Acta Botanica Brasilica 28(1): 127-140. 2014.

Coscinodiscophyceae and (Diatomeae) in the Iguaçu River, Paraná, Brazil

Margaret Seghetto Nardelli1,4, Norma Catarina Bueno1, Thelma Alvim Veiga Ludwig2, Priscila Izabel Tremarin2 and Elaine Cristina Rodrigues Bartozek3

Received: 20 October, 2012. Accepted: 28 November, 2013

ABSTRACT A taxonomic survey was carried out on Coscinodiscophyceae and Fragilariophyceae found in the Iguaçu River ca- tchment area within Iguaçu National Park, in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Between September 2007 and August 2008, we collected 24 samples from two stations on the Iguaçu River, upstream and downstream of the falls. We identified 37 taxa, including 22 specific and infraspecific taxa of Coscinodiscophyceae, together with 15 specific and infraspe- cific taxa of Fragilariophyceae. Melosira ruttneri Hustedt and alpestris Krasske ex Hustedt represent new records for Brazil.

Key words: , lotic systems, southern Brazil,

Introduction Caxias hydroelectric power plant, both identifying centric diatoms. Similar studies were conducted by Tremarin et al. Diatoms are with siliceous cell walls that are fairly (2009a), in the Maurício River, and by Santos et al. (2011), well-represented in aquatic systems, in terms of richness as in the Salto Amazonas River and in an artificial lake in the well as abundance (Hoek et al. 1995). The identification of municipality of General Carneiro. Other studies of diatoms these organisms is complex (Stoermer & Smol 1999) be- in the Iguaçu River were performed by Brassac & Ludwig cause of variations in the form and ornamentation. (2003; 2005; 2006), Ludwig et al. (2008) and by Bartozek In water quality studies, diatoms are excellent bioindicators et al. (2013). At Iguaçu Falls, Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (Round 1991; Descy & Ector 1999), mainly because of their (1998; 2007) identified 45 taxa, of which only six were short life cycle and their selective sensitivity to certain centric and none were araphid. limnological conditions, making them respond promptly The aim of this study was to inventory the species and to environmental changes (Lobo et al. 2002; Stevenson & taxonomic varieties of the classes Coscinodiscophyceae and Smol 2003). Fragilariophyceae in the Iguaçu River, within the catchment Taxonomic studies are of extreme importance for ex- area of Iguaçu National Park, thereby expanding the knowl- panding knowledge on the biodiversity of diatoms (Lobo edge on the flora of the diatoms of the state of Paraná and et al. 2002). They enable the proposal of indices that providing support for future studies on this community of might express the ecological significance of the complex rheophilic species in freshwater environments. relationships among species in the environments studied (Senna & Magrin 1999; Dinnerstein et al. 1995).Floristic surveys of diatoms in the watershed of the Iguaçu River Material and methods started with Moreira-Filho et al. (1973), Contin (1990) and Lozovei & Shirata (1990), in a stretch of the river near Iguaçu National Park, which comprises approximately the municipality of Curitiba. Subsequently, other studies of 169765.00 ha, is the largest protected area within the Atlan- diatoms were conducted along the watershed. Ludwig & tic Forest biome of Brazil. The area has a humid temperate Flôres (1995; 1997) conducted studies in rivers within the climate (Ibama 1999); the average annual rainfall in the catchment area of the Segredo hydroelectric power plant, Iguaçu River watershed is approximately 1500 mm/year; and Brassac et al. (1999) studied the area around the Salto and the rainfall distribution is fairly irregular in time and

1 Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Cascavel, PR, Brazil 2 Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, PR, Brazil 3 Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Pesqueiros e Engenharia de Pesca, Toledo, PR, Brazil 4 Author for correspondence: [email protected] Margaret Seghetto Nardelli, Norma Catarina Bueno, Th elma Alvim Veiga Ludwig, Priscila Izabel Tremarin and Elaine Cristina Rodrigues Bartozek

