Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3580 Commenced Publication in 1973 Founding and Former Series Editors: Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen

Editorial Board David Hutchison Lancaster University, UK Takeo Kanade Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Josef Kittler University of Surrey, Guildford, UK Jon M. Kleinberg Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Friedemann Mattern ETH Zurich, Switzerland John C. Mitchell Stanford University, CA, USA Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Oscar Nierstrasz University of Bern, Switzerland C. Pandu Rangan Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India Bernhard Steffen University of Dortmund, Germany Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA Demetri Terzopoulos New York University, NY, USA Doug Tygar University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Moshe Y. Vardi Rice University, Houston, TX, USA Gerhard Weikum Max-Planck Institute of Computer Science, Saarbruecken, Germany Luís Caires Giuseppe F. Italiano Luís Monteiro Catuscia Palamidessi Moti Yung (Eds.)

Automata, Languages and Programming

32nd International Colloquium, ICALP 2005 Lisbon, Portugal, July 11-15, 2005 Proceedings

13 Volume Editors

Luís Caires Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Departamento de Informatica 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal E-mail: [email protected]

Giuseppe F. Italiano Universitá di Roma “Tor Vergata” Dipartimento di Informatica, Sistemi e Produzione Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy E-mail: [email protected]

Luís Monteiro Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Departamento de Informatica 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal E-mail: [email protected]

Catuscia Palamidessi INRIA Futurs and LIX, École Polytechnique rue de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France E-mail: [email protected]

Moti Yung RSA Laboratories and Columbia University Computer Science Department 1214 Amsterdam Av., New York, NY 10027, USA E-mail: [email protected]

Library of Congress Control Number: 2005928673

CR Subject Classification (1998): F, D, C.2-3, G.1-2, I.3, E.1-2

ISSN 0302-9743 ISBN-10 3-540-27580-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-27580-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 Printed in Germany Typesetting: Camera-ready by author, data conversion by Scientific Publishing Services, Chennai, India Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 11523468 06/3142 543210 Preface

The 32nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming (ICALP 2005) was held in Lisbon, Portugal from July 11 to July 15, 2005. These proceedings contain all contributed papers presented at ICALP 2005, to- gether with the papers by the invited speakers Giuseppe Castagna (ENS), Leonid Libkin (Toronto), John C. Mitchell (Stanford), Burkhard Monien (Paderborn), and Leslie Valiant (Harvard). The program had an additional invited lecture by Adi Shamir (Weizmann Institute) which does not appear in these proceedings. ICALP is a series of annual conferences of the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science (EATCS). The first ICALP took place in 1972. This year, the ICALP program consisted of the established track A (focusing on algorithms, automata, complexity and games) and track B (focusing on logic, semantics and theory of programming), and innovated on the structure of its traditional scientific program with the inauguration of a new track C (focusing on security and cryptography foundation). In response to a call for papers, the Program Committee received 407 sub- missions, 258 for track A, 75 for track B and 74 for track C. This is the highest number of submitted papers in the history of the ICALP conferences. The Pro- gram Committees selected 113 papers for inclusion in the scientific program. In particular, the Program Committee for track A selected 65 papers, the Pro- gram Committee for track B selected 24 papers, and the Program Committee for track C selected 24 papers. All the work of the Program Committees was done electronically. ICALP 2005 was held in conjunction with the Annual ACM International Symposium on Principles and Practice of Declarative Programming (PPDP 2005). Additionally, the following workshops were held as satellite events of ICALP 2005: the 2nd Workshop on Automated Reasoning for Security Proto- col Analysis (ARSPA), the 1st International Workshop on Verification of COn- current Systems with dynaMIC Allocated Heaps (COSMICAH), the 1st Inter- national Workshop on New Developments in Computational Models (DCM), the 4th International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Methods in Verification (PDMC), the 4th International Workshop on Proof Theory, Computation, Com- plexity (PCC), the Workshop on Structures and Deduction — The Quest for the Essence of Proofs (DS), the 2nd Workshop on Structural Operational Semantics (SOS), and the Workshop on Semigroups and Automata (WSA). We wish to thank all authors who submitted papers for consideration, the Program Committees for their hard work, as well as the external reviewers who assisted the Program Committees in the evaluation process. We thank the sponsors and the Gulbenkian Foundation of Lisbon for host- ing ICALP 2005. We are also grateful to the Department of Informatics of the VI Preface

Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, in particular the administrative office and the technical support service. Last but not least, we would like to thank Andrei Voronkov for providing the conference management software EasyChair. It was of great help in handling the submissions and the electronic PC meeting.

