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Hellenic J Cardiol 48: 325-334, 2007 Original Research Epidemiological Characteristics, Management and Early Outcome of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Greece: The HELlenic Infarction Observation Study 1 2 3 1 GEORGE ANDRIKOPOULOS , ATHANASIOS PIPILIS , JOHN GOUDEVENOS , STYLIANOS TZEIS , 4 5 6 7 ATHANASIOS KARTALIS , KONSTANTINOS OIKONOMOU , CHARALAMBOS KARVOUNIS , JOHN MANTAS , 8 9 10 11 CHRISTOS KYRPIZIDIS , ALEXANDROS GOTSIS , MARINA PASCHIDI , THEMISTOKLIS TSAKNAKIS , 12 1 13 14 VLASSIOS PYRGAKIS , ANTONIOS S. MANOLIS , HARISIOS BOUDOULAS , PANOS E. VARDAS , 15 16 CHRISTODOULOS I. STEFANADIS , JOHN LEKAKIS ; ON BEHALF OF THE HELIOS STUDY INVESTIGATORS 1First Cardiac Department, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, 2Hygeia Hospital, Athens, 3University Cardiac Department, Ioannina, 4Chios Hospital, 5Edessa Hospital, 6AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, 7Chalkida Hospital, 82nd IKA Hospital, Thessaloniki, 9Komotini Hospital, 10Boehringer Ingelheim Coordinator, 11Volos Hospital, 12Korinthos Hospital, 13Foundation of Biomedical Research, Academy of Athens, 14Cardiology Department, Heraklion University Hospital, Crete, 15First Cardiac Department, 16Second Cardiac Department, Athens University Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece Key words: Introduction: Taking into consideration the need for an updated survey on acute myocardial infarction (AMI) HELIOS, acute in Greece, we conducted the HELIOS study (HELlenic Infarction Observation Study), aiming to recruit a co- myocardial infarction, hort of AMI patients that would be representative of the total AMI population. characteristics, Methods: The HELIOS study is a countrywide registry of AMI, conducted during 2005-2006 by the Preven- management and tion Working Group of the Hellenic Cardiological Society. We enrolled 1840 AMI pts from 31 hospitals (mean prognosis. age 68 ± 13 years, 75% men, 1096 ST-elevation myocardial infarction [STEMI] patients), with a proportion- al representation of all types of hospitals and of all geographical areas. The study recruited 10% of the total number of AMI cases that occur per year on a countrywide basis, taking into consideration the seasonal variations of the population in each geographical area. Manuscript received: Results: Despite demographic changes, there is still a male predominance among AMI patients and an in- July 26, 2007; creasing prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors, (obesity, diabetes, hypertension) compared to previous Accepted: AMI studies in the Greek population. Almost 60% of STEMI patients received reperfusion therapy, but the September 10, 2007. median value of the pain-to-door time was 180 minutes. The rates of administration of evidence-based med- ications during hospitalisation or upon discharge and the short-term mortality rates were in accordance with those observed in other international AMI registries. Address: Conclusions: The HELIOS study provided valuable insights into the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, George K. Andrikopoulos management and outcome of patients with AMI in the Greek population. Although there are notable advances compared to previous reports, there is still considerable room for improvement and we should particularly 18 Parmenionos St. focus on minimising the time delay between arrival at the emergency department and performance of reper- 13676 fusion, by either pharmacological or catheter-based approaches. Thrakomakedones Athens, Greece e-mail: [email protected] cute myocardial infarction (AMI) by standardised criteria which enable its is a clinical presentation of coro- objective recording. Representing a dra- A nary artery disease (CAD) defined matic and challenging clinical situation, (Hellenic Journal of Cardiology) HJC ñ 325 G. Andrikopoulos et al AMI has been studied extensively during the last registry designed to enrol consecutive patients with a decades. From the therapeutic point of view, avail- discharge diagnosis of myocardial infarction over a ability of appropriate therapeutic interventions and period of one year. Enrolment of patients took place short-term prognosis after AMI have been used as an during the years 2005 and 2006. Thirty-one centres index of quality of cardiovascular health services in participated in the study and their selection was made the industrialised world. Furthermore, coronary risk mainly on the basis of their geographical distribution, factor profiles of AMI patients are of unique epi- aiming to encompass the full spectrum of hospitals demiological importance, providing information admitting patients with AMI in each geographical about the population attributable risk of the major area. The names of the study investigators and of the cardiovascular risk factors, while the