space, without a well-defined wet period (Lactec 2005). The were prepared using Naphrax® as mountant (refractive index mean annual temperature is 26 °C, monthly averages rang- = 1.73; Brunel Microscopes Ltd., Chippenham, UK). The ing from 3 °C to 40 °C (Salamuni et al. 2002). analysis of the permanent slides was performed with an The Iguaçu River watershed, located at the southern Olympus BX60 optical microscope coupled to an Olympus portion of the state of Paraná, is the largest drainage basin in DP71 microscope digital camera (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). the state and extends into the state of Santa Catarina as well The systematic classification and the terminology followed as into some areas of Argentina (Maack 2002). The river is Round et al. (1990) and Houk & Klee (2004). 2 1275 km in length, and its drainage area covers 70800 km For all of the taxa identified, we quantified morphometric and flowing in an east-west direction from the source at the and meristic characters — apical axis (AA); transapical axis Serra do Mar mountain range to the mouth in the Paraná (TA); pervalvar axis (PA); mantle height (MH); diameter River (Paraná 2010). (D); striae (S); areolae (A) and fultoportulae (F) — providing Two sampling stations were selected, in the backwater, descriptions and including comments when relevant. on the right bank of the Iguaçu River, in the municipality Frequencies of the taxa were based on the observation of Foz do Iguaçu (Fig. 1): of samples in permanent slides and calculated with the -Station 1 (25°35’72”S, 54°23’63”W), located upstream following equation: of Iguaçu Falls, with a width of 869.89-1200.00 m, a flow rate of 0.424 m.s-1 and a depth ranging from 0.90 m to 4.62 m, depending on the season (Paraná 2010). F = (p × 100)/P -Station 2 (25°38’55”S, 54°27’27.5”W), located down- stream of Iguaçu Falls, with a width of 69.89 m, a flow rate where F is the frequency, p is the number of samples con- of 6.8 m s-1 and a depth ranging from 4.62 m to 27.00 m, taining the species and P is the total number of samples depending on the season (Paraná 2010). analyzed. The taxa identified in the 24 samples A total of 24 samples were monthly collected between were classified into the following categories (Dajoz 2005): September 2007 and August 2008 from subsurface water at constant (F ≥ 70% in the samples), frequent (30% ≥ F ≤ both stations (Tab. 1). The samples were fixed with Tran- 69%), sporadic (10% ≥ F ≤ 29%) and occasional (F ≤ 9%). seau’s solution (Bicudo & Menezes 2006) and oxidized by The material was deposited in the Herbarium of the the technique proposed by Simonsen (1974) modified by Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNOP, Western Moreira-Filho & Valente-Moreira (1981). Microscope slides Paraná State University), Cascavel campus.

Figure 1. Location of sampling stations 1 and 2, upstream and downstream of Iguaçu Falls, respectively. Iguaçu National Park, state of Paraná, Brazil. Source: Iguaçu National Park Geoprocessing Sector/Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio, Chico Mendes Institute for the Conservation of Biodiversity), 2011.

128 Acta bot. bras. 28(1): 127-140. 2014. Coscinodiscophyceae and Fragilariophyceae (Diatomeae) in the Iguaçu River, Paraná, Brazil

Table 1. Collection dates, UNOP Herbarium accession number of the herbarium samples from stations 1 and 2, upstream and downstream of Iguaçu Falls, res- pectively and samples collectors. Iguaçu National Park, state of Paraná, Brazil.

UNOP Herbarium accession number Collection date Collector(s) Station 1 Station 2 September 2007 2702 2703 F.A. Gurski s.n. October 2007 2704 2705 M.X. Silva s.n. November 2007 2706 2707 M.X. Silva s.n. December 2007 2708 2709 M.X. Silva s.n. January 2008 2710 2711 M.X. Silva s.n. February 2008 2712 2713 F.A. Gurski s.n., M.X. Silva s.n. March 2008 2714 2715 F.A. Gurski s.n., M.X. Silva s.n. April 2008 2716 2717 F.A. Gurski s.n., M.X. Silva s.n. May 2008 2726 2727 F.A. Gurski s.n., M.X. Silva s.n. June 2008 2728 2729 F.A. Gurski s.n., M.X. Silva s.n. July 2008 2730 2731 F.A. Gurski s.n., M.X. Silva s.n. August 2008 2799 2800 F.A. Gurski s.n.

UNOP – Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (Western Paraná State University).