Lu´ıs Caires Giuseppe F. Italiano Lu´ıs Monteiro Catuscia Palamidessi Moti Yung Organization

Program Committee

Track A Lars Arge, Duke University, USA Giorgio Ausiello, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Italy Surender Baswana, Max-Planck-Institut fur¨ Informatik, Saarbrucken,¨ Germany Hans Bodlaender, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands V´eronique Bruy`ere, University of Mons-Hainaut, Belgium Adam Buchsbaum, AT&T Labs Research, USA Josep Diaz, Universitat Polit`ecnica de Catalunya, Spain David Eppstein, University of Irvine, USA Andrew Goldberg, Microsoft, USA Monika Henzinger, Google and ETH Lausanne, Switzerland Giuseppe F. Italiano, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Italy (Chair) Marios Mavronicolas, University of Cyprus, Cyprus Peter Bro Miltersen, University of Aarhus, Denmark Mike Paterson, University of Warwick, UK Dominique Perrin, Universit´e de Marne la Vall´ee, France Seth Pettie, Max-Planck-Institut fur¨ Informatik, Saarbrucken,¨ Germany Yuval Rabani, Technion, Israel Antonio Restivo, University of Palermo, Italy Jos´e Rolim, University of Geneva, Switzerland Dorothea Wagner, University of Karlsruhe, Germany Tandy Warnow, University of Texas at Austin, USA Christos Zaroliagis, CTI and University of Patras, Greece

Track B Kenichi Asai, Ochanomizu University, Japan Jos Baeten, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands Peter Buneman, University of Edinburgh, UK Zoltan Esik, University of Szeged, Hungary and Rovira University, Spain Javier Esparza, University of Stuttgart, Germany Marcelo Fiore, Christ’s College and University of Cambridge, UK Manuel Hermenegildo, Universidad Polit`ecnica de Madrid, Spain Delia Kesner, Universit´e Paris VII, France Kim Guldstrand Larsen, University of Aalborg, Denmark Gopalan Nadathur, University of Minnesota, USA VIII Organization

Uwe Nestmann, EPFL, Switzerland Catuscia Palamidessi, INRIA, France (Chair) Amr Sabry, University of Indiana, USA Davide Sangiorgi, Universit`a di Bologna, Italy Roberto Segala, Universit`a di Verona, Italy Harald Søndergaard, University of Melbourne, Australia

Track C David Basin, ETH Zurich, Switzerland Christian Cachin, IBM Research, Switzerland Alfredo De Santis, Universit`a di Salerno, Italy , Microsoft Research, USA Matt Franklin, U.C. Davis, USA Michael Goodrich, U.C. Irvine, USA Andrew D. Gordon, Microsoft Research, UK Roberto Gorrieri, Universit`a di Bologna, Italy Yuval Ishai, Technion, Israel Phil MacKenzie, DoCoMo Labs, USA Tatsuaki Okamoto, NTT Labs, Japan David Pointcheval, ENS Paris, France Tal Rabin, IBM Research, USA , Weizmann Institute, Israel Adi Rosen, Technion, Israel Amit Sahai, UCLA, USA Andre Scedrov, University of Pennsylvania, USA Igor Shparlinski, Macquarie University, Australia Nigel Smart, University of Bristol, UK Moti Yung, Columbia University and RSA Laboratories, USA (Chair)

Organizing Committee

Lu´ıs Caires, Conference Co-chair Lu´ıs Monteiro, Conference Co-chair Ant´onio Ravara, Workshops Co-chair Vasco Vasconcelos, Workshops Co-chair Margarida Mamede Jo˜ao Costa Seco Jos´e Pacheco Organization IX

List of External Referees

Track A

Karen Aardal Moses Charikar Gudmund Frandsen Scott Aaronson Hubie Chen Alan Frieze Saurabh Aggarwal Joseph Cheriyan Andrea Frosini Marjan van den Akker Janka Chlebikova Marco Gaertler Cyril Allauzen Bogdan Chlebus Martin Gairing Jean-Paul Allouche Christian Choffrut Emden Gansner Luca Allulli George Christodoulou Naveen Garg Carme Alvarez Serafino Cicerone William Ian Gasarch Andris Ambainis Julien Cl´ement Leszek Gasieniec Marcella Anselmo Andrea Clementi Georgiadis Georgios Eric de La Clergerie Kostis Georgiou Albert Atserias Bruno Codenotti Arkadeb Ghosal Vincenzo Auletta Edith Cohen Dora Giammarresi Jose Balcazar Anne Condon Raffaele Giancarlo Jeremy Barbay Pier Francesco Cortese Aristides Gionis Amotz Bar-Noy Stefano Crespi-Reghizzi Ashish Goel Tugkan Batu Peter Damaschke Paul Golberg Michael Baur Fabrizio d’Amore Robert G¨orke Marie-Pierre B´eal Camil Demetrescu Fabrizio Grandoni Luca Becchetti Kedar Dhamdhere Serge Grigorieff Philip Bille Christoph Dorr Alexander Grigoriev Yvonne Bleischwitz Petros Drineas Joachim Gudmundsson MariaJ.Blesa Christoph Durr Rachid Guerraoui Avrim Blum Stephan Eidenbenz Dan Gusfield Luc Boasson Amr Elmasry Gus Gutoski Vincenzo Bonifaci Thomas Erlebach M. Hajiaghayi Paola Bonizzoni Alex Fabrikant Magnus M. Halldorsson Vasco Brattka Rolf Fagerberg Kristoffer Hansen Gerth Stølting Brodal Jacques Farr´e Sariel Har-Peled Peter Buergisser Lene Favrholdt Ramesh Hariharan Harry Buhrman Rainer Feldmann Herman Haverkort Luciana S. Buriol Stephen A. Fenner Illya V. Hicks Costas Busch Antonio Fernandez Mika Hirvensalo Cristian S. Calude Henning Fernau John Hitchcock Massimiliano Caramia Paolo Ferragina Martin Holzer Jean Cardinal Jiri Fiala Han Hoogeveen Olivier Carton Irene Finocchi Peter Hoyer Patrick Cegielski Fedor Fomin Juraj Hromkovic Julien Cervelle Lance Fortnow Cor Hurkens J.-M. Champarnaud Dimitris Fotakis Lucian Ilie Sunil Chandran Paolo G. Franciosa Costas Iliopoulos X Organization

