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UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Previously Published Works UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Previously Published Works Title Limits to the potential distribution of light brown apple moth in Arizona–California based on climate suitability and host plant availability Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/95m8s05q Journal Biological Invasions, 12(9) ISSN 1573-1464 Authors Gutierrez, Andrew Paul Mills, Nicholas J. Ponti, Luigi Publication Date 2010-09-01 DOI 10.1007/s10530-010-9725-8 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Biol Invasions (2010) 12:3319–3331 DOI 10.1007/s10530-010-9725-8 ORIGINAL PAPER Limits to the potential distribution of light brown apple moth in Arizona–California based on climate suitability and host plant availability Andrew Paul Gutierrez • Nicholas J. Mills • Luigi Ponti Received: 21 July 2009 / Accepted: 29 January 2010 / Published online: 20 February 2010 Ó The Author(s) 2010. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The highly polyphagous light brown apple using the detailed biology reported by Danthanara- moth (LBAM) (Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.): yana and colleagues, and climate data from 151 Tortricidae) is indigenous to Australia and was first locations in California and Arizona for the period found in California in 2006. It is currently found in 15 1995–2006. The predictions of our model suggest that coastal counties in California, but nowhere has it the near coastal regions of California are most reached outbreak status. The USDA projects the favorable for LBAM, the northern Central Valley of geographic range of LBAM will include much of California being less favorable, and the desert regions Arizona and California and the southern half of the of Arizona and California being unfavorable. The US, which together with economic estimates of model also predicts that LBAM populations can potential crop losses have been used as the rationale develop at two of the hottest locations in SE Australia for an eradication program in California. We report a where it is has long been known to occur. This temperature-driven demographic model to predict the reassessment of the potential distribution of LBAM in likely distribution and relative abundance of LBAM California and Arizona suggests that its likely eco- logical and economic impacts would be less than previously assessed by USDA and that its current pest status warrants re-evaluation. A. P. Gutierrez Á N. J. Mills Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, College of Natural Resources, University Keywords Light brown apple moth Á of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA Geographic distribution Á Invasive species Á Eradication Á Modeling Á GIS A. P. Gutierrez Á L. Ponti Center for the Analysis of Sustainable Agricultural Systems (CASAS Global), 37 Arlington Ave, Kensington, CA 94707, USA Introduction L. Ponti The light brown apple moth (LBAM, Epiphyas ENEA, Dipartimento BAS, Gruppo ‘‘Lotta alla Desertificazione’’, S.P. Anguillarese 301, 00123 postvittana (Walk.): Tortricidae) is indigenous to S. Maria di Galeria (Rome), Italy Australia where it is considered a pest of pome fruits and grape, but it has been recorded from a broad range & A. P. Gutierrez ( ) of host plant species including crops, ornamentals and Ecosystem Science, University of California, 137 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA herbaceous weeds (Danthanarayana 1975; Geier and e-mail: [email protected] Briese 1981; Suckling and Brockerhoff 2010). This 123 3320 A. P. Gutierrez et al. pest was accidentally introduced into England, Biology of light brown apple moth Hawaii, New Caledonia and New Zealand, and was first found in the San Francisco Bay area by Univer- Danthanarayana (1975) reviewed the sparse literature sity of California Emeritus Professor Jerry Powell in on the biology of LBAM prior to 1975 (Dumbleton 2006 (Brown 2007). LBAM is currently found in 15 1932, 1939; Evans 1937; Geier 1965; Lawrence and coastal and near coastal counties in California Bartell 1972; Bartell and Lawrence 1973; MacLellan suggesting it has been present in the state for several 1973). In a series of papers, Danthanarayana (1975, years. To date the pest has not reached outbreak status 1976a, b, c), Danthanarayana et al. (1995), Gu and at any location in California. Danthanarayana (1990a, b, 1992) described the biol- The United States Department of Agriculture ogy of LBAM, and this body of work is the basis for (USDA) posits that the potential distribution of our analysis. The developmental biology of E. post- LBAM includes all areas having sufficient thermal vittana is summarized below and in Figs. 1 and 2. units for the completion of three generations (i.e., Light brown apple moth does not have a diapause California and the Southern half of the United States) period and feeds on numerous plant species across with