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Toward a Principle Theory of Transformation of Subjectivity in Japan1 ISSN 1712-8056[Print] Canadian Social Science ISSN 1923-6697[Online] Vol. 10, No. 4, 2014, pp. 1-21 www.cscanada.net DOI:10.3968/4620 www.cscanada.org Negativity, History, and the Organic Composition of Capital: Toward a Principle Theory of Transformation of Subjectivity in Japan1 Eiichi Nojiri[a],* [a]Ph.D., associate professor. General Education Departmetn, Jichi exercised as a social and historic imagination toward a 1 Medical University, Tochigi, Japan. hopeful future vision, this faculty is fulfilled as: romantic *Corresponding author. imagination which goes introspectively, to a further dive Supported by Fulbright Research Grants program 2010: Socio- into the interiority; or retrospectively, toward a nostalgic Philosophical Inquiry Into the Existential Characteristics of the “General beautification of the past. An expression of this is the Individual’ (Marx) in Contemporary Global Society”. rise of the sphere of subculture in Japanese society. This Received 20 December 2013; accepted 19 March 2014 could be regarded as a precursory symptom for developed Pulished online 18 April 2014 capitalist countries. Key words: Marx; Hegel; Heidegger; Kojève; Moishe Abstract Postone; Organic composition of capital; Transformation Japan, the third-largest economy in the world, is facing of subjectivity; Contemporary Japanese society and the sense of stagnation; hopelessness amid capitalist culture prosperity and flood of consumerist and pop cultures. Anne Allison recently called it “Precarious Japan” while Eiichi Nojiri (2014). Negativity, History, and the Organic Composition Alexandre Kojève already identified it as a form of life of Capital: Toward a Principle Theory of Transformation of Subjectivity in Japan. Canadian Social Science, 10(4), 1-21. Available after “the end of history” decades ago. This paper aimed from: http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/css/article/view/4620 to theoretically investigate the current Japanese social DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/4620 and mental situation, and develop a social-theoretical framework to elucidate it based on an integrated contemporary interpretation of Hegelian and Marxian concepts on human-being: the negativity, and socio- 1. HOPE IS LOST, YET WHERE IS THE economic stages: the rise of organic composition of MULTITUDE? capital (OCC). The author constructed a following “This country has everything. You can find whatever hypothesis as a conclusion. Through the rise of the OCC, 2 the social character of labor is formed and developed not you want here. The only thing you can’t find is hope.” only in terms of the mental aspects of labor, but also as a These words are spoken about Japan by the protagonist source of social and historic imagination, in accordance in Ryu Murakami’s novel Exodus to a Country of Hope with the development of capitalism. However, in a (Kibou no Kuni no Ekusodasu), a middle-school student region like Japan where geographical movement of labor who has been summoned in front of a Japanese Parliment force over its boarders does not occur, instead of being Lower House Budget Committee meeting as an unsworn 1 The author made a presentation on this project at the Critical 2 Ryu Murakami, Kibou no Kuni no Ekusodasu, Bunshun Bunko, Historical Studies Conference (University of Chicago) in December 2002, p. 314 (the first edition was published from Bugei-Shunjuu- 2011, and also has already published the Japanese abbreviated sha in 2000). This novel is currently not available in English, but version of this paper on Shakai Riron Kenkyuu (Journal of Social you can find Murakami’s comments on 2011 Tōhoku earthquake Theory) No.14 from Shakai Riron Gakkai (International Society of and tsunami in Japan in the following article, in which he mentioned Social Theory) in December 2013, in which the detailed depictions this novel. “Amid Shortages, a Surplus of Hope”, The New York of the current situation of Japanese society are trimmed down based Times, March 16, 2011 (http://www. nytimes.com/2011/03/17/ on the readers’ background knowledge and understanding. opinion/17Murakami.html?_r=1) 1 Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture Negativity, History, and the Organic Composition of Capital: Toward a principle theory of transformation of subjectivity in Japan witness. In the novel set in the year 2001-2008, (mainly) Akagi argues that Japanese society today provides middle school age juveniles are in dispair over their everyone with a peaceful and stable life, without material dysfunctional, obsolescent school education system, hardship, but that this very situation is humiliating, and which is completely out-of-synch with contemporary devoid of dignity and dreams – a spiritual hell. While Japan. They initiate “school refusals” (long-term truancy) retirees older than the “baby boomers” enjoy a leisurely on a massive scale – hundreds of thousands of students – life, the distortions of Japanese society are fobbed off