Journal of Functional Programming Nixos: a Purely Functional Linux
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What Are the Problems with Embedded Linux?
What Are the Problems with Embedded Linux? Every Operating System Has Benefits and Drawbacks Linux is ubiquitous. It runs most internet servers, is inside Android* smartphones, and is used on millions of embedded systems that, in the past, ran Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOSes). Linux can (and should) be used were possible for embedded projects, but while it gives you extreme choice, it also presents the risk of extreme complexity. What, then, are the trade-offs between embedded Linux and an RTOS? In this article, we cover some key considerations when evaluating Linux for a new development: ■ Design your system architecture first ■ What is Linux? ■ Linux vs. RTOSes ■ Free software is about liberty—not price ■ How much does Embedded Linux cost? ■ Why pay for Embedded Linux? ■ Should you buy Embedded Linux or roll-your-own (RYO)? ■ To fork or not to fork? ■ Software patching ■ Open source licensing ■ Making an informed decision The important thing is not whether Linux or an RTOS is “the best,” but whether either operating system—or both together—makes the most technical and financial sense for your project. We hope this article helps you make an informed decision. Design Your System Architecture First It is important to design your system architecture first—before choosing either Linux or an RTOS—because both choices can limit architectural freedom. You may discover that aspects of your design require neither Linux nor an RTOS, making your design a strong candidate for a heterogeneous approach that includes one or more bare-metal environments (with possibly a Linux and/or RTOS environment as well). -
Using System Call Interposition to Automatically Create Portable Software Packages
CDE: Using System Call Interposition to Automatically Create Portable Software Packages Philip J. Guo and Dawson Engler Stanford University April 5, 2011 (This technical report is an extended version of our 2011 USENIX ATC paper) Abstract as dependency hell. Or the user might lack permissions to install software packages in the first place, a common It can be painfully difficult to take software that runs on occurrence on corporate machines and compute clusters one person’s machine and get it to run on another ma- that are administered by IT departments. Finally, the chine. Online forums and mailing lists are filled with user (recalling bitter past experiences) may be reluctant discussions of users’ troubles with compiling, installing, to perturb a working environment by upgrading or down- and configuring software and their myriad of dependen- grading library versions just to try out new software. cies. To eliminate this dependency problem, we created As a testament to the ubiquity of software deployment a system called CDE that uses system call interposition to problems, consider the prevalence of online forums and monitor the execution of x86-Linux programs and pack- mailing list discussions dedicated to troubleshooting in- age up the Code, Data, and Environment required to run stallation and configuration issues. For example, almost them on other x86-Linux machines. The main benefits half of the messages sent to the mailing lists of two ma- of CDE are that creating a package is completely auto- ture research tools, the graph-tool mathematical graph matic, and that running programs within a package re- analysis library [10] and the PADS system for processing quires no installation, configuration, or root permissions. -
Github: a Case Study of Linux/BSD Perceptions from Microsoft's
1 FLOSS != GitHub: A Case Study of Linux/BSD Perceptions from Microsoft’s Acquisition of GitHub Raula Gaikovina Kula∗, Hideki Hata∗, Kenichi Matsumoto∗ ∗Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan {raula-k, hata, matumoto}@is.naist.jp Abstract—In 2018, the software industry giants Microsoft made has had its share of disagreements with Microsoft [6], [7], a move into the Open Source world by completing the acquisition [8], [9], the only reported negative opinion of free software of mega Open Source platform, GitHub. This acquisition was not community has different attitudes towards GitHub is the idea without controversy, as it is well-known that the free software communities includes not only the ability to use software freely, of ‘forking’ so far, as it it is considered as a danger to FLOSS but also the libre nature in Open Source Software. In this study, development [10]. our aim is to explore these perceptions in FLOSS developers. We In this paper, we report on how external events such as conducted a survey that covered traditional FLOSS source Linux, acquisition of the open source platform by a closed source and BSD communities and received 246 developer responses. organization triggers a FLOSS developers such the Linux/ The results of the survey confirm that the free community did trigger some communities to move away from GitHub and raised BSD Free Software communities. discussions into free and open software on the GitHub platform. The study reminds us that although GitHub is influential and II. TARGET SUBJECTS AND SURVEY DESIGN trendy, it does not representative all FLOSS communities. -