Piotr Indyk Thierry Lecroq Philippe Moser Garud Iyengar Stefano Leonardi Anca Muscholl Kamal Jain Pierre Leone Umberto Nanni Petr Janˇcar Xiang-Yang Li Konstantinos Nedas Klaus Jansen Paolo Liberatore Mark-Jan Nederhof Christian Liebchen Jaroslav Nesetril David Johnson Michael Loizos Frank Neven Adrian Johnstone Thomas Luecking Sotiris Nikoletseas Marcin Jurdzinski George Lueker John Noga Erich Kaltofen Alejandro Maas Rasmus Pagh Juhani Karhum¨aki Marina Madonia Jakob Illeborg Pagter Anna Karlin Malik Magdon-Ismail Rina Panigrahy Marek Karpinski Frederic Magniez Anindya Patthak Claire Kenyon Mohammad Mahdian Christian N.S. Pedersen Richard Kenyon Christos Makris David Peleg Iordanis Kerenidis Sebastian Maneth Sriram Pemmaraju Leonid Khachiyan Alberto Spaccamela Giovanni Pighizzini Rohit Khandekar Maurice Margenstern Jean-Eric Pin Pekka Kilpelainen Vangelis Markakis Giuseppe Pirillo Lefteris Kirousis Chip Martel Nadia Pisanti Ralf Klasing Giancarlo Mauri Andrzej Proskurowski Rolf Klein Jacques Mazoyer J. Radhakrishnan Bettina Klinz Pierre McKenzie Harald Raecke Adam Klivans Frank McSherry Mathieu Raffinot Pascal Koiran Steffen Mecke Srinivasa Rao Jochen Konemann Dieter van Melkebeek David Rappaport Spyros Kontogiannis Carlo Mereghetti Jean-Fran¸cois Raskin Guy Kortsarz Wolfgang Merkle S.S. Ravi Arie Koster Ramgopal Mettu John Reif Manolis Koubarakis Ulrich Meyer Jan Reimann Elias Koutsoupias Dimitrios Michail Omer Reingold Daniel Kral Christian Michaux Eric R´emila Evangelos Kranakis Filippo Mignosi Christophe Reutenauer Dieter Kratsch Vahab Mirrokni Michel Rigo Michael Krivelevich Michael Mitzenmacher Adi Rosen Ravi Kumar Shuichi Miyazaki Martin Rotteler Viraj Kumar Kousha MoaveniNejad Dietrich Kuske Mehryar Mohri Gilles Roussel Shay Kutten Burkhard Monien Alexander Russell Gregory Lafitte Cris Moore Jacques Sakarovitch Jens Lagergren Shlomo Moran Peter Sanders Sophie Laplante Burkhard Morgenstern Pierluigi San Pietro Michel Latteux Kenichi Morita Miklos Santha Luigi Laura Gabriel Moruz Martin Sauerhoff Van Bang Le Thomas Moscibroda Guido Schaefer Organization XI

Thomas Schank Paul Spirakis Kasturi Varadarajan Christian Schindelhauer Venkatesh Srinivasan Vijay V. Vazirani Torsten Schlieder Ludwig Staiger S. Venkatasubramanian Anita Sch¨obel Yannis Stamatiou Adrian Vetta Sylvain Schmitz Cliff Stein Eric Vigoda Etienne´ Schramm David Steurer Emanuele Viola Frank Schulz Leen Stougie Rakesh V. Vohra Elizabeth Scott Howard Straubing Heribert Vollmer Luc Segoufin Martin Strauss Nicolai Vorbjov Helmut Seidl K.S. Sudeep Osamu Watanabe Pranab Sen Peng Sun Pascal Weil G´eraud S´enizergues Maxim Sviridenko Klaus Wich Maria Serna Peter Widmayer Rocco Servedio Claude Tadonki Jef Wijsen Jeffrey Shallit Kunal Talwar Gerhard Woeginger Micha Sharir Gerard Tel Alexander Wolff Dimitrios Thilikos Deng Xiaotie Riccardo Silvestri Wolfgang Thomas Hiroaki Yamamoto Karsten Tiemann Mihalis Yannakakis Spiros Skiadopoulos Luca Trevisan Norbert Zeh Martin Skutella Panayiotis Tsaparas Li Zhang Roberto Solis-Oba Kostas Tsichlas Wieslaw Zielonka Robert Spalek Marc Uetz Uri Zwick Klaus Ambos Spies Ugo Vaccaro

