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Eupeodes Kommazweefvliegen Mr Middelgrote Zweefvliegen (7-12 Mm) Met Glimmend Don- Ker Borststuk En Gele Banden of Vlekkenparen Op Het Zwarte Achterlijf

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Eupeodes Kommazweefvliegen Mr Middelgrote Zweefvliegen (7-12 Mm) Met Glimmend Don- Ker Borststuk En Gele Banden of Vlekkenparen Op Het Zwarte Achterlijf de nederlandse zweefvliegen Summary – Very rare. No apparent trends. Threatened. Eupeodes bucculatus Calcareous grassland. zeldzaam zeer lage aantallen geen trendgegevens Eupeodes Kommazweefvliegen mr Middelgrote zweefvliegen (7-12 mm) met glimmend don- ker borststuk en gele banden of vlekkenparen op het zwarte achterlijf. Van verwante genera te onderscheiden aan het (vrijwel) geheel gele gezicht, onbehaarde ogen, rechte vleu- gelader 3 (behalve bij E. lapponicus) en zwarte vlek op buik- plaatje 2 (vaak ook op buikplaatjes 3-4). Tekening bij mees- te soorten zeer variabel. Taxonomie en determinatie Eupeodes (in oude literatuur Metasyrphus genoemd) is be- rucht om de taxonomische problemen en moeilijke deter- □ voor 1950 minatie. De revisie van Dušek & Láska (1976) heeft veel ◯ 1950 t/m 1989 verduidelijkt, maar sindsdien zijn er soorten van naam ver- ⦁ 1990 t/m 2007 anderd en nieuwe soorten beschreven (MAZÁNEK ET AL. 1998, 1999A, B). Determinatie van de Nederlandse soorten is mogelijk met heeft de soort, in vergelijking met E. goeldlini, een voorkeur Van Veen (2004) of met Verlinden (1991), aangevuld met voor drogere en meer zandige biotopen, maar dit behoeft Mazánek et al. (1999a). bevestiging (REEMER & VAN STEENIS 2006). Imago’s vliegen in kruid- en struiklaag. Verspreiding Larven zijn gevonden op akkerdistel en vederdistel (Láska Voornamelijk Holarctisch genus met tientallen soorten, & Starý 1980), maar dat zou ook E. goeldlini kunnen betref- met slechts enkele soorten in tropische regio’s. In Europa fen, die toen nog niet beschreven was. Van andere meldin- zeventien soorten, in Nederland negen. gen in de literatuur bestaat nog meer twijfel of het werkelijk E. bucculatus betreft. Ecologie De vliegen zijn vaak op bloemen te zien. Verschillende Summary – Scarce. No trend information available be- soorten vertonen sterk migratiegedrag. De larven voeden cause of confusion with E. goeldlini. Various open habitats. zich met bladluizen. Verschillende soorten Eupeodes over- Records suggest a preference for more dry and sandy soils winteren in het popstadium; dit komt bij andere genera than E. goeldlini. met bladluisetende soorten niet voor (DUšEK & LÁSKA 1974A, 1986). Eupeodes corollae Terrasjeskommazweefvlieg mr Eupeodes bucculatus Vrij kleine Eupeodes. Mannetje met banden of smal verbon- Variabele kommazweefvlieg mr den vlekken op rugplaatjes 3-4 en zeer groot genitaalorgaan. Middelgrote Eupeodes, achterlijf zwart met gele banden of Vrouwtje altijd met vlekkenparen en kenmerkende voor- smal verbonden grote gele vlekken op rugplaatjes 3-4, soms hoofdstekening: rechte scheiding tussen zwarte en gele deel vlekken gescheiden. Te onderscheiden van E. luniger aan (zonder zwart ‘vorkje’) en twee stofvlekjes tegen de oog- geheel met microtrichen bedekte alula en in bovenaanzicht rand. Lengte 7-10 mm. aan stompe ooghoek bij mannetje. Van E. goeldlini alleen te onderscheiden aan de mannelijke genitaliën (MAZÁNEK ET AL. Verspreiding en vliegtijd 1998, 1999A). Lengte 9-12 mm. Palearctisch, oriëntaals en afrotropisch. Heel Europa. Zeer algemeen in heel Nederland. In sommige jaren veel Verspreiding en vliegtijd