Results and discussion Valves circular, with concentric central area surrounded by radial striae in the shape of a rosette and marginal striae In the taxonomic evaluation, 37 taxa were identified. of equal length. D: 9.3-23.8 μm; S: 11-16 in 10 μm. Constant Of those, 22 belonged to the class Coscinodiscophyceae, taxon, occurring in 70.7% of the samples. within seven families and nine genera, with one taxon The population studied coincided with those described identified down to the genus level, 17 identified down to and illustrated by Contin (1990), Krammer & Lange-Ber- the species level, four identified down to the level of variety talot (1991), Brassac et al. (1999) and Guerrero & Echenique and two identified as non-typical taxonomic forms. In the (2006). The smaller dimensions shown by Contin (1990, D: class Fragilariophyceae, we identified 15 taxa, within one 8.60-12.35 μm) and Bertolli et al. (2010, D: 7.11-13.43 μm) family and four genera, with one taxon identified down to were not observed in the specimens of this study. the genus level, 13 taxa identified down to the species level Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2702, 2703, 2704, 2705, and two taxa identified as non-typical taxonomic forms. 2706, 2708, 2710, 2712, 2713, 2714, 2717, 2726, 2728, 2729, 2730, 2799, 2800. Coscinodiscophyceae Round & Crawford in Round et al. 1990 Lebour 1930 Glezer & Makarova 1986 rudis (Tremarin, Ludwig, Becker & Torgan) Glezer & Makarova 1986 Tuji, Leelahakriengkrai & Peerapornpisal, National Museum meneghiniana Kützing. Die Kieselschaligen of Nature and Science, 48, 146. 2012. Bacillarien oder Diatomeen, p.1-152, pls 1-30. 1844. Fig. 4 and 5 Fig. 2 Valves circular, valve surface slightly convex and with Valves circular, valve surface slightly undulate, hyaline a marginal ring of fultoportulae, intercalated with 1-3 ri- or slightly granulate central area with one or two fultopor- moportulae. The marginal areolae are smaller and radially tulae, robust marginal striae occupying one third of the arranged, whereas the central areolae are larger and irregu- valve radius. D: 14-16 μm; S: 7-9 in 10 μm. Sporadic taxon, larly arranged. D: 12.8-25.8 μm; A: 16-20 in 10 μm; F: 2-3 in occurring in 12.4% of the samples. 10 μm. Constant taxon, occurring in 83.3% of the samples. The material studied was coincident with the characters The morphometry of the specimens studied was coinci- described and illustrated by Krammer & Lange-Bertalot dent with the description of rudis by Ludwig (1991) and Contin (1990). et al. (2008) for freshwater environments (Iguaçu River and Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2704, 2711, 2712. its tributaries). Tuji et al. (2012) transferred the species to the genus Spicaticribra Johansen, Kociolek & Lowe. Those Discostella stelligera (Cleve & Grunow) Houk & Klee. authors differentiated Spicaticribra rudis from Spicaticribra Diatom Research 19(2): 208. 2004. kingstonii Johansen, Kociolek & Lowe by the pattern of the Fig. 3 areolae in the central region of the valve and by the position

Acta bot. bras. 28(1): 127-140. 2014. 129 Margaret Seghetto Nardelli, Norma Catarina Bueno, Th elma Alvim Veiga Ludwig, Priscila Izabel Tremarin and Elaine Cristina Rodrigues Bartozek