Track B

Elvira Albert Benedikt Bollig Manuel Carro Thorsten Altenkirch Johannes Borgstr¨om D. Caucal Rajeev Alur Dragan Boˇsnaˇcki Witold Charatonik Sergio Antoy Debora Botturi Krishnendu Chatterjee Andr´e Arnold Ahmed Bouajjani Chiyan Chen Benjamin Aziz Patricia Bouyer James Cheney Brian Babcock Julian Bradfield Tom Chothia James Bailey Mario Bravetti Horatiu Cirstea Vincent Balat Franck van Breugel Rance Cleaveland Jos´e Balc´azar S´ebastien Briais John Cochran Michael Baldamus Geoffrey Brown Thomas Colcombet Jiri Barnat Glenn Bruns Andrea Corradini Gerd Behrmann Antonio Bucciarelli Flavio Corradini Martin Berger Francisco Bueno Alin Deutsch Jan Bergstra Nadia Busi Silvano Dal-Zilio Luca Bianco Lu´ıs Caires Vincent Danos Lars Birkedal Cristiano Calcagno Alexandre David Fr´ed´eric Blanqui Manuel Campagnolo Anuj Dawar XII Organization

Soeren Debois Barbara K¨onig Marc Pouzet Yuxin Deng Salvatore La Torre John Power M. Dezani-Ciancaglini Daniel Leivant Germ´an Puebla Volker Diekert St´ephane Lengrand Jean-Fran¸cois Raskin Rachid Echahed Michael Leuschel Anders Ravn Norm Ferns Leonid Libkin Henrik Reif Andersen Thomas Hildebrandt Didier Lime Didier R´emy Matthew Flatt Jim Lipton Eike Ritter C´edric Fournet Kamal Lodaya Francesca Rossi Michael Franssen Markus Lohrey Wojciech Rytter Fabio Gadducci Pedro L´opez Jean-Paul Sansonnet Jacques Garrigue Etienne Lozes Vijay Saraswat Floris Geerts Michael Luttenberger Stefan Schwoon Blaise Genest Bas Luttik G´eraud Senizergues Dan R. Ghica Angelika Mader Natalia Sidorova Rob van Glabbeek A. Maggiolo Schettini Petr Sosik Patrice Godefroid Istvan Majzik Jeremy Sproston Jan Friso Groote Luc Maranget Jiri Srba Sudipto Guha Julio Mari˜no Graham Steel Vesa Halava Hidehiko Masuhara Martin Steffen James Harland Sjouke Mauw Colin Stirling Russ Harmer Guy McCusker Oldˇrich Straˇzovsk´y Tobias Heindel Paul-Andr´e Melli`es Martin Strecker Holger Hermanns Michael Mendler Thomas Streicher Thomas Hildebrandt Massimo Merro Martin Sulzmann Kees Huizing Dale Miller Stephanie Swerich Hans Huttel¨ Kevin Millikin Paulo Tabuada Atsushi Igarashi Alexandre Miquel Vanessa Teague Jacob Illum Rasmussen Alberto Momigliano P.S. Thiagarajan Anna Ing´olfsd´ottir Madhavan Mukund Hayo Thielecke Radha Jagadeesan Anca Muscholl Marc Tommasi Achim Jung Anders Møller Lorenzo Tortora de Falco Marcin Jurdzi´nski Francesco Zappa Nardelli Frank D. Valencia Yukiyoshi Kameyama Damian Niwinski Dirk Van Gucht Deepak Kapur Dirk Nowotka Daniele Varacca Claude Kirchner Jan Obdrˇz´alek Helmut Veith Christoph Koch Martin Otto Bob Veroff Simon Kramer Matthew Parkinson Alicia Villanueva Anton´ın Kuˇcera Justin Pearson Erik de Vink Werner Kuich Simon Peyton Jones Walter Vogler Ruurd Kuiper Frank Pfenning Marc Voorhoeve K. Narayan Kumar Iain Phillips J´erˆome Vouillon Orna Kupferman Sophie Pinchinat Roel de Vrijer Marcos Kurban G. Michele Pinna David S. Warren Martin Kutrib Fran¸cois Pottier Hiroshi Watanabe Organization XIII