GNU Guix Cookbook Tutorials and Examples for Using the GNU Guix Functional Package Manager
GNU Guix Cookbook Tutorials and examples for using the GNU Guix Functional Package Manager The GNU Guix Developers Copyright c 2019 Ricardo Wurmus Copyright c 2019 Efraim Flashner Copyright c 2019 Pierre Neidhardt Copyright c 2020 Oleg Pykhalov Copyright c 2020 Matthew Brooks Copyright c 2020 Marcin Karpezo Copyright c 2020 Brice Waegeneire Copyright c 2020 Andr´eBatista Copyright c 2020 Christine Lemmer-Webber Copyright c 2021 Joshua Branson Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled \GNU Free Documentation License". i Table of Contents GNU Guix Cookbook ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1 Scheme tutorials ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 1.1 A Scheme Crash Course :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 2 Packaging :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5 2.1 Packaging Tutorial:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5 2.1.1 A \Hello World" package :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5 2.1.2 Setup:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8 2.1.2.1 Local file ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8 2.1.2.2 `GUIX_PACKAGE_PATH' ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 2.1.2.3 Guix channels ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 10 2.1.2.4 Direct checkout hacking:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 10 2.1.3 Extended example :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -
Getting Started Guide for Freebsd Release 18.11.11
Getting Started Guide for FreeBSD Release 18.11.11 Jan 20, 2021 CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Documentation Roadmap...............................1 2 Installing DPDK from the Ports Collection3 2.1 Installing the DPDK FreeBSD Port..........................3 2.2 Compiling and Running the Example Applications.................3 3 Compiling the DPDK Target from Source6 3.1 System Requirements.................................6 3.2 Install the DPDK and Browse Sources........................7 3.3 Installation of the DPDK Target Environments...................7 3.4 Browsing the Installed DPDK Environment Target.................8 3.5 Loading the DPDK contigmem Module.......................8 3.6 Loading the DPDK nic_uio Module..........................9 4 Compiling and Running Sample Applications 12 4.1 Compiling a Sample Application........................... 12 4.2 Running a Sample Application............................ 13 4.3 Running DPDK Applications Without Root Privileges............... 14 5 EAL parameters 15 5.1 Common EAL parameters.............................. 15 5.2 FreeBSD-specific EAL parameters.......................... 17 i CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION This document contains instructions for installing and configuring the Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK) software. It is designed to get customers up and running quickly and describes how to compile and run a DPDK application in a FreeBSD application (bsdapp) environment, without going deeply into detail. For a comprehensive guide to installing and using FreeBSD, the following handbook is available from the FreeBSD Documentation Project: FreeBSD Handbook. Note: The DPDK is now available as part of the FreeBSD ports collection. Installing via the ports collection infrastructure is now the recommended way to install the DPDK on FreeBSD, and is documented in the next chapter, Installing DPDK from the Ports Collection. -
Openbsd Gaming Resource
OPENBSD GAMING RESOURCE A continually updated resource for playing video games on OpenBSD. Mr. Satterly Updated August 7, 2021 P11U17A3B8 III Title: OpenBSD Gaming Resource Author: Mr. Satterly Publisher: Mr. Satterly Date: Updated August 7, 2021 Copyright: Creative Commons Zero 1.0 Universal Email: [email protected] Website: https://MrSatterly.com/ Contents 1 Introduction1 2 Ways to play the games2 2.1 Base system........................ 2 2.2 Ports/Editors........................ 3 2.3 Ports/Emulators...................... 3 Arcade emulation..................... 4 Computer emulation................... 4 Game console emulation................. 4 Operating system emulation .............. 7 2.4 Ports/Games........................ 8 Game engines....................... 8 Interactive fiction..................... 9 2.5 Ports/Math......................... 10 2.6 Ports/Net.......................... 10 2.7 Ports/Shells ........................ 12 2.8 Ports/WWW ........................ 12 3 Notable games 14 3.1 Free games ........................ 14 A-I.............................. 14 J-R.............................. 22 S-Z.............................. 26 3.2 Non-free games...................... 31 4 Getting the games 33 4.1 Games............................ 33 5 Former ways to play games 37 6 What next? 38 Appendices 39 A Clones, models, and variants 39 Index 51 IV 1 Introduction I use this document to help organize my thoughts, files, and links on how to play games on OpenBSD. It helps me to remember what I have gone through while finding new games. The biggest reason to read or at least skim this document is because how can you search for something you do not know exists? I will show you ways to play games, what free and non-free games are available, and give links to help you get started on downloading them. -