of the rimoportula (Tuji et al. 2012). Spicaticribra differs from Circular valve surface displaying a polygonal internal the genus Thalassiosira Cleve by the presence of a network wall, ornamented with areolae in radial lines in the extremi- of channels with an anastomosed (bifurcated) pattern and ties, sometimes with ramifications, and approaching the without central fultoportulae (Karthick & Kociolek 2011). center in radial spiral. MH: not visualized. D: 55-67 μm; Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2702, 2703, 2704, 2705, 2707, S: 11 in 10 μm; A: 14-15 in 10 μm. Sporadic taxon, with 2708, 2711, 2712, 2713, 2714, 2715, 2717, 2726, 2727, 2728, 12.4% of occurrence. 2729, 2730, 2731, 2799, 2800. The morphological characters and the cellular dimen- sions of Melosira undulata var. normanii are in agreement Melosirales Crawford 1990 with the descriptions of Brassac et al. (1999) for the state Melosiraceae Kützing 1844 of Paraná and of Garcia (2009) for the state of Rio Grande Melosira ruttneri Hustedt. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 15: do Sul. However, the cellular dimensions differ from those 140-141, pl. 9, fig. 11-16. 1937. of the species found by Rosa et al. (1994, D: 45.4 μm) for Fig. 8-10 lakes in Rio Grande do Sul. Valves cylindrical, forming rectilinear chains connected Melosira undulata var. normanii differs from the typical by the valve faces. Valve surface slightly convex displaying variety by displaying radial striae with a spiral arrangement concave extremity covered with coarse granules larger in in the central region (Brassac et al. 1999). Krammer & the extremities. Mantle with striae slightly curved to the Lange-Bertalot (1991) stated that M. undulata var. normanii right, circular to ovate areolae on the entire surface of the displays valves in a polygon, rather than the circular form mantle. MH: 11-15.4 μm; D: 13.2-28.4 μm; S: 20-22 in 10 observed in M. undulata (Ehrenberg) Kützing var. undulata. μm; A: 14-16 in 10 μm. Frequent taxon, occurring in 33.3% Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2711, 2730, 2800. of the samples. Little is known about the geographic distribution of Melosira varians Agardh. Flora oder Botanische Zeitung, Melosira ruttneri, because there are very few records of it in p. 628. 1827. Fig. 11-12 the literature. The population analyzed is consistent with the Valves cylindrical, forming rectilinear chains, incon- descriptions of Hustedt (1937) and the illustrations made spicuous marginal spines connecting the valve faces. Valve by Simonsen (1987). For a better description of this species, surface and mantle ornamented with delicate, inconspicu- future studies should involve a larger number of specimens, ous areolae. MH: (6.5) 9.4-20.2 μm; D: 15-39.5 μm. Frequent examined under electron microscopy. taxon, occurring in 54% of the samples. Occurrence in samples: UNOP2708, 2710, 2712, 2714, 2727, Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2703, 2705, 2708, 2710, 2711, 2728, 2730, 2800. 2712, 2714, 2716, 2727, 2728, 2730, 2799, 2800. Occurrence: first record for Brazil. Aulacoseiraceae Crawford 1990 Melosira sp. Aulacoseira ambigua var. ambigua (Grunow) Simonsen. Fig. 6a-b Bacillaria 2: 56. 1979. Valve cylindrical in girdle view, forming non-rectilinear Fig. 33 chains connected by the valve faces. Mantle straight to Valves cylindrical, in straight chains, lines of round to slightly concave with extremities facing outward in the square areolae, curving to the right. MH: 8.1-14.8 μm; D: region of the junction with the complementary valve. 5.5-9.1 (14.2) μm; S: 14-18 in 10 μm; A: 12-16 in 10 μm. Frustule with one concave valve face and one convex valve Sporadic taxon, occurring in 16.6% of the samples. face in order to dock with the adjacent valve, which has Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2705, 2712, 2714, 2716. the opposing curvature. Valve surface with inconspicuous ornamentations under optical microscopy. MH: 27-32.5 Aulacoseira ambigua var. ambigua f. spiralis (Skuja) Lu- μm; D: 25.3-33.2 μm. Occasional taxon, occurring in only dwig. Arquivos de Biologia e Tecnologia 33(4): 845. 1990. 4.2% of the samples. Fig. 34 This taxon was found in only one collection during Valves cylindrical, in curved or helicoidal chains, mantle the study period, and no similar specimens were found with striae oblique in relation to the pervalvar axis, curved in the literature consulted. We opted to identify the taxon to the right; separation spines of equal size. MH: 7.7-15.1 only down to the genus level and suggest studies involving μm; D: 4.8-7.3 μm; S: 14-16 in 10 μm; A: 14-18 in 10 μm. a larger number of specimens, examined under electron Frequent taxon, occurring in 37.5% of the samples. microscopy to confirm a new species of Melosira Agardh. Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2703, 2704, 2708, 2712, 2714, Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2800. 2717, 2730, 2799, 2800.