Stephanie Weirich Eric Van Wyk Hans Zantema Joe Wells Hongwei Xi Marc Zeitoun J. Winkowski Alexander Yakhnis Wieslaw Zielonka Anthony Wirth Mihalis Yannakakis Pascal Zimmer James Worrell Dachuan Yu

Track C

Mart´ın Abadi Riccardo Focardi Dan Page Michel Abdalla Pierre-Alain Fouque Enes Pasalic Alessandro Acquisti C´edric Fournet Rafael Pass Saurabh Agarwal Jessica Fridrich Kenny Paterson Alessandro Aldini Martin Gagne Manas Patra Giuseppe Ateniese Steven Galbraith Erez Petrank Michael Backes Pierrick Gaudry Duong Hieu Phan Zuzana Beerliova Rosario Gennaro Krzysztof Pietrzak Kamel Bentahar Craig Gentry Benny Pinkas Carlo Blundo Rob Granger Alexander Pretschner Marcello Bonsangue Claudio Guidi Zulfikar Ramzan Xavier Boyen Shai Halevi Oded Regev Marzia Buscemi Amir Herzberg Leonid Reyzin Jan Camenisch Omer Horvitz Mike Roe Marco Carbone Markus Jakobsson Alon Rosen Dario Catalano Marc Joye Sabina Rossi Qi Cheng Bruce Kapron Michael Scott Jung Hee Cheon Hartmut Klauck Andrei Serjantov Mika Cohen Ralf Kuesters Ronen Shaltiel Hubert Comon-Lundh Sebastien Kunz-Jacques Vitaly Shmatikov Scott Contini Eyal Kushilevitz Christoph Sprenger Nicolas Courtois Peeter Laud Martijn Stam Silvia Crafa Kristin Lauter Pante Stanica Paolo D’Arco Peter Leadbitter Ron Steinfeld Stephanie Delaune Shiyong Lu Jacques Stern Giovanni Di Crescenzo Ben Lynn Koutarou Suzuki Pierpaolo Degano Anna Lysyanskaya Tamir Tassa Christophe Doche Matteo Maffei Yael Tauman-Kalai Seiji Doi Toshiaki Makita Luca Trevisan Paul Hankes Drielsma John Malone-Lee A. Troina Claudiu Duma Heiko Mantel Luca Vigano Orr Dunkelman Barbara Masucci Ivan Visconti Antonio Durante Alexander May Bogdan Warinschi Sandro Etalle Willi Meier Brent Waters Pooya Farshim Phong Nguyen Diego Zamboni Serge Fehr Jesper Buus Nielsen Sebastian Fischmeister XIV Organization

Sponsors

Funda¸c˜ao para a Ciˆencia e Tecnologia, Minist´erio da Ciˆencia e Ensino Superior Centro de Inform´atica e Tecnologias da Informa¸c˜ao/FCT/UNL Centro de L´ogica e Computa¸c˜ao/IST/UTL Table of Contents

Invited Lectures

Holographic Circuits Leslie G. Valiant ...... 1

Probabilistic Polynomial-Time Semantics for a Protocol Security Logic Anupam Datta, Ante Derek, John C. Mitchell, Vitaly Shmatikov, Mathieu Turuani ...... 16

A Gentle Introduction to Semantic Subtyping Giuseppe Castagna, Alain Frisch ...... 30

Logics for Unranked Trees: An Overview Leonid Libkin ...... 35

Nash Equilibria, the Price of Anarchy and the Fully Mixed Nash Equilibrium Conjecture Martin Gairing, Thomas Lucking,¨ Burkhard Monien, Karsten Tiemann ...... 51

Data Structures I

The Tree Inclusion Problem: In Optimal Space and Faster Philip Bille, Inge Li Gørtz ...... 66

Union-Find with Constant Time Deletions Stephen Alstrup, Inge Li Gørtz, Theis Rauhe, Mikkel Thorup, Uri Zwick ...... 78

Optimal In-place Sorting of Vectors and Records Gianni Franceschini, Roberto Grossi ...... 90

Towards Optimal Multiple Selection Kanela Kaligosi, Kurt Mehlhorn, J. Ian Munro, Peter Sanders ...... 103

Cryptography and Complexity

Simple Extractors via Constructions of Cryptographic Pseudo-random Generators Marius Zimand ...... 115 XVI Table of Contents

Bounds on the Efficiency of “Black-Box” Commitment Schemes Omer Horvitz, Jonathan Katz ...... 128

On Round-Efficient Argument Systems Hoeteck Wee ...... 140

Computational Bounds on Hierarchical Data Processing with Applications to Information Security Roberto Tamassia, Nikos Triandopoulos ...... 153

Data Structures II

Balanced Allocation and Dictionaries with Tightly Packed Constant Size Bins Martin Dietzfelbinger, Christoph Weidling ...... 166

Worst Case Optimal Union-Intersection Expression Evaluation Ehsan Chiniforooshan, Arash Farzan, Mehdi Mirzazadeh ...... 179