incidence of participating centres are given in the Appendix. For AMI has been used to assess trends in cardiovascular the purposes of the study, the country was divided in morbidity and mortality. five major regions: Attica, Thessaloniki, Northern Data derived from randomised clinical trials are Greece, Central Greece and Southern Greece. In or- considered to provide the highest level of evidence in der to avoid the overrepresentation of older individu- formulating the guidelines of clinical practice. How- als in some of the country regions due to demograph- ever, clinical trials should not be considered as the ic reasons, we used the population over 25 years of optimal tool for evaluating the clinical characteristics age as the target population for AMI. The distribu- and management of the average myocardial infarc- tion of the country population older than 25 years in tion patient in the everyday medical world, largely be- year 2001 (totalling 7,717,162 individuals) was as fol- cause of their limited external validity and highly con- lows: Attica 2,776,580 individuals (36%), Thessaloni- trolled clinical setting. On the contrary, prospective, ki 745,453 (10%), Southern Greece 1,438,272 (19%), properly designed registries enrolling consecutive, Central Greece 1,489,700 (19%), and Northern unselected patients represent the target population Greece 1,267,157 (16%). The population data were more accurately and may serve a pragmatic purpose derived from the database of the National Statistical by assessing disparities in the baseline characteristics, Service (data available at http://www.statistics.gr). management and prognosis.1 In order to recruit a representative sample of pa- At least three previous large-scale, multi-centre tients hospitalised for AMI, and owing to the lack of studies of the Greek population focusing solely on reliable data on the incidence of AMI in each geo- AMI have been conducted in various parts of the coun- graphical region of the country, we made the assump- try.2-5 One of them, the Panhellenic Acute Infarction tion that AMI cases are proportionally related to the Study, was conducted on a countrywide basis.2 Howev- number of total admissions. This assumption was sup- er, this study was conducted 13 years ago and thus it ported by the fact that the vast majority of AMI pa- lags behind the fast track evolution in the contempo- tients in our country are hospitalised in the cardiology rary management of myocardial infarction. Further- departments of the regional hospitals. The total num- more, it cannot account for the well established ber of patients hospitalised in cardiology departments changes in the profile of myocardial infarction patients throughout the country, based on data from the na- that have been associated with the recent increase in tional statistical service, was calculated to be 135,009 the prevalence of obesity, hypertension and diabetes in for the year 2001. We originally aimed to screen 10% the Greek population. of the total admissions in the country (13,501 admis- Taking into consideration the above reasons sup- sions) and recruit the corresponding AMI cases, porting the need for an AMI survey in Greece, we which would then serve as the study population. How- conducted the HELIOS study (HELlenic Infarction ever, after exclusion of three centres during the quali- Observation Study), aiming to recruit a cohort of ty control, we finally screened 12,513 admissions AMI patients that would accurately represent the cur- (93% of the originally targeted admissions), out of rent situation of the entire country. which we enrolled the 1840 AMI cases which made up our study population. The extreme seasonal variation in the incidence Methods of myocardial infarction due to changes of the popu- lation distribution within the country, especially dur- Study population ing the summer holidays, has been a methodological The HELIOS study was a prospective, observational challenge in previous studies. Aiming to counterbal- 326 ñ HJC (Hellenic Journal of Cardiology) HELlenic Infarction Observation Study - HELIOS Study ance the effects of this potential enrolment bias, we performed a pre-study investigation in an attempt to identify the fluctuation in overall admissions in all study centres, based on data from the local admission offices. The initially proposed predetermined number of admissions for each study centre was distributed ac- cordingly over the four seasons. For each season, every admission to the participating centres was recorded in the study logbook by the study investigators until the predetermined number of admissions had been reached. Each enrolment period in each participating centre was terminated once this number was reached. In order to minimise recruitment bias, we also avoided disproportionate enrolment of patients
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