Melosira undulata var. normanii Arnott. In: Van Heurck, Aulacoseira granulata var. granulata (Ehrenberg) Simon- Synopsis. 90, f. 7. 1882. sen. Bacillaria 2: 58. 1979. Fig. 7 Fig. 20-22

130 Acta bot. bras. 28(1): 127-140. 2014. Coscinodiscophyceae and Fragilariophyceae (Diatomeae) in the Iguaçu River, Paraná, Brazil

Valves cylindrical, in straight chains. Mantle with large Cells cylindrical, in straight chains, with spines in the square areolae in slightly curved or straight lines. MH: (9.2) shape of a crown. Mantle with elliptic areolae, arranged in 16.9-29.8 μm; D: 6.1-17.6 μm; S: 6-10 in 10 μm; A: 6-11 in spiral lines curved to the left. MH: 12.6 μm; D: 14 μm; S: 22 10 μm. Constant taxon, occurring in 83% of the samples. in 10 μm; A: 20-22 in 10 μm. Occasional taxon, occurring Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2702, 2703, 2704, 2705, 2706, in only 4.2% of the samples. 2707, 2708, 2710, 2712, 2714, 2716, 2717, 2726, 2727, 2728, Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2726. 2729, 2730, 2731, 2799, 2800. Aulacoseira pusilla (Meister) Tuji & Houk. Bulletin of the Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima (O. Müller) Si- National Science Museum 30(2): 38. 2004. monsen. Bacillaria 2: 58. 1979. Fig. 27-29b Fig. 23-24 Valves cylindrical, with short spines originating from Valves cylindrical, in straight chains with one or two the end of two rows of areolae. Mantle with lines of delicate long spines. Mantle with visible areolae in slightly curved areolae, not always visible, curved to the right. MH: 3.3-5.7 to almost straight lines. MH: 12.4-17.4 μm; D: 3.3-4.5 μm; μm; D: 5.9-8.8 μm; S: 16-20 in 10 μm; A: 16-22 in 10 μm. S: 12-15 in 10 μm; A: 12-14 in 10 μm. Sporadic taxon, oc- Sporadic taxon, occurring in 25% of the samples. curring in 29.1% of the samples. Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2703, 2708, 2712, 2726, Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2706, 2708, 2714, 2726, 2730, 2800. 2728, 2799, 2800. Orthoseirales Crawford 1990 Aulacoseira granulata var. australiensis (Grunow) Moro. Orthoseiraceae Crawford 1990 Arquivos de Biologia e Tecnologia 34 (2): 353-359. 1991. Orthoseira dendroteres (Ehrenberg) Round, Crawford & Fig. 31-32 Mann. The Diatoms, p. 174. 1990. Valves cylindrical, in straight chains. Mantle with large Fig. 13-15 square areolae in slightly curved or straight lines. Rimopor- In girdle view, cells forming spiral or rectangular bands, tulae visible always on the opposite side of the small spines exhibiting straight to slightly oblique rows of small areolae. of the cell. MH: 16.8-25.3 μm; D: 15.2-20 μm; S: 6-7 in 10 PA: 16-38.5 μm; D: 12.4-19 μm; MH: 7.1-18; S: 16-20 in 10 μm; A: 5-7 in 10 μm. Sporadic taxon, occurring in 20.8% μm; A: 16-20 in 10 μm. Sporadic taxon, occurring in 12.5% of the samples. of the samples. The species studied is coincident with the material The specimen found is similar to those of the dendro- described by Moro (1991) but displays a range of mantle teres-group analyzed by Houk (1993, fig. 1-6); to the material heights broader than the 11-17 μm reported by that author. identified as Orthoseira roeseana, collected by Brassac et al. Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2711, 2716, 2729, 2730, 2800. (1999, fig. 29) and Metzeltin et al. (2005, pl. 2:1-3); and to Aulacoseira granulata var. valida f. curvata (Hustedt) the specimens illustrated by Krammer & Lange-Bertalot Simonsen. Bacillaria 2: 59. 1979. (1991: pl. 11: 4-5) denominated Orthoseira roeseana mor- Fig. 25 photype spiralis. Valves cylindrical, in short chains. Mantle with large As reported by Houk (1993), and using the studies of areolae in slightly curved or straight lines. MH: 16.1-23 μm; Krammer (1991) and Brassac et al. (1999) as examples, we D: 7.8-12.8 μm; S: 6-10 in 10 μm; A: 6-10 in 10 μm. Sporadic found that the taxon studied here has been erroneously taxon, occurring in 12.4% of the samples. identified by several taxonomists as Orthoseira roeseana Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2714, 2716, 2730. var. roeseana and Orthoseira roeseana morphotype spiralis, because of its complicated interpretation. The taxa have Aulacoseira herzogii (Lemmermann) Simonsen. Bacillaria therefore been gathered in two morphological groups, 2: 59. 1979. considering the pattern of striae on the mantle and the Fig. 26 presence or absence of undulating spirals in the cingulum. Valves cylindrical, in straight chains. Mantle with thin Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2708, 2729, 2800. areolae, almost indistinguishable under light microscopy, with 2-4 straight or slightly curved spines. MH: 15.6-16.7 Orthoseira epidendron (Ehrenberg) Round, Crawford & μm; D: 7.5-7.9 μm; S: inconspicuous. Occasional taxon, Mann. The Diatoms, 96. 1990. occurring in only 4.2% of the samples. Fig. 18-19 Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2708. In girdle view, cells forming well-connected rectangular bands, with circular areolae. Valves with triangular margins, Aulacoseira italica (Ehrenberg) Simonsen emend. Cra- pointed, conspicuous spines and alternating fields with or wford, Likoshway & Jahn. Diatom Research 18(1): 1-19. without spines. MH: 14 μm; D: 29.6 μm; S: 11 in 10 μm; A: 2003. 10 in 10 μm. Occasional taxon, occurring in only 4.2% of Fig. 30 the samples.

