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Spot Satellite Image Treatment and Visual Interpretation for Forestry and Land Use Mapping

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Spot Satellite Image Treatment and Visual Interpretation for Forestry and Land Use Mapping RAS/86~36 Field Document 10 February 1993 HAWAII • -.•1. SPOT SATELLITE IMAGE TREATMENT AND VISUAL INTERPRETATION FOR FORESTRY AND LAND USE MAPPING REPORT OF THE TRAINING COURSE ON REM(JTE SENSING , TOKELAU .' " -'. " =:STERN 22 - 27 IULY 1990 NOUMEA. NEW CALEDONIA IMOA FRENCH. POLYNESIA -. " . ..' , ,... ' ­ NIUE' COOK: ISLANDS~: ., -" . ~GA . Editors ." Gilbert DAVID Jens - Peter LILLES$lS -. SOUTH PACIFIC FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME INSTITUT FRANCAIS DE RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE POUR LE DEVELOPMENT EN COOPERATION (ORSTOM) RAS/86/036 Field Document la February 1993 SPOT SATELLITE IMAGE TREATMENT AND VISUAL INTERPRETATION FOR FORESTRY AND LAND USE MAPPING REPORT OF THE TRAINING COURSE ON REMOTE SENSING 22 - 27 JULY 1990 NOUMEA, NEW CALEDONIA Editors Gilbert DAVID Jens - Peter LILLES.0 SOUTH PACIFIC FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME INSTITUT FRANCAIS DE RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE POUR LE DEVELOPMENT EN COOPERATION (ORSTOM) The conclusions and recommendations given ln the report are those considered appropriate at the tlme of Its preparation. They may be modified in the Iight of further knowledge galned at subsequent stages of the project. The designations employed and the presentation of the materlal and maps in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of Its authorltles, or concerning the dellmltatlon of its frontlers or boundarles. TABLE Of CONTENTS FOREWORD................................................................................................ vi PART 1. REPORT OF TRAINING COURSE .. 1. BACKGROUND.............................................................................. 3 2. PRE-COURSE FIELD TRIP.......................................................... 3 3. THE TRAINING COURSE................................................. 3 3.1 ORGANISAnON................................................................. 3 3.2 PROGRAMME...................................................................... 4 3.3 REGISTRATION.................................................................. 5 3.4 OPENING SESSiON......................................................... 5 3.5 LECTURE AND LABORATORY SESSiONS................. 5 3.6 CLOSING OF THE TRAINING COURSE....................... 7 4. SECOND PHASE - POST-COURSE ACTIVITIES................... 7 5. RECOMMENDAnONS.................................................................. 8 APPENDIX 1. PARTICIPANTS AND RESOURCE PEOPLE 9 APPENDIX 2. AGENDA 11 APPENDIX 3. L.A.T.I.CAL 13 APPENDIX 4. FIELD CHECK NOTES............................. 14 APPENDIX 5. EVALUATION OF THE COURSE........... 18 PART 2. COUNTRY REPORTS............................................................... 21 COUNTRY REPORT - REPUBLIC OF VANUATU................................. 23 1. INTRODUCTION 23 1.1 BACKGROUND.................................................................... 23 1.2 OBJECTiVE........................................................................... 23 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 24 2.1 LOCATION 24 2.2 CLIMATE............................................................................... 24 2.3 GEOLOGY............................................................................. 24 2.4 GEOMORPHOLOGY........................................................... 25 2.5 VEGETATION....................................................................... 25 2.6 POPULAnON....................................................................... 25 2.7 SOllS.................................................................................... 32 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS.......................................................... 33 3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE FIELD WORK............................. ;33 3.1.1 Pre Course field-trip (16-17 July).......................... 33 3.1.2 Field-checking trip.................................................... 33 3.2. SOURCE MATERIAL AND MAPPING METHOD............ 42 3.2.1. Source Material 42 3.2.2. Land Use Mapping Method.................................... 42 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 43 4.1 AGRICULTURE ANALYSIS................................................ 43 4.1.1. Goals........................................................................... 43 4.1.2. Overvlew of Agricultural Practices and Flndings. 45 4.1.3. Future Prospects in Agriculture.............................. 47 4.2 NATURAl LAND USES...................................................... 53 4.2.1. Savanna grassland.................................................. 53 4.2.2. Forests........................................................................ 