talrijker dan in andere vanwege migratie vanuit het zui- Europees. De precieze verspreiding is nog onduidelijk door den. In hoeverre Nederlandse dieren nakomelingen zijn 5 ♂ 4 verwarring met andere soorten, met name met E. goeldlini. van overwinterende vrouwtjes of uit het zuiden zijn ko- 3 2 In Nederland zeldzaam, maar verspreid over het land, met men aanvliegen is niet bekend, maar gezien de levenscy- 1 name op de zandgronden. clus (overwintering in het popstadium) zou E. corollae al J F M A M J J A S O N D Aantal generaties onduidelijk. vroeger in het jaar verwacht mogen worden dan nu het 1 2 geval is, zoals bijvoorbeeld bij E. luniger. Mogelijk bestaat 3 4 Ecologie dus een groot deel van de Nederlandse exemplaren uit 5 ♀ Vermoedelijk uiteenlopende min of meer open habitats, zo- trekkers. Eupeodes bucculatus als graslanden, moerassen, bosranden en parken. Mogelijk Meerdere generaties. Reemer 2009. In: Nederlandse Fauna 8: 214-219 214 hoofdstuk 10 soortbesprekingen Mannetje Eupeodes corollae. Ecologie Eupeodes corollae vrouwtje, Uiteenlopende habitats, met voorkeur voor beschutte plek- eileggend op robertskruid. jes in verder open gebieden. Zelfs midden in grote steden en droge helmvegetaties in de zeereep. De imago’s worden meestal bloembezoekend of vliegend tussen de vegetatie gezien. Mannetjes bezetten een territo- rium en zitten op uitkijkposten zoals uitstekende stengels of bladeren. Ze vliegen op passerende insecten af en keren te- rug naar hun uitkijkpost als het geen vrouwelijke soortge- noot is. Zweefgedrag komt niet of nauwelijks voor. De pa- ring begint in de vlucht en wordt op de bodem of in de Eupeodes corollae Larve van Eupeodes corollae zeer algemeen (voor pop zie hoofdstuk 4, hoge aantallen >1950: geen trend fig. 26). <1950: meer vegetatie voortgezet. Vrouwtjes leggen honderden eitjes, verspreid over diverse planten met bladluiskolonies (SCHNEI- DER 1968). De levensduur van de imago’s varieert (onder labo- ratoriumomstandigheden) van tien tot circa dertig dagen (BARKEMEYER 1994). Eupeodes corollae staat bekend als een sterk 450 ♂ migrerende soort die grote afstanden over land en water af 360 270 kan leggen. De soort is op zee tot op tweehonderd kilome- 180 ter uit de kust waargenomen (Gatter & SCHMID 1990, KEHLMAIER 90 J F M A M J J A S O N D 2002B, SCHMID 1999B, SCHNEIDER 1968). Hij overwintert misschien 90 ook als imago (VAN DER Goot 1997), maar dit is niet zeker en het 180 □ voor 1950 komt niet veel voor. 270 ◯ 1950 t/m 1989 360 ⦁ 1990 t/m 2007 De larven voeden zich met bladluizen op kruiden en strui- 450 ♀ ken uit uiteenlopende plantenfamilies, soms ook op bomen Eupeodes corollae Reemer 2009. In: Nederlandse Fauna 8: 214-219 215 de nederlandse zweefvliegen (ROJO ET AL. 2003). De larvale ontwikkeling duurt, afhankelijk Summary – Rare. No trend information available because van de temperatuur, 7-25 dagen. In deze tijd eet de larve of confusion with E. bucculatus. Various open habitats. honderden bladluizen. Het popstadium duurt zo’n acht da- Records suggest a preference for more moist conditions gen, tenzij de pop in diapauze gaat (BARKEMEYER 1994, SCHNEIDER than E. bucculatus. 