv Environ Health Res (2020) 8: 288-296 DOI: 10.22102/jaehr.2020.215575.1156 ORIGINAL PAPER The health indicators of housing in the rural areas of Kurdistan province, Iran Rahmat Bahrami Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Date of submission: 12 Jan 2020, Date of acceptance: 22 Nov 2020 ABSTRACT Housing is considered as one of the components of sustainable development. Achieving sustainable development is not possible without having healthy people. The aim of this study was to investigate the healthy rural housing of Kurdistan province with a descriptive-analytical method. Total of 10 indicators that indicate the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of healthy housing were evaluated. In this study, rural housing in Kurdistan province have been compared with the regulations of the National Housing Regulation and also the average of rural housing indicators in the Country. Quantitative findings showed that 64% of the rural houses in Kurdistan province lack safe water, 55% had worn texture, and 65% had infrastructure area less than 100 meters. Kurdistan province villages are facing a shortage of 9560 housing units. Rural housing quality indicators were in poor condition in terms of lighting, materials used and tectonically. Therefore, in order to improve the indicators of healthy rural housing, it is necessary to provide a well-written and comprehensive plan by the Housing Foundation in which climatic comfort conditions and physical well-being of rural residents are guaranteed. Keywords: Health indicators, Housing, Village, Kurdistan Introduction community.5 The purpose of countries in Housing is a key indicator of the housing plans is to provide healthy living sustainable development planning system in conditions to all community members.6 Based every country. According to the 2019 UN on the World Health Organization (WHO) report, poor housing affects a population of standards, healthy housing provides the larger than one billion across the world.1 In conditions for the health, welfare, and privacy Southeast Asia, one out of every four of the residents.7 individuals has poor housing.2 According to According to Article 31 of the Islamic the Iranian statistics in 2011, more than 44% of Republic's law, healthy housing is the right of households have poor housing conditions in every Iranian.8 The improved quality of this country.3 According to Le Corbusier, both housing and the related services increases the physical and mental needs of humans must social stability, environmental conditions, and be met in housing.4 On the same note, Dorsey the overall quality of life, while also et al. believes that housing is the most motivating community participation. important provider of civilization, as well as Moreover, the key role of housing in the foremost preserver of social culture in the enhancing the uniformity of the community has been emphasized by UN experts.9 Housing Rahmat Bahrami could be studies both quantitatively and [email protected] qualitatively. In the qualitative dimension, Citation: Bahrami R. The health indicators of housing in the rural areas of Kurdistan province, Iran. J Adv Environ Health issues and phenomena arise in regards to poor 10 Res 2020; 8(4): 288-296 housing and housing shortages. MUK-JAEHR 289 Bahrami Epidemiological findings have indicated a socioeconomic status of residents and healthy strong association between housing conditions housing.16 In addition, Golpayegani et al. and health.11 examined housing health and safety indices, Today, it has been proven that housing observing a relative improvement in the status directly and indirectly affects the health of the of rural housing plan indicators compared to residents, and healthy housing could reduce traditional housing despite the significant the risk of various physical diseases and difference with optimal housing conditions.17 injuries.12 Experimental evidence also The present study aimed to evaluate healthy suggests that the environmental and social housing in the rural areas of Kurdistan conditions within private housing and province in the west of Iran. neighborhoods influence human relations and may positively or negatively affect the family Materials and methods and individual quality of life and wellbeing.13 This descriptive-analytical study was According to the World Bank, housing conducted to evaluate healthy housing in the improvement could save lives, prevent rural areas of Kurdistan province, located in diseases, increase the quality of life, reduce the west of Iran. Data were collected using a poverty, help mitigate climate change, and library method from the Statistics Center of help achieve the sustainable development and Iran and the Housing Foundation of Kurdistan health goals to have sustainable cities.1 In Province in 2013. The statistical population contrast, inadequate housing threatens human included the villages of Kurdistan province. health in multiple physical, chemical, The World Health Organization (WHO) expert biological, and social dimensions. In fact, committee has set standards for healthy dilapidated settlements not only threaten housing to ensure human physical and mental health, but they also spread diseases and health.7 decrease the life expectancy of humans. In total, 10 standards WHO housing In a systematic review conducted by indicators were analyzed quantitatively and Jacobs et al., the association of housing qualitatively. Statistical information related to interventions and health were reported.14 In the the year 2013 in the field of quantitative and mentioned study, the evidence on the qualitative indicators has been prepared by the effectiveness of specific housing interventions Housing Foundation of the Islamic Revolution in health improvement was also reviewed. In of Kurdistan Province. In this study, two another study in this regard, Baker et al.15 references have been used to evaluate the evaluated the bidirectional correlation between indicators: first, the National Building health and housing in Australia, suggesting Regulation of Iran, and second, the use of the that health may influence affordable housing average rural housing indicators of the outcomes, while housing affordability may country, which has been prepared by the also predict health outcomes. Statistics Center of Iran. Table 1 shows the Karimi et al. evaluated the status of quantitative and qualitative indicators of healthy housing in various cities, reporting a housing. direct and positive correlation between the Table 1. Quantitative and qualitative housing indicators Qualitative indicators Quantitative indicators 1. Density index (individual density per room, infrastructure area, 1. Location of housing number of rooms per residential unit, household density index per 2. Housing units based on materials used residential unit, density index per residential unit) 3. Cooling and heating system 2. Housing construction period 4. Sewage disposal method 3. Rural housing shortage 5. Waste disposal method 4. Housing services (gas, electricity, telephone and safe water 5. Housing shortage. Housing Foundation of the Islamic Revolution of Kurdistan Province (2011)18 MUK-JAEHR J Adv Environ Health Res (2020) 8: 288-296 290 Results and discussion eastern position, 22% are in the northern Housing is an essential human need, as position, and 20% are in the western position. well as an important indicator of human health In terms of appearance, residential units could and wellbeing. The ultimate goal of all enjoy sunlight by creating the necessary economic and social development sectors is to conditions for air conditioning, and our ensure human welfare, which is the findings in this regard indicated that 49% of fundamental prelude to community health. the residential units had a façade, 33% had two Today, rural housing is considered to be more facades, and 12% had three facades. In important than a mere welfare space in terms addition, 44% of the residential units in Baneh of physical and mental security in most city have more than one façade, and less than villages; rather, it is regarded as a space for 1% of the settlements have the lowest building survival, which is the bedrock of numerous facade direction in Sanandaj City. physical and psychological ailments. The issues within this context fall under the Environmental indicators category of rural housing poverty. Cooling sources Our findings showed that 48% of the rural Qualitative indicators settlements had no resources to provide Ecological location cooling facilities in summer, 35% used water According to the statistical data of 2011 coolers, and 26% used fans. In this regard, the provided by the Statistical Center of Iran, 87% highest number of the water and gas coolers in of the rural settlements in Kurdistan province the households was observed in the rural areas are located in mountainous regions of Baneh City (>91%), and the lowest number (valleys/mid-mountain) and foothills, and 13% was denoted in Marivan City (6%). are located on flat areas (plains).19 Heating sources Directions for the establishment of rural One of the most important influential settlements factors in the comfort of space is the One of the dimensions of sustainability in availability of heating and cooling facilities in the field of human health and wellbeing is the the building. Health engineers liken building establishment and location of rural houses in facilities to the heart of the building. Building order to benefit from natural bounties, such
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