Acta bot. bras. 28(1): 127-140. 2014. 131 Margaret Seghetto Nardelli, Norma Catarina Bueno, Th elma Alvim Veiga Ludwig, Priscila Izabel Tremarin and Elaine Cristina Rodrigues Bartozek

The specimen found is similar to the material examined Valve multipolar, with margins in the shape of two su- by Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (2007, pl. 10, fig. 5) and perimposed triangles. Pseudocelli located at the three poles identified as Orthoseira cf. dendrophila. However, Orthoseira of the triangle, containing small pores, position inferior to epidendron differs from Orthoseira dendrophila (Ehrenberg) the opposite triangle. One conspicuous rimoportula in the Round, Crawford & Mann by displaying dichotomous striae valve face. Ornamentations with loculate areolae. In girdle near the cingulum, the spines forming a continuous ring view, cells rectangular with a high pervalvar axis (not illus- at the valve margin, with ribs that extend into the mantle. trated). Measures of the long axis: 81.4-99.7 μm, and short Conversely, Orthoseira dendroteres is characterized by uni- axis: 80.5-97 μm; A: 4-7 in 10 μm. Frequent taxon, occurring seriate striae on the mantle and spines separated by areas in 54.1% of the samples. with small pores near the valve margin (Houk 2003). Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2705, 2706, 2707, 2708, 2711, Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2799. 2712, 2713, 2714, 2715, 2716, 2726, 2729, 2730.