1968). Overwintering vindt gewoonlijk plaats in het popsta- dium (DUšEK & LÁSKA 1974A, 1986). Eupeodes lapponicus Boogkommazweefvlieg mr Summary – Very common. More common before 1950. Various habitats, preferably open. Because of its late ap- Middelgrote Eupeodes met meestal vrij smalle gele vlekken- pearance in spring, it is unclear to which extent the Dutch paren op het zwarte achterlijf en zwarte zijranden van rug- population is indigenous or consists largely of migrants. plaatje 5. Van alle andere Eupeodes-soorten te onderscheiden aan s-vormige bocht van vleugelader 3. Lengte 9-12 mm. Eupeodes goeldlini Vanwege de afwijkende morfologie en levenscyclus wordt E. lapponicus door sommige auteurs in het (sub)genus Lap- Veranderlijke kommazweefvlieg mr posyrphus Dušek & Láska, 1967 geplaatst, samen met de Middelgrote Eupeodes, achterlijf zwart met gele banden of nearctische E. aberrantis (CURRAN, 1925) (DUšEK & LÁSKA 1967, VOCKE- smal verbonden grote vlekken op rugplaatjes 3-4, soms met ROTH 1992). Ook is E. lapponicus wel bij Scaeva ondergebracht gescheiden vlekken. Van E. luniger te onderscheiden aan de (Hippa 1968A). geheel met microtrichen bedekte alula en de ooghoek van de mannetjes, die in bovenaanzicht stomp is. Van E. buc- Verspreiding en vliegtijd culatus alleen betrouwbaar te onderscheiden aan de man- Holarctisch. Van West-Europa en Noord-Afrika tot aan de nelijke genitaliën (MAZÁNEK ET AL. 1998, 1999A). Lengte 9-12 mm. Stille Oceaan en in Noord-Amerika. Heel Europa, maar minder rond de Middellandse Zee. Verspreiding en vliegtijd In ons land de meeste jaren vooral vrij zeldzaam in het bin- Europees. De precieze verspreiding is nog onduidelijk door nenland, maar in sommige jaren talrijk en dan ook in de verwarring met andere soorten, met name E. bucculatus. duinen en het kustgebied. Recent was dit bijvoorbeeld in In Nederland zeldzaam, maar verspreid over het hele land. 2002 het geval. Dergelijke ‘piekjaren’ hangen vermoedelijk Aantal generaties onbekend. samen met migratie, maar mogelijk ook met zachte winters, want in 2002 werden vroeg in het jaar al verschillende Ecologie vrouwtjes gezien die blijkbaar de winter overleefd hadden. Vermoedelijk in uiteenlopende min of meer open habitats, Voor 1990 kwamen zulke vroege waarnemingen in Neder- zoals graslanden, moerassen, bosranden en parken. Moge- land niet of nauwelijks voor. De soort is in de jaren 1943- lijk in minder droge en zandige biotopen dan E. bucculatus 1950 opvallend veel gevonden. Mogelijk hangt dit samen (REEMER & VAN STEENIS 2006). met de hoge zomertemperaturen in die periode. De imago’s kunnen vliegend in de kruid- en struiklaag wor- Vermoedelijk meerdere generaties per jaar, aangevuld met den gezien. migranten uit het zuiden. Uit de periode eind maart tot De onvolwassen stadia zijn onbekend, maar zie E. buccula- eind april zijn alleen vrouwtjes bekend. tus. Eupeodes goeldlini Eupeodes lapponicus zeldzaam vrij algemeen zeer lage aantallen lage aantallen geen trendgegevens >1950: geen trend 5 ♂ <1950: gelijk 4 mogelijk nieuwkomer 3 (1943) 2 1 J F M A M J J A S O N D 1 2 3 4 5 ♀ Eupeodes goeldlini 35 ♂ 28 21 14 7 J F M A M J J A S O N D 7 14 21 □ voor 1950 □ voor 1950 28 ◯ 1950 t/m 1989 ◯ 1950 t/m 1989 35 ♀ ⦁ 1990 t/m 2007 ⦁ 1990 t/m 2007 Eupeodes lapponicus Reemer 2009. In: Nederlandse Fauna 8: 214-219 216 hoofdstuk 10 soortbesprekingen Ecologie Voornamelijk naaldbos, ook wel loofbos. In jaren met ster- ke migratie wordt de soort ook in andere biotopen gevon- den, zoals in open duinen, zelfs in de stad (met de Martini- toren in Groningen als uitzonderlijk voorbeeld; pers. obs. B. Achterkamp). Beide seksen bezoeken diverse bloemen. Er zijn uiteenlo- pende waarnemingen van territoriumgedrag van de man- netjes, bijvoorbeeld zwevend op enkele meters hoogte in zonnestraaltjes boven paden en tussen bomen in naaldbos- sen, of zwevend laag bij de grond aan de voet van dikke loofbomen.
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