Introduction to the Nix Package Manager
Introduction Nix concepts Usage examples Conclusion Introduction to the Nix Package Manager Millian Poquet 2021-05-12 — Datamove (Inria) seminar 1 / 16 Introduction Nix concepts Usage examples Conclusion Why Nix? Control your software environment! Programs/libraries/scripts/configurations + versions Why is it important for us? Use/develop/test/distribute software Manually install many dependencies? No, just type nix-shell Shared env for whole team (tunable) and test machines Bug only on my machine? Means this is hardware or OS related Reproducible research Repeat experiment in exact same environment Introduce or test variation 2 / 16 Introduction Nix concepts Usage examples Conclusion What is Nix? Nix: package manager Download and install packages Shell into well-defined environment (like virtualenv) Transactional (rollback works) Cross-platform: Linux, macOS, Windows (WSL) Nix: programming language Define packages Define environments (set of packages) Functional, DSL NixOS: Linux distribution Declarative system configuration Uses the Nix language Transactional (rollback still works) 3 / 16 Introduction Nix concepts Usage examples Conclusion Nix in numbers Started in 2003 Nix 1: 10k commits, 28k C++ LOC Nixpkgs 2: 285k commits, 55k packages 3 1. https://github.com/NixOS/nix 2. https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs 3. https://repology.org/repositories/statistics 4 / 16 Introduction Nix concepts Usage examples Conclusion Presentation summary 2 Nix concepts 3 Usage examples 4 Conclusion 5 / 16 Introduction Nix concepts Usage examples Conclusion Traditional -
Chapter 7 Package Management
Chapter 7 Package Management CERTIFICATION OBJECTIVES 7.01 The Red Hat Package Manager ✓ Two-Minute Drill 7.02 More RPM Commands Q&A Self Test 7.03 Dependencies and the yum Command 7.04 More Package Management Tools fter installation is complete, systems are secured, filesystems are configured, and other initial setup tasks are completed, you still have work to do. Almost certainly before your system is in the state you desire, you will be required to install or remove packages. To make sure the right updates are installed, you need to know how to get a system working with ARed Hat Subscription Management (RHSM) or the repository associated with a rebuild distribution. To accomplish these tasks, you need to understand how to use the rpm and yum commands in detail. Although these are “just” two commands, they are rich in detail. Entire books have been dedicated to the rpm command, such as the Red Hat RPM Guide by Eric 344 Chapter 7 Package Management Foster-Johnson. For many, that degree of in-depth knowledge of the rpm command is no longer necessary, given the capabilities of the yum command and the additional package management tools provided in RHEL 7. CERTIFICATION OBJECTIVE 7.01 The Red Hat Package Manager One of the major duties of a system administrator is software management. New applications are installed. Services are updated. Kernels are patched. Without the right tools, it can be difficult to figure out what software is on a system, what is the latest update, and what applications depend on other software. -
Openprinting Plenary
OpenPrinting Plenary Till Kamppeter, OpenPrinting IPP Everywhere under Linux – Driverless Printing · Support completely implemented: cups-filters: gstoraster/pdftoraster turns PDF into PWG Raster to send to IPP Everywhere printer, rastertopdf accepts PWG Raster as input for CUPS queue to emulate IPP Everywhere printer cups-browsed: If activated IPP Everywhere printers are discovered and a queue auto-generated, even with PPD file (PPD generator taken from CUPS 2.1.x, experimental) Ghostscript: PWG Raster format can be generated via “pwgraster” device or via “cups” device and MediaClass “PwgRaster” Printing stack of Level 2 is enough · Ubuntu Vivid (15.04) contains all this and therefore should fully support IPP Everywhere · Backport to Ubuntu Trusty (14.04 LTS) planned, but we need testing by manufacturers first · NEEDED: Testing all this by printer manufacturers, so please take Ubuntu 15.04 and test with your printers 2 Mobile Printing · Printing stack ready for mobile: cupsd and cups-browsed can be run on-demand, with systemd (most modern distros, incl. Ubuntu 15.04) or Upstart (Ubuntu Phone) Packaging of printing stack in three levels, level 2 for mobile, level 3 for desktop, server can be level 2 (appliance) or level 3 (computer) Printing stack is same software for mobile and desktop, so convergence (connect mobile phone to monitor to get desktop) is easy · MISSING: Mobile print dialog, but will be implemented soon for Ubuntu Mobile · Nice to have: Lightweight renderer like MuPDF 3 cups-filters · Most important changes: Create -