Measure and Conquer: Domination – A Case Study Fedor V. Fomin, Fabrizio Grandoni, Dieter Kratsch ...... 191

Cryptography and Distributed Systems

Optimistic Asynchronous Atomic Broadcast Klaus Kursawe, Victor Shoup ...... 204

Asynchronous Perfectly Secure Communication over One-Time Pads Giovanni Di Crescenzo, Aggelos Kiayias ...... 216

Single-Prover Concurrent Zero Knowledge in Almost Constant Rounds Giuseppe Persiano, Ivan Visconti ...... 228

Graph Algorithms I

LCA Queries in Directed Acyclic Graphs Miroslaw Kowaluk, Andrzej Lingas ...... 241

Replacement Paths and k Simple Shortest Paths in Unweighted Directed Graphs Liam Roditty, Uri Zwick ...... 249 Table of Contents XVII

Deterministic Constructions of Approximate Distance Oracles and Spanners Liam Roditty, Mikkel Thorup, Uri Zwick ...... 261

An O˜(m2n) Randomized Algorithm to Compute a Minimum Cycle Basis of a Directed Graph Telikepalli Kavitha ...... 273

Security Mechanisms

Basing Cryptographic Protocols on Tamper-Evident Seals Tal Moran, Moni Naor ...... 285

Hybrid Trapdoor Commitments and Their Applications Dario Catalano, Ivan Visconti ...... 298

On Steganographic Chosen Covertext Security Nicholas Hopper ...... 311

Classification of Boolean Functions of 6 Variables or Less with Respect to Some Cryptographic Properties An Braeken, Yuri Borissov, Svetla Nikova, Bart Preneel ...... 324

Graph Algorithms II

Label-Guided Graph Exploration by a Finite Automaton Reuven Cohen, Pierre Fraigniaud, David Ilcinkas, Amos Korman, David Peleg ...... 335

On the Wake-Up Problem in Radio Networks Bogdan S. Chlebus, Leszek Gasieniec, Dariusz R. Kowalski, Tomasz Radzik ...... 347

Distance Constrained Labelings of Graphs of Bounded Treewidth Jiˇr´ı Fiala, Petr A. Golovach, Jan Kratochv´ıl ...... 360

Optimal Branch-Decomposition of Planar Graphs in O(n3) Time Qian-Ping Gu, Hisao Tamaki ...... 373

Automata and Formal Languages I

NFAs With and Without ε-Transitions Juraj Hromkoviˇc, Georg Schnitger ...... 385 XVIII Table of Contents

On the Equivalence of Z-Automata Marie-Pierre B´eal, Sylvain Lombardy, Jacques Sakarovitch ...... 397

A Tight Linear Bound on the Neighborhood of Inverse Cellular Automata Eugen Czeizler, Jarkko Kari ...... 410

Groupoids That Recognize Only Regular Languages Martin Beaudry, Fran¸cois Lemieux, Denis Th´erien ...... 421

Signature and Message Authentication

Append-Only Signatures Eike Kiltz, Anton Mityagin, Saurabh Panjwani, Barath Raghavan .... 434

Hierarchical Group Signatures M˚arten Trolin, Douglas Wikstr¨om ...... 446

Designated Verifier Signature Schemes: Attacks, New Security Notions and a New Construction Helger Lipmaa, Guilin Wang, Feng Bao ...... 459

Single-Key AIL-MACs from Any FIL-MAC Ueli Maurer, Johan Sj¨odin ...... 472

Algorithmic Game Theory

The Efficiency and Fairness of a Fixed Budget Resource Allocation Game Li Zhang ...... 485

Braess’s Paradox, Fibonacci Numbers, and Exponential Inapproximability Henry Lin, Tim Roughgarden, Eva´ Tardos, Asher Walkover ...... 497

Automata and Logic

Weighted Automata and Weighted Logics Manfred Droste, Paul Gastin ...... 513

Restricted Two-Variable FO + MOD Sentences, Circuits and Communication Complexity Pascal Tesson, Denis Th´erien ...... 526 Table of Contents XIX

Computational Algebra

Suitable Curves for Genus-4 HCC over Prime Fields: Point Counting Formulae for Hyperelliptic Curves of Type y2 = x2k+1 + ax Mitsuhiro Haneda, Mitsuru Kawazoe, Tetsuya Takahashi ...... 539

Solvability of a System of Bivariate Polynomial Equations over a Finite Field ...... 551

Cache-Oblivious Algorithms and Algorithmic Engineering

Cache-Oblivious Planar Shortest Paths Hema Jampala, Norbert Zeh ...... 563

Cache-Aware and Cache-Oblivious Adaptive Sorting Gerth Stølting Brodal, Rolf Fagerberg, Gabriel Moruz ...... 576

Simulated Annealing Beats Metropolis in Combinatorial Optimization Ingo Wegener ...... 589

