Phd Thesis: on the Diversity of O Vi Absorbers at High Redshift

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Phd Thesis: on the Diversity of O Vi Absorbers at High Redshift arXiv:1511.04604v1 [astro-ph.CO] 14 Nov 2015 Institut für Physik und Astronomie Astrophysik II On the diversity of O vi absorbers at high redshift Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades “doctor rerum naturalium ” (Dr. rer. nat.) in der Wissenschaftsdisziplin “Astrophysik” eingereicht an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Potsdam von Nadya Draganova Potsdam, den 03.07.2013 Abstract The interstellar and intergalactic medium (ISM and IGM, respectively) can be observed in absorption in the spectra of bright background sources (e.g. stars and very distant quasars). Spectral observations of five-times ionized oxygen (O vi) play an impor- tant role in studies aimed to deepen our understanding of the ISM and the IGM at low and high redshifts. Assuming a collisional ionization mechanism, the ionization potential of O vi (138 eV) corresponds to temperatures T 105 106 K. Therefore, O vi is a po- tential tracer of intergalactic gas at T > 105 K, i.e.,∼ the− warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM). Moreover, the doublet O vi λλ 1031 Å, 1037 Å is strong and is expected to be detected and identified easily. In this thesis, we systematically analyze the properties of intergalactic O vi absorbing gas structures at high redshift using optical spectra with intermediate ( 6.6 km s−1 ∼ FWHM) and high ( 4.0 km s−1 FWHM) resolution, obtained with the Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph∼ (UVES) at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). We complement our analysis with synthetic spectra obtained from extensive cosmological simulations that are part of the ‘OverWhelmingly Large Simulations’ (OWLS) project (Schaye et al. 2010). Our primary goal is to understand the origin and the physical properties of high-redshift O vi absorbing gas. In the first part of the analysis (Chapter 3), we investigate in detail two O vi systems at redshift z 2 using two UVES data sets, both with intermediate and high spectral resolution. Comparing≈ O vi absorbers observed at high and intermediate resolution, we find that the velocity structure of the absorbers is resolved in both data sets and we explore in detail the ionization conditions. The results indicate that the structure of the highly-ionized intergalactic gas at high redshift is complex and far more diverse then previously thought. In the second part of the analysis (Chapter 4), we study a large sample of high-redshift O vi absorbers (2.2 z 3.7) along 15 quasar sight lines using UVES archival data with intermediate resolution.≤ ≤ About 30 per cent of the intervening O vi systems turn out to be single-component absorbers, while the rest exhibit a more complex velocity structure. Absorption systems with small velocity offsets between O vi and neutral hydrogen (H i) – i.e., aligned systems – are simple, isolated gas domains, while those with a significant velocity offset seem to be embedded in structures with more complex kinematics and large internal velocity dispersions. In the third part of the analysis (Chapter 5), we investigate a large sample of syn- thetic O vi spectra from a OWLS cosmological simulation at z = 2.5, taking advantage of the direct knowledge of physical parameters of the absorbers. We find that aligned O vi/H i and O vi/C iv pairs – where C iv is three-times ionized carbon – trace gas at different temperatures, which hints to a multi-phase nature of the gas and different ori- gins for most of the absorbers. Photoionization modeling shows that only about 30 per cent of the O vi/C iv pairs arise in a photoionized, single gas-phase. Our main conclusions are the following: 1) Both the observations and simulations imply that O vi absorbers at high redshift arise in structures spanning a broad range of scales and different physical conditions. When the O vi components are characterized by small Doppler parameters, the ionizing mechanism is most likely photoionization; otherwise, collisional ionization is the dominant mechanism. 2) The baryon- and metal-content of the O vi absorbers at z 2 is less than one per cent of the total mass-density of baryons and metals at that≈ redshift. Therefore, O vi absorbers do not trace the bulk of baryons and metals at that epoch. 3) The O vi gas density, metallicity and non-thermal broadening mechanisms are sig- nificantly different at high redshift with respect to low redshift. In particular, non-thermal broadening mechanisms appear less important at high redshift as compared to low red- shift, where the turbulence in the absorption gas might be significant. This, together with the result that O vi arises in different environments, embedded in small- and large-scale structures, indicates that O vi does not trace characteristic regions in the circumgalactic and intergalactic medium, but rather traces a gas phase with a characteristic transition temperature (T 105K). 