estimated losses of $118 million per annum from family lines; the lower threshold for development of all apple, grape, orange and pear production (Fowler stages was estimated as 7.5°C (Danthanarayana 1975), et al. 2009). In response to this perceived threat, the but reanalysis of the data for eggs and larvae yields a USDA considers LBAM to be an actionable quaran- non linear relationship with a slightly lower threshold tine pest, and has placed quarantine on California of 6.8°C (Fig. 1). The mean duration of the egg stage is produce in affected counties as well as all counties in 5.7 days at 28°C (120.8 degree days; dd[6.8°C) with no Hawaii (Federal Quarantine Order of May 2, 2007). In eggs hatching above 31.3°C. Larval and pupal devel- late 2007, the California Department of Agriculture opmental times are 335 and 142 dd, respectively with (CDFA) began an eradication program using phero- an upper threshold for development for larvae and mones, sprays and other techniques. The pheromone pupae of approximately 31.5°C. The generation time is spray program engendered considerable public protest 594 dd. Fifty-percent of eggs are laid by 646 dd; mean concerning claimed public health effects, the lack of hard evidence that LBAM is a serious pest and the proposed expenditure of nearly 100 million dollars for the program in California alone. Because of public outcry, an eradication program based on the sterile insect technology (SIT) has now been proposed. The potential ecological and economic impact of invasive species can be influenced by many factors (Parker et al. 1999; Levine et al. 2003; Buckley 2008), but for invasive arthropod pests, climate and temperature in particular have played a central role in the assessment of risk (e.g., Fowler et al. 2009; Migeon et al. 2009; Sutherst and Bourne 2009). A variety of climate matching models have been used to predict the potential distribution of invaders (Coetzee et al. 2009; Rodda et al. 2009; Sutherst and Bourne 2009), but there have been few attempts to include biotic interactions in addition to abiotic drivers into such models (e.g., Gutierrez and Baumga¨rtner 1984; Gutierrez et al. 2008). Here, we analyze the potential distribution of LBAM in Arizona and California using a temperature-driven demographic model to Fig. 1 The effect of temperature (T) on the developmental provide a more quantitative and realistic approach for rates of LBAM eggs (a) and larvae (b) (data from Danthan- assessment of the risk of this invasive pest. arayana 1975) 123 Potential distribution of light brown apple moth 3321 Fig. 2 The effects of LBAM adult age and daily average temperature (T)on fecundity: a per capita daily fecundity on female age (x) at 20°C, b a scalar (0 B /TB 1) of the effects of average temperature on fecundity, c the combined effects of subfigures a, b (data from Danthanarayana 1975), and the effects of extreme temperature d on the mortality rate per day (0 B lT B 1). Note that the symbol (filled circle) represents data and (open circle) represents linear extrapolations fecundity is approximately 384 but varies considerably theoretical optimum assuring that nearly all females (0–1492) with female size, larval food and temperature are mated (see Geier et al. 1978). The resulting sex (Danthanarayana et al. 1995; Gu and Danthanarayana ratio in our model is 1.1 $:0.9 #. 1990a, b, 1992), but only temperature is used in the Data from Danthanarayana (1975) were used to model. The optimum temperature for oviposition is estimate the effects of adult age and temperature on near 20°C. At constant temperatures of 20 and 25°C, per capita fecundity (Fig. 2a–c). The data are illus- [50 and 80% of the eggs are laid by the fourth and the trated in days for ease of interpretation, but all seventh day after emergence respectively with peak calculations in the model are made in physiological oviposition occurring when adult females are 2–3 days time units. The effect of temperature (T) and age (x) old. Body weight of both male and female moths at on per capita daily fecundity is modeled as the product emergence increases with increasing temperature up to of the function for maximum fecundity (E(x, Topt)) at 25°C. Danthanarayana (1976a, b, c) provides infor- the optimum temperature (Topt = 20°C, Fig. 2a) and a mation on the diel and lunar periodicities, seasonal scalar function of the effects of temperature above and variation in flight activity and the influence of food and below the optimum (/T, Fig. 2b) yielding Eðx; TÞ¼ temperature on flight performance in the field. Flight /T ðTÞEðx; ToptÞ (Fig. 2c). The rightward displace- duration increases with temperature in the range ment of the fecundity function from the y-axis 15–28°C, with males being stronger fliers than females (Fig. 2a, c) reflects the short pre-oviposition period. with the longest flights occurring on day four. Mating in females begins within 24 h of emergence with nearly all being mated within 4 days.
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