On-line Algorithms

Online Interval Coloring and Variants Leah Epstein, Meital Levy ...... 602

Dynamic Bin Packing of Unit Fractions Items Wun-Tat Chan, Tak-Wah Lam, Prudence W.H. Wong ...... 614

Reordering Buffer Management for Non-uniform Cost Models Matthias Englert, Matthias Westermann ...... 627

Security Protocols Logic

Combining Intruder Theories Yannick Chevalier, Micha¨el Rusinowitch ...... 639

Computationally Sound Implementations of Equational Theories Against Passive Adversaries Mathieu Baudet, V´eronique Cortier, Steve Kremer ...... 652

Password-Based Encryption Analyzed Mart´ın Abadi, Bogdan Warinschi ...... 664 XX Table of Contents

Random Graphs

On the Cover Time of Random Geometric Graphs Chen Avin, Gunes Ercal ...... 677

On the Existence of Hamiltonian Cycles in Random Intersection Graphs Charilaos Efthymiou, Paul G. Spirakis ...... 690

Optimal Cover Time for a Graph-Based Coupon Collector Process Nedialko B. Dimitrov, C. Greg Plaxton ...... 702

Stability and Similarity of Link Analysis Ranking Algorithms Debora Donato, Stefano Leonardi, Panayiotis Tsaparas ...... 717

Concurrency I

Up-to Techniques for Weak Bisimulation Damien Pous ...... 730

Petri Algebras Eric Badouel, Jules Chenou, Goulven Guillou ...... 742

A Finite Basis for Failure Semantics Wan Fokkink, Sumit Nain ...... 755

Spatial Logics for Bigraphs Giovanni Conforti, Damiano Macedonio, Vladimiro Sassone ...... 766

Encryption and related Primitives

Completely Non-malleable Schemes Marc Fischlin ...... 779

Boneh-Franklin Identity Based Encryption Revisited David Galindo ...... 791

Single-Database Private Information Retrieval with Constant Communication Rate Craig Gentry, Zulfikar Ramzan ...... 803

Concurrent Zero Knowledge in the Public-Key Model Giovanni Di Crescenzo, Ivan Visconti ...... 816 Table of Contents XXI

Approximation Algorithms I

A Faster Combinatorial Approximation Algorithm for Scheduling Unrelated Parallel Machines Martin Gairing, Burkhard Monien, Andreas Woclaw ...... 828

Polynomial Time Preemptive Sum-Multicoloring on Paths Annam´aria Kov´acs ...... 840

The Generalized Deadlock Resolution Problem Kamal Jain, MohammadTaghi Hajiaghayi, Kunal Talwar ...... 853

Facility Location in Sublinear Time Mihai B˘adoiu, Artur Czumaj, Piotr Indyk, Christian Sohler ...... 866

Games

The Complexity of Stochastic Rabin and Streett Games Krishnendu Chatterjee, Luca de Alfaro, Thomas A. Henzinger ...... 878

Recursive Markov Decision Processes and Recursive Stochastic Games Kousha Etessami, Mihalis Yannakakis ...... 891

Decidability in Syntactic Control of Interference James Laird ...... 904

Idealized Algol with Ground Recursion, and DPDA Equivalence Andrzej S. Murawski, Chin-Hao Luke Ong, Igur Walukiewicz ...... 917

Approximation Algorithms II

From Primal-Dual to Cost Shares and Back: A Stronger LP Relaxation for the Steiner Forest Problem Jochen K¨onemann, Stefano Leonardi, Guido Sch¨afer, Stefan van Zwam ...... 930

How Well Can Primal-Dual and Local-Ratio Algorithms Perform? Allan Borodin, David Cashman, Avner Magen ...... 943

Approximating Max kCSP - Outperforming a Random Assignment with Almost a Linear Factor Gustav Hast ...... 956 XXII Table of Contents

Lower Bounds

On Dynamic Bit-Probe Complexity Corina E. Pˇatra¸scu, Mihai Pˇatra¸scu ...... 969

Time-Space Lower Bounds for the Polynomial-Time Hierarchy on Randomized Machines Scott Diehl, Dieter van Melkebeek ...... 982

Lower Bounds for Circuits with Few Modular and Symmetric Gates Arkadev Chattopadhyay, Kristoffer Arnsfelt Hansen ...... 994

Probability

Discrete Random Variables over Domains Michael W. Mislove ...... 1006

An Accessible Approach to Behavioural Pseudometrics Franck van Breugel, Claudio Hermida, Michael Makkai, James Worrell ...... 1018

Noisy Turing Machines Eugene Asarin, Pieter Collins ...... 1031

Approximation Algorithms III

A Better Approximation Ratio for the Vertex Cover Problem George Karakostas ...... 1043

Stochastic Steiner Trees Without a Root Anupam Gupta, Martin P´al ...... 1051

Approximation Algorithms for the Max-coloring Problem Sriram V. Pemmaraju, Rajiv Raman ...... 1064