4) The O vi absorbers∼ at high redshift arise in gas with metallicities significantly higher than the surrounding environment, which suggests an inhomogeneous metal enrichment of the IGM. Zusammenfassung Das interstellare and intergalaktische Medium (ISM bzw. IGM) ruft eine Vielzahl von Absorptionslinien in Stern- bzw. Quasarspektren hervor. Spektrale Beobachtungen des fünffach ionisierten Sauerstoffs (O vi) sind von fundamentaler Bedeutung für un- ser Verständnis des ISM bzw. IGM bei niedrigen sowie hohen Rotverschiebungen. Unter der Annahme, dass das Gas durch Teilchenstösse ionisiert wird, entspricht das Ionisa- tionspotenzial von O vi (138 eV) im Stoss-Ionisationsgleichgewicht Temperaturen von T 105 106 K. Demzufolge ist O vi ein potenzieller Indikator für intergalaktisches Gas mit∼T >−105 K, das sogenannte ‘warm-heiße’ intergalaktische Medium (WHIM). Zudem ist das Liniendoublet O vi λλ 1031 Å, 1037 Å relativ stark und in Spektren in der Regel leicht zu identifizieren. In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir systematisch die Eigenschaften von Gasstrukturen, die intergalaktisches O vi aufweisen und bei hohen Rotverschiebungen auftreten. Hier- für verwenden wir optische Spektren mit mittlerer ( 6.6 km s−1 FWHM) und hoher ( 4.0 km s−1 FWHM) spektraler Auflösung, beobachtet∼ mit dem ‘Ultraviolet and Visual ∼ Echelle’ Spektrographen (UVES) des ‘Very Large Telescope’ (VLT). Wir ergänzen unse- re Untersuchungen mit synthetischen Spektren aus kosmologischen Simulationen. Unser vorrangiges Ziel ist das Verständnis des Ursprungs und der physikalischen Eigenschaften des O vi enthaltenden Gases bei hohen Rotverschiebungen. Im ersten Abschnitt der Arbeit (Kapitel 3) untersuchen wir im Detail zwei O vi Sys- teme bei einer Rotverschiebung von z 2 unter Verwendung zweier UVES Datensät- ze, jeweils mit mittlerer und hoher spektraler≈ Auflösung. Der Vergleich der beiden O vi Absorptionssysteme bei hoher und mittlerer Auflösung zeigt, dass die Geschwindigkeitss- truktur der Systeme in beiden Datensätzen aufgelöst ist. Des Weiteren untersuchen wir im Detail die Ionisationsbedingungen im Gas. Die Ergebnisse aus dieser Untersuchung deutet an, dass die Struktur des hochionisierten intergalaktischen Gases bei hoher Rot- verschiebung komplex und wesentlich facettenreicher ist als bisher angenommen. Im zweiten Abschnitt der Arbeit (Kapitel 4) analysieren wir eine größere Anzahl an O vi Absorbern bei hohen Rotverschiebungen (2.2 z 3.7) entlang 15 Sichtli- ≤ ≤ nien zu Quasaren unter Verwendung von UVES Archivdaten mit mittlerer Auflösung. Etwa 30 Prozent der die Sichtlinien durchlaufenden O vi Systeme stellen sich als Ein- Komponenten-Systeme heraus, wohingegen die verbleibenden Systeme eine komplexere Geschwindigkeitsstruktur aufweisen. Absorptionssysteme mit kleinen Geschwindigkeits- differenzen zwischen den Absorptionslinien von O vi und neutralem Wasserstoff (H i) re- präsentieren einfache, isolierte Gasdomänen, wohingegen solche mit grösseren Geschwin- digkeitsdifferenzen in Gas-Strukturen mit einer komplexeren Kinematik und einer hohen internen Geschwindigkeitsdispersion eingebettet sind. Im dritten Abschnitt der Arbeit (Kapitel 5) untersuchen schliesslich wir eine große Auswahl synthetischer Spektren aus einer kosmologischen Simulation bei z = 2.5. Die Simulation ist Teil des OWLS Projektes (Schaye et al. 2010). Zur Analyse nutzen wir die unmittelbare Kenntnis über die physikalischen Parameter der absorbierenden Gas- Strukturen in der Simulation aus. Die Mehrheit der kinematisch zusammenhängenden O vi/H i und O vi/C iv Paare (C iv ist dreifach ionisierter Kohlenstoff) weist auf Gas mit verschiedenen Temperaturbereichen hin und somit eine mehrphasige Gasstruktur hin. Photoionisationsmodelle zeigen weiterhin, dass nur ca. 30 Prozent der O vi/C iv Paare in einer einzelnen, räumlich kohärenten photoionisierten Gasphase entstehen. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit fassen wir wie folgt zusammen: 1) Die Beobachtungen und die Simulationen lassen darauf schließen, dass O vi Ab- sorptionssysteme bei hoher Rotverschiebung in Strukturen entstehen, die sich über einen weiten Bereich an Größenskalen und verschiedenartigen physikalischen Zuständen erstre- cken. Wenn die O vi Komponenten kleine Doppler-Parameter aufweisen, ist der Ionisa- tionsmechanismus höchstwahrscheinlich Photoionisation; anderenfalls ist Stoßionisation der dominierende Mechanismus. 2) Der Baryonen- und Metallanteil der O vi Absorber bei z 2 beträgt weniger als 1 Prozent der gesamten Massendichte der Baryonen bzw. Metalle≈ bei dieser Rotverschie- bung. Deshalb gehen O vi Absorptionssysteme nicht mit dem Großteil der Baryonen bzw. Metalle in dieser Epoche einher. 3) Die O vi Gasdichte, Metallizität und nicht-thermischen Verbreiterungsmechanis- men der O vi Linien
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