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The Harvard Apa-Style Guide to Bibliographic Referencing

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The Harvard Apa-Style Guide to Bibliographic Referencing UNIVERSITY OF PORTSMOUTH SCHOOL OF SOCIAL, HISTORICAL AND LITERARY STUDIES SCHOOL OF LANGUAGES AND AREA STUDIES THE HARVARD APA-STYLE GUIDE TO BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCING CONTENTS Page A. PRESENTING A BIBLIOGRAPHY: HARVARD APA-STYLE 3 B. IN-TEXT REFERENCES FOR ESSAYS: HARVARD-APA STYLE 6 Quoting and paraphrasing 6 Quoting long passages 7 Primary and secondary sources 7 Citing from the Internet 8 Citing page numbers in references 8 Referencing and Latin terms 9 Plagiarism and referencing 9 In-text references and bibliographies/reference lists 10 C. HOW POOR OR INADEQUATE REFERENCING WILL 12 IMPACT ON THE MARK YOU RECEIVE Referencing Penalties 12 Original Version: Stephen Cope and Anne Worden, October 2002 Revised Version: Anne Worden, September 2005 Revised Referencing Penalties produced by Dave Russell, August 2005 All students in SLAS must use the Harvard APA referencing system. History units within the School of Social, Historical and Literary Studies (SSHLS) use a traditional numeric referencing system but the rest of SSHLS uses Harvard APA referencing. This guide outlines the Harvard APA-style guidelines to bibliographic referencing only. For guidelines on the traditional numeric referencing used by History within SSHLS, please see the History Guide to Referencing accessible on the SSHLS web portal pages. The Library has produced a website called Referencing@Portsmouth http://referencing.port.ac.uk which has many more examples than can be shown in this referencing guide. Use this guide to learn the principles of Harvard APA, then if you get stuck when you need to write bibliographic references, look at the website. 2 A. PRESENTING A BIBLIOGRAPHY: HARVARD APA-STYLE A bibliography is a list of sources that have been used in writing an essay (or other pieces of coursework). It includes all books, chapters in edited books, journal articles, magazine articles, newspaper articles, official publications, websites etc. that have been read in planning and writing an essay, regardless of whether or not a reference has been cited in the essay. (Some departments e.g. ICJS prefer students to provide a reference list containing only those items which have been cited in the essay. However, the style in which the references are presented is the same whether the list is a reference list or bibliography so this guide uses both terms.) The bibliography/reference list is presented at the end of the essay using single line-spacing (as shown on page 11 of this guide), and is excluded from the word-count of the essay. References should be placed in alphabetical order by surname of author/s. • If there are two or more references to the same author, they should be presented in chronological order with the earliest reference presented first. • If there are two or more references to the same author in the same year, they should be distinguished by adding a, b, c, etc. after the year of publication. Very occasionally the names of the author/s, the year of publication and other referencing details may not be evident from the material read. • If no author is named, the title of the article/website etc. should be moved into the author position in the reference and this title is then put in the correct alphabetical position within the list of authors in the bibliography/reference list. • If the publication is not dated, (n.d.) should be recorded. • If other referencing details are missing, (not known) should be recorded in the bibliographic reference. The style of presenting a bibliographic reference varies according to the type of reference (e.g. book, journal article, film, website etc.). Below are details of how to present the most common types of material as bibliographic references. Books Haynes, J. (2005). Comparative politics in a globalizing world. Cambridge: Polity. Kubálková, V., Onuf, N., & Kowert, P. (Eds.). (1998). International relations in a constructed world. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. Marr, P. (2004). The modern history of Iraq (2nd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview. Name of author/s or editor/s using last name, plus initial/s. (Type Ed. or Eds. - short for editor/s - here if referring to a whole edited book). (Year of publication). Title of Book (Edition number goes here if later than first e.g. 2nd ed.). Place of publication: Publisher. Electronic books Gordon, P. H., & Shapiro, J. (2004). Allies at war: America, Europe and the crisis over Iraq [Electronic version]. New York: McGraw-Hill. This format is identical to that of a printed book apart from adding “Electronic version” in square brackets immediately after the book title. 3 Chapters in edited books Evans, T. (1997). Democratization and human rights. In A. McGrew (Ed.), The transformation of democracy? (pp. 122-148). Cambridge: Polity Press. Name of author. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In Name of editor/s (Ed/s.), Title of book (pp. Start and end page numbers of chapter). Place of publication: Publisher. Journal articles Foster, C. D. (2001). The civil service under stress: the fall in civil service power and authority. Public Administration, 79(3), 725-749. Name of author/s. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume number(issue number), Start and end page numbers of article. Magazine articles Hobsbawm, E. (1998, November/December). The death of neo-liberalism. Marxism Today, 4-8. Name of author/s. (Year of publication, Date of publication – month/s or month plus day if weekly). Title of article. Title of Magazine, Page number/s of article. Newspaper articles Cowan, R. (2001, October 23). Adams asks IRA to disarm. The Guardian, p. 1. Name of author/s. (Year of publication, Date of publication – month plus day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, Page number/s of article. Official publications Prime Minister’s Office & Cabinet Office. (1999). Modernising Government (Cm 4310). London: The Stationery Office. Select Committee on Defence. (1996). Fourth Report, Westland plc: The Government’s Decision-Making (HC 519). London: HMSO. Name of author/s. (Year of publication). Title of Official Publication (Official publication’s reference number). Place of publication: Publisher. Conference papers Newman, J. (2001, September). New Labour and the Politics of Governance. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the European Group of Public Administration, Vaasa, Finland. Name of author/s. (Year of publication, Month of conference). Title of Conference Paper. Paper presented at the Title of Conference or the Name of the Organisation holding the conference, Location of conference. Website material Commission of the European Communities. (2001). Governance in the European Union: a White Paper. Retrieved August 21, 2001, from http://europa.eu.int/governance/white_paper/ index_en.htm Name of author/s. (Year of publication). Title of web page. Retrieved date accessed, from World Wide Web address. 4 Electronic journal articles which are duplicates of the printed version Mabbett, D. (2005). The development of rights-based social policy in the European Union: the example of disability rights [Electronic version]. Journal of Common Market Studies, 43(1), 97-120. This format is identical to that of a printed journal article apart from adding “Electronic version” in square brackets immediately after the article title. Articles retrieved from a full-text database e.g. JSTOR, LexisNexis, Business Source Premier Hughes, K., & Smith, E. (1998). New Labour – new Europe? International Affairs, 74(1), 93- 104. Retrieved September 12, 2005, from the JSTOR database. White, M., & Seager, A. (2005, September 5). Blair hopes to unravel textile row at EU-China summit. The Guardian, p. 2. Retrieved September 12, 2005, from the LexisNexis Executive database. Article reference format follows that of a normal journal, newspaper or magazine article. You should then add: Retrieved month day, year, from name of full-text database. Films Reed, C. (Director). (1949). The Third Man [Motion picture]. United Kingdom: British Lion/London Films. Name of primary contributor - the director or producer, or both, Initials. (Role of primary contributor). (Year). Title of film [Motion picture]. Country of origin – where the film was primarily made and released: Name of studio. Television/Radio programmes Jewhurst, A. (Producer). (2005, September 15). Dispatches: secrets of the shoplifters [Television broadcast]. London: Channel 4. Scott-Brown, A. (Producer). (2005, September 15). Bulawayo boys [Radio broadcast]. London: BBC Radio 4. Name of primary contributor – the producer or director. (Role of primary contributor). (Year, month & day of broadcast). Title of programme [Type of broadcast]. Place: Name of broadcaster. Single episode from a television series Di Mambro, A. M. (Writer), & Walker, P. N. (Director). (2005). Holding on [Television series episode]. In S. Howells (Producer), Casualty. London: BBC1. Note that this example is similar to a chapter in an edited book with the producer being placed in the position used for editor. If details of the writer are unavailable, begin your reference with the name of the director. 5 B. IN-TEXT REFERENCES FOR ESSAYS: HARVARD APA-STYLE It is very important that references are provided within an essay (or other pieces of coursework) to indicate the sources of arguments, data, ideas, information, quotations etc.. Failure to provide references may constitute plagiarism, which is a serious disciplinary offence - see the University’s Student Handbook and Assessment Regulations. Furthermore, incorrect referencing can lead to a deduction of marks in the final mark given to student coursework. Generally it is best to avoid quoting from lectures etc., as lecturers can be easily misinterpreted and student notes of a lecture etc. do not constitute a verifiable record of what was stated by the lecturer concerned. The underlying requirement of referencing is that students must inform the reader of the precise source of material used in their essay. Students must show the reference to the source of material so that the reader also can find that material. Referencing should be used to cite and credit all sources of material (not only quotations).
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