Journal of Scientifi c Exploration, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 197–224, 2010 0892-3310/10 ESSAY Investigating Mental Mediums: Research Suggestions from the Historical Literature CARLOS S. ALVARADO Atlantic University, 215 67th Street, Virginia Beach, Virginia 23451, USA
[email protected] Abstract—Mental mediumship is a complex process involving a variety of factors in need of further study before we can increase our understanding of the phenomenon. The purpose of this paper is to offer ideas and topics for fur- ther research—mainly from the psychological perspective and with emphasis on the old psychical research literature. The topics discussed are mediumistic trance (e.g., function, stages, and depth, mediumistic mentation (e.g., imagery, symbols), the dramatic capabilities of the subconscious mind, the relationship between mediumship and psychopathology, the variety of experiences report- ed by mediums outside their performances (e.g., dissociative and ESP experi- ences), and the changing aspects of mediumship over time. It is argued that in-depth single case studies of specifi c mediums and interdisciplinary studies will greatly help us to understand mediumship more fully. Keywords: mediumship—mediumistic mentation—personation—iatrogenesis —trance—dissociation Mental mediums are individuals who claim to convey messages from discarnate spirits in such varied ways as impressions, visions, and automatic writing. Historically, this phenomenon has been important for its infl uence on psychological concepts such as the subconscious mind and dissociation (Alvarado, Machado, Zangari, & Zingrone, 2007), ideas of pathology (Le Maléfan, 1999), and for presenting phenomena that have provided both research topics and ideas for fi elds such as spiritualism (Tromp, 2006), psychical research (Inglis, 1984), and anthropology (Seligman, 2005).