Automata and Formal Languages II

Tight Lower Bounds for Query Processing on Streaming and External Memory Data Martin Grohe, Christoph Koch, Nicole Schweikardt ...... 1076 Table of Contents XXIII

Decidability and Complexity Results for Timed Automata via Channel Machines Parosh Aziz Abdulla, Johann Deneux, Jo¨el Ouaknine, James Worrell ...... 1089

Congruences for Visibly Pushdown Languages Rajeev Alur, Viraj Kumar, P. Madhusudan, Mahesh Viswanathan ... 1102

Approximation Algorithms IV

Approximation Algorithms for Euclidean Group TSP Khaled Elbassioni, Aleksei V. Fishkin, Nabil H. Mustafa, Ren´e Sitters ...... 1115

Influential Nodes in a Diffusion Model for Social Networks David Kempe, Jon Kleinberg, Eva´ Tardos ...... 1127

An Optimal Bound for the MST Algorithm to Compute Energy Efficient Broadcast Trees in Wireless Networks Christoph Ambuhl¨ ...... 1139

New Approaches for Virtual Private Network Design Friedrich Eisenbrand, Fabrizio Grandoni, Gianpaolo Oriolo, Martin Skutella ...... 1151

Algebraic Computation and Communication Complexity

Hadamard Tensors and Lower Bounds on Multiparty Communication Complexity Jeff Ford, Anna G´al ...... 1163

Lower Bounds for Lov´asz-Schrijver Systems and Beyond Follow from Multiparty Communication Complexity Paul Beame, Toniann Pitassi, Nathan Segerlind ...... 1176

On the l-Ary GCD-Algorithm in Rings of Integers Douglas Wikstr¨om ...... 1189

Concurrency II

A Fully Abstract Encoding of the π-Calculus with Data Terms Michael Baldamus, Joachim Parrow, Bj¨orn Victor ...... 1202 XXIV Table of Contents

Orthogonal Extensions in Structural Operational Semantics Mohammad Reza Mousavi, Michel A. Reniers ...... 1214

Basic Observables for a Calculus for Global Computing Rocco De Nicola, Daniele Gorla, Rosario Pugliese ...... 1226

Compositional Verification of Asynchronous Processes via Constraint Solving Giorgio Delzanno, Maurizio Gabbrielli ...... 1239

String Matching and Computational Biology

Optimal Spaced Seeds for Faster Approximate String Matching Martin Farach-Colton, Gad M. Landau, S. Cenk Sahinalp, Dekel Tsur ...... 1251

Fast Neighbor Joining Isaac Elias, Jens Lagergren ...... 1263

Randomized Fast Design of Short DNA Words Ming-Yang Kao, Manan Sanghi, Robert Schweller ...... 1275

Quantum Complexity

A Quantum Lower Bound for the Query Complexity of Simon’s Problem Pascal Koiran, Vincent Nesme, Natacha Portier ...... 1287

All Quantum Adversary Methods Are Equivalent Robert Spalek,ˇ Mario Szegedy ...... 1299

Quantum Complexity of Testing Group Commutativity Fr´ed´eric Magniez, Ashwin Nayak ...... 1312

Analysis and Verification

Semantic-Based Code Obfuscation by Abstract Interpretation Mila Dalla Preda, Roberto Giacobazzi ...... 1325

About Hoare Logics for Higher-Order Store Bernhard Reus, Thomas Streicher ...... 1337

The Polyranking Principle Aaron R. Bradley, Zohar Manna, Henny B. Sipma ...... 1349 Table of Contents XXV

Geometry and Load Balancing

Approximate Guarding of Monotone and Rectilinear Polygons Bengt J. Nilsson ...... 1362

Linear Time Algorithms for Clustering Problems in Any Dimensions Amit Kumar, Yogish Sabharwal, Sandeep Sen ...... 1374

Dynamic Diffusion Load Balancing Petra Berenbrink, Tom Friedetzky, Russell Martin ...... 1386

Concrete Complexity and Codes

On the Power of Random Bases in Fourier Sampling: Hidden Subgroup Problem in the Heisenberg Group Jaikumar Radhakrishnan, Martin R¨otteler, Pranab Sen ...... 1399

On the Hardness of Embeddings Between Two Finite Metrics Matthew Cary, Atri Rudra, Ashish Sabharwal ...... 1412

Improved Lower Bounds for Locally Decodable Codes and Private Information Retrieval Stephanie Wehner, Ronald de Wolf ...... 1424

Model Theory and Model Checking

Preservation Under Extensions on Well-Behaved Finite Structures Albert Atserias, Anuj Dawar, Martin Grohe ...... 1437

Unsafe Grammars and Panic Automata Teodor Knapik, Damian Niwi´nski, Pawel Urzyczyn, Igor Walukiewicz ...... 1450

Signaling P Systems and Verification Problems Cheng Li, Zhe Dang, Oscar H. Ibarra, Hsu-Chun Yen ...... 1462

Author Index ...... 1475