on and, using the internet to organize students nationally, go younger generations, who toil in a tenuous post bubble into business for themselves. These young entrepreneurs economy era where one false step could send them proceed to build their own futures, initially beginning with plunging headfirst into a no exit quagmire. This situation businesses such as environmental, community support, led Akagi, cursing the injustice between generations, to and nursing care fields, and later getting to the point confess he hopes that war will break out, if only for its where they establish an original local currency sphere on potential to enable social mobility. Hokkaido island, acquring vast fortunes from currency It is not yet clear whether such a sense of stagnation, trading via hedge funds. Murakami’s novel is based on his hopelessness, and disengagement from society – own minute and comprehensive research, and his sober predominantly centered around younger generations – awareness of the actual status of Japan’s stalling society. leads to any actual, concrete social crisis. The “Akihabara He poignantly depicts, with a touch of detached realism: massacre”7 and other copycat cases that followed on its a) the undercurrents of a Japanese society which cannot heels have been considered instances of this kind of sense reconstitute itself in correspondence with the fluidity of of stagnation unleashed in the form of individual antisocial globalized capital, and b) the abyssal depths of a sense of violence. Some who are hindered from self-realization stagnation of the younger generation in Japan, trapped in in the real world production and reproduction process a no exit situation. are pushed into unstable employment circumstances, and Of course, Exodus to a Country of Hope was fiction, others become school refusers, or even hikikomori8 – but there is a non-fictional critical essay by Tomohiro losing their energy to venture out into the world. According Akagi from 2007 that expresses a similar sense of to a survey, many Japanese high school students tend to stagnation among younger generations, consequently suffer from acute depression, low motivation, and have a causing quite a stir in Japan, titled: “I want to slap Masao significantly low level of self-esteem9. Maruyama3: A freeter4, 31 years old, and I hope for war”5. The thrust of this essay is its stark portrayal of the ennui 7 “The Akihabara massacre” was an incident of mass murder that of a young Japanese man in his early 30s who graduated took place on Sunday, June 8, 2008, in the Akihabara shopping from college during the “the employment ice age (1993- district (for electronics, video games, and comics), the Mecca of 6 otaku (obsessed hobbyists). The suspect, Tomohiro Kato, 25, hit 2005)” , tried to get a job with permanent employment a crowd in a pedestrian mall with a 2 ton rented truck, eventually at different general companies, but failed. He has been killing three people and injuring two; he then stabbed at least 12 working as “freeter” during night shifts, earning $1000 per people using a dagger, killing four people and injuring eight. This is regarded as the worst mass murder incident in 30 years in Japan. month – not enough to enable him strike out from home Kato, who had been working as a temporary worker at an auto and become independent from his parents. He feels there parts factory, is thought to have no friends, and was weary from are no prospects for a dramatic change in the course of his his employment circumstances, which provided no continuity, life, and no hope for having his own family and children. expansivity, or communality. It is said that interactions on internet discussion boards rather deepened his feeling of isolation, and that before the attack he posted messages such as: “I am tired of my life. I want to be famous and appear on television talk shows.” It 3 Masao Maruyama (1914-1996) was a leading Japanese political is reported by the Japanese National Police Agency that, apparent scientist and political theorist. In March 1945, Maruyama was drafted copycat criminals, similar cases, and smilar false warnings by young and stationed as a private in the Japanese army at Hiroshima, although people sharply increased after the incident (more than one hundred he was already an assistant professor at Tokyo University. The author, in one month). Akagi, is trying to convey that he admires the social mobility made 8 “The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare defines possible during war time, in which even an elite Tokyo University hikikomori as people who refuse to leave their house, and isolate professor could be slapped by superiors in the army. themselves from society in their homes for a period exceeding six 4 “Freeter” is a Japanese expression for people between the ages months. While the degree of the phenomenon varies on an individual of 15 and 34 who lack full time employment or are unemployed basis, in the most extreme cases, some people remain in isolation for (excluding housewives and students).
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