Installing Applications in Freebsd Lctseng (2019-2020, CC BY-SA) ? (1996-2018)
Installing Applications in FreeBSD lctseng (2019-2020, CC BY-SA) ? (1996-2018) 1 Handbook and Manual pages ● Complete guide and be found at ○ https://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/ports.html ○ https://www.freebsd.org/doc/zh_TW/books/handbook/ports.html ○ ports(7) ○ pkg(7), pkg(8) 2 Before we start ● Permission issue ○ root: the superuser ■ In Unix-like system, root is the conventional name of the user who has all rights or permissions (to all files and programs) in all modes (single- or multi-user) ● Don't execute all commands as root directly ○ It's DANGEROUS ● However sometimes you still need to be root to do something ○ Install software ○ Manage system settings ○ Create/modify/delete users 3 Before we start ● Become root ○ Console login with root $ whoami ○ By default, you cannot login as root via SSH lctseng $ su - ● Change current user Password: ○ Don't need to login with console $ whoami ○ Use command "su -", and then type root's password ■ Only user in "wheel" group can use "su -" root ○ To see which credit you are using, use "whoami" 4 Before we start ● As mentioned before, don't run as root directly ● Can we execute with root's credential only for some specific commands? ○ Like 'Run as administrator' in Windows ○ Is there similar commands in Unix-like system/FreeBSD? 5 Before we start ● Run commands with other user's permission ● "sudo" command ○ Only simplest explanation here for basic usage ○ "sudo" syntax and other details will be explained in later chapters ○ Here only tell you how to simply enable 'sudo' ● How to enable sudo? -
Sysvinit / Upstart / Systemd
SysVinit / Upstart / Systemd Zahemszky Gábor mérnök tanácsadó Zahemszky Gábor SysVinit / Upstart / Systemd init? ● Mire jó? ● Mire nem jó? ● Mi lenne, ha … (kávét főzne, kitakarítana, betakarítana, észlelné a bekapcsolt BT-fejhallgatót, a bedugot mobildiszket ...) Zahemszky Gábor SysVinit / Upstart / Systemd Ki mit használ jelenleg? Debian SysVinit Fedora Systemd OpenSUSE Systemd RHEL5 SysVinit RHEL6 Upstart SLES 10/11 SysVinit Ubuntu Upstart Többi? Kit érdekel? SysVinit Zahemszky Gábor SysVinit / Upstart / Systemd Előnyei ● Egyszerű maga az eszköz ● Egyszerűek az elindítot parancsfájlok ● Egyszerű a használt könyvtárstruktúra Zahemszky Gábor SysVinit / Upstart / Systemd Hátrányai ● Nem is annyira egyszerűek a parancsfájlok ● Mi van, ha az elindítot szerviz meghal? ● Miért fusson minden mindig, akkor is, ha csak ritkán akarjuk használni? Zahemszky Gábor SysVinit / Upstart / Systemd Mi a megoldás a problémákra? ● Bonyolítsuk el az egyszerű programot! ● Dobjuk ki az egyszerű scripteket! ● Strukturáljuk át az ismert, szabványosítot (LFS FHS) felépítésű fájlrendszert! Upstart Zahemszky Gábor SysVinit / Upstart / Systemd Upstart ● „Eseményvezérelt init-helyetesítő, amelynél a feladatok (task) és szolgáltatások (service) események (event) hatására indulnak el és állnak le” (*) ● Ellenben a feladatok és események elindítása / leállása más eseményeket generálhat ● Un. job segítségével mondhatjuk meg mi, merre, hány méter (mi, hogyan induljon/álljon le) ● Vezérlésre az initctl parancs szolgál (*) lásd upstart.ubuntu.com Zahemszky Gábor SysVinit -
The Haskell Cabal
The Haskell Cabal A Common Architecture for Building Applications and Tools Isaac Jones Simon Peyton Jones Simon Marlow Malcolm Wallace Ross Patterson The Haskell Library and Tools Infrastructure Project is an effort to provide a framework for developers to more effectively contribute their software to the Haskell community. This document specifies the Common Architecture for Building Applications and Tools(Cabal), which contributes to the goals of the Haskell Library and Tools Infrastructure Project. Specifically, the Cabal describes what a Haskell package is, how these packages interact with the language, and what Haskell implementations must to do to support packages. The Cabal also specifies some infrastructure (code) that makes it easy for tool authors to build and distribute conforming packages. The Cabal is only one contribution to the Library Infrastructure project. In particular, the Cabal says nothing about more global issues such as how authors decide where in the module name space their library should live; how users can find a package they want; how orphan packages find new owners; and so on. The Cabal has been discussed by the implementors of GHC, Nhc98, and Hugs, all of whom are prepared to implement it. The proposal is now open for wider debate. Please contribute by emailing <[email protected]>. 1 The Haskell Cabal 1. The Haskell Package System: goals The Haskell Package System (Cabal) has the following main goal: to specify a standard way in which a Haskell tool can be packaged, so that it is easy for consumers to use it, or re-package it, regardless of the Haskell implementation or installation platform.