54 5. FROM AERIAl PHOTO TO REMOTE SENSING AND GiS....... 55 5.1. EXISTING USES.................................................................. 55 5.1.1. Aerial photos............................................................. 55 5.1.2. Satellite images 55 5.1.3. Geographie Information System (GIS) 58 5.2. REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GiS)...................................................................... 58 5.2.1. ATool for development 58 5.2.2. Constraints to Remote sensing and GiS....... 58 5.2.3. Overcoming the Constraints.................................... 59 REFERENCES............................................................................................... 60 lOCAL NAME OF TREES AND THEIR BOTANICAl NAMES.............. 61 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES 62 COUNTRY REPORT· SOlOMON ISLANDS 63 1. INTRODUCTION 63 2. OBJECTIVE . 63 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAINING IN NOUMEA . 63 4. MATERIALS USED . 63 4.1 NOUMEA EXERCISE . 63 4.2 SOlOMON ISLANDS EXERCISE . 64 5. FIElDWORK . 64 5.1 FIELD PROGRAMME. SOlOMON ISLANDS . 64 5.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA . 65 6. LAND USE ANALYSIS AND MAP .. 66 6.1 MAP PREPARATION . 66 i i 6.2 FINDINGS 66 6.2.1 The Land Use map 72 6.2.2 The Spatial organisation map 73 6.2.3 The Natural hazard map 74 7. CONCLUSION 74 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES 7B PART 3. SUMMARY LECTURE NOTES 79 PRINCIPLES OF REMOTE-SENSING B1 THE SPOT SATELLITE SYSTEM - AN OVERVIEW B3 INTRODUCTION TO IMAGE PROCESSING B6 GEOMETRIC CORRECTION BB COLOUR IN REMOTE-SENSING 90 REMOTE SENSING APPLICATION: FORESTRY AND LAND USE IN THE SOUTH OF NEW CALEDONIA 93 ASSESSING A REMOTE-SENSING PROJECT 95 DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS (DEM) 96 PART 4. LECniRE NOTES 99 VISUAL INTERPRETATION OF COLOURED COMPOSITIONS OF SATELLITE IMAGES AND MAPPING OF LANDSCAPE UNITS........ 101 1. WHAT CAN BE SEEN ON AN IMAGE? 101 1.1. FROM PIXEL TO IMAGE 101 1.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF SCALE AND THE PERCEPTION OF COLOURS 102 2. IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF GROUPS OF PIXELS 103 2.1. PARAMETERS OF DESCRIPTION .AND DIFFERENTIATION 103 2.1.1. Prlmary parameters of description and differentiatlon '" 103 2.1.2. Secondary parameters of description and differentiation 106 2.2. PARAMETERS OF STRICT DIFFERENTIATION 108 2.2.1. Contrast 108 2.2.2. Structural parameters 110 2.3. FROM STRUCniRE TO TEXTURE· THE DIALECTICS OF INTERLOCKING SCALES 112 i i i 3. LANDSCAPE UNITS AND ORGANISATION OF SPACE 113 3.1. GEOFACIES, GEOSYSTEM AND REGION 113 3.1.1. Geofacies 113 3.1.2. Geosystem and reglon 114 3.2. FROM GEOFACIES TO GEOSYSTEM - CHORES AND TAXONS 11 4 4. CONCLUSION -A METHOD OF VISUAL INTERPRETATION.... 116 4.1. "INTERLOCKING" SCALES 116 4.2. SIMPLlFYING THE COMPLEX 116 4.3. USING THE PROPER TOOLS 116 4.4. READING AND INTERPRETATION GRrD 117 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS RELEVANT TO VEGETATION MAPPING, GEOMOR-PHOLOGY AND PEDOLOGY 119 1. GEOMORPHOlOGY 11 9 1.1. WHAT IS GEOMORPHOlOGY? 119 1.1.1. landforms 11 9 1.1.2. Processes 119 1.1.3. Geomorphology as a system 119 1.2 GEOMORPHOLOGICAL UNITS 121 1.2.1. Siopes 121 1.2.2. Drainage Unes 121 1.3. ROCK WEATHERING 123 1.3.1. Physical, chemical and mechanlcal weatherlng 123 1.3.2. Chemical weathering or minerai alterallon 124 1.4. THE EROSION AND TRANSPORT PROCESS 125 1.4.1. Surface wash and overland f10w 125 1.4.2. Soil creep 126 1.4.3. Earth flow 126 1.4.4. Mud flow 126 1.4.5. landslides 126 2. BASIC CONCEPTS OF PEDOLOGY OR SOIL SCIENCE 127 2.1. WHAT IS SOll? 127 2.2. BASIC PEDOGENIC PROCESSES 127 2.1.1. Addition of material . 127 2.1.2. Translocation of malerial 127 2.1.3. Transformation of malerial 128 2.2. HORIZONATION 128 2.2.1. The soli horizons 128 2.2.2. H(nlzons and soil fertility in tropical forests 129 2.3. SOll AS A SYSTEM 129 2.3.1. Pedogenesis 129 2.3.2. Equilibrlum between pedogenesis and morphogenesis 131 Iv CLiMATE AND VEGETATION IN MELANESIA 133 1. THE CLiMATE: A MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR FOR VEGETATION 133 1.1. THERMAL CYCLES AND ZONES 133 1.1.1. Latitudinal variations and thermal amplitude 133 1.1.2. Altitude variations and ground effect 134 1.2. THE WINDS 134 1.3. PRECIPITATION 137 1.4. THE HYPER HUMIDITY OF HIGH ISLANDS 138 2. VEGETATION AND CLiMATE 140 2.1. THE INFLUENCE OF ALTITUDE AND HUMIDITY ON VEGETATION 140 2.2. THE CONTRAST BETWEEN WINDWARD AND LEEWARD COASTS 140 2.3. THE INFLUENCE OF CYCLONES 141 ENERGY FLOW AND MATERIAL CYCLESIN TROPICAL FORESTS... 145 1. GLOBAL RADIATION BALANCE 145 2. THE ROLE OF PLANTS IN ENERGY FLOW AND MATERIAL CYCLES 145 3. THE WATER CYCLE 148 3.1. GENERAL OVERVIEW 148 3.2. THE RAINFALL 149 4. CONCLUSION 151 v FOrœwORD Remote sensing hast traditionally. involved the use of aerial photography techniques. The first real development of these techniques began during the First World War in the Near East and Europe. and during the Second World War in Europe. Asia and the Pacifie. Black and white panchromatic aerial photography has been
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