Orthoseira roeseana (Rabenhorst) O’Meara. Proc. Royal Terpsinoë musica Ehrenberg. Abh. Berl. Akad.: 425, pl. 3/4, Irish Academy, 2: 255. 1876. f. 1, pl. 3/7, f. 30. 1841(1843). Fig. 16-17b Fig. 37 In girdle view, cells forming rectangular bands, with Valves tri-undulate, narrowing slightly toward the capi- rows of areolate, straight to slightly oblique striae. Valves tate apices. Pseudocelli located at the apical poles, containing circular with a flat surface, undulate at the margin, with small pores. One conspicuous rimoportula lateral to the conspicuous marginal spines. Central area with carinopo- transapical center. Ornamentations with loculate areolae, rtulae, areolate striae forming irregular and radial rows. PA: irregularly spaced, filling the entire valve face and mantle. 15.5-26.4 μm; MH: 7.2-11.1 μm; D: 9.3-12.8 μm; in girdle In girdle view, tabular (not illustrated). AA: 157.4-185.0 view, S: 12-16 in 10 μm; A: 16 in 10 μm; in valve view, S: μm; TA: 48.4-65.0 μm; A: 6-8 in 10 μm. Frequent taxon, 20 in 10 μm; A: 19 in 10 μm. Sporadic taxon, occurring in occurring in 54.1% of the samples. 12.5% of the samples. The genera Terpsinoë Ehrenberg and Hydrosera Wallich Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2712, 2799, 2800. were both found in the same collection months. As described by Round et al. (1990), the structure and ecology of the genus Round & Crawford 1990 Terpsinoë are frequently related to those of Hydrosera. Triceratiaceae Lemmermann 1899 Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2705, 2706, 2707, 2708, 2709, Pleurosira laevis (Ehrenberg) Compére. Bacillaria 5: 117- 2710, 2711, 2712, 2714, 2716, 2726, 2728, 2731. 178, fig. 1-17, 20 e 39. 1982. Fig. 35 Fragilariophyceae Round in Round et al. 1990. Valve face approximately circular; circular areolae in Fragilariales Silva 1962 radial lines; prominent ocelli present at an opposite position Fragilariaceae Greville 1833 at the valve margin. Two to three rimoportulae at a right Fragilaria alpestris Krasske ex Hustedt. In: Rabenhorst, angle, with a more central location, transversal to the ocelli. Krypt. Fl. Deut. Öster. Schweiz. Akad. Verl. Leipzig 7(2): D: short axis 70-93.7 μm, long axis 75.5-108.8 μm; S: 11-12 165; fig. 673 B. 1931. in 10 μm; A: 10-11 in 10 μm. Frequent taxon, occurring in Fig. 51 54.1% of the samples. Valve linear, narrow, with quite round capitate to sub- The species Pleurosira laevis differs from Pleurosira so- capitate extremities; axial area linear to linear-lanceolate; cotrensis (Kitton) Compère by displaying areolae arranged central area occasionally extending to the margins, with in radial rows from the margin to the central region of the slight bilateral swelling; nearly parallel striae intercalated valve face (Ludwig et al. 2004). It also differs from Pleurosira with those of the opposite margin. AA: 38 μm; TA: 4 μm; indica Karthick & Kociolek by displaying areolae arranged S: 13 in 10 μm. Occasional taxon, occurring in only one of in short radial lines at the margin and irregularly arranged the samples. areolae in the central part of the valve (Karthick & Kociolek The specimen found is similar to the type specimen 2011). Pleurosira laevis prefers lotic environments (Kociolek of Fragilaria alpestris (AA: 20-50; TA: 2.5- 3; S: 13-16 in et al. 1983) and has a wide distribution for the state of Paraná 10 μm) shown by Lange-Bertalot et al. (1996). It is also in (Tremarin et al. 2009b). agreement with the specimens described by Krammer & Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2703, 2704, 2705, 2706, 2708, Lange-Bertalot (1991, fig. 111: 25-28, AA: 20-50 μm; TA: 2711, 2712, 2714, 2715, 2716, 2728, 2730, 2799. 2.5-3 μm; S: 12-14 (16) in 10 μm). Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2710. Biddulphiales Krieger 1954 Occurrence: first record for Brazil. Biddulphiaceae Kützing 1844 Hydrosera whampoensis (Schwartz) Deby. Journal Micro- Fragilaria capucina Desmazières var. capucina. Plantes graphie, 15: 209-212. 1891. cryptogames de la France 1(10): 453. 1825. Fig. 36 Fig. 53

132 Acta bot. bras. 28(1): 127-140. 2014. Coscinodiscophyceae and Fragilariophyceae (Diatomeae) in the Iguaçu River, Paraná, Brazil

Figures 2-37. Coscinodiscophyceae in Iguaçu National Park. 2. Cyclotella meneghiniana Kützing; 3. Discostella stelligera (Cleve & Grunow) Houk & Klee; 4 and 5. Spicaticribra rudis (Tremarin et al) Tuji, Leelahakriengkrai & Peerapornpisal; 6. Melosira sp.; 7. Melosira undulata var. normanii Arnott; 8-10. Melosira ruttneri Hustedt; 11 and 12. Melosira varians Agardh; 13-15. Orthoseira dendroteres (Ehrenberg) Round, Crawford & Mann; 16-17. Orthoseira roeseana (Rabenhorst) O’Meara; 18 and 19. Orthoseira epidendron (Ehrenberg) Round, Crawford & Mann; 20-22. Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen var. granulata; 23 and 24. Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima (O. Müller) Simonsen; 25. Aulacoseira granulata var. valida f. curvata (Hustedt) Simonsen; 26. Aulacoseira herzogii (Lem- mermann) Simonsen; 27 and 28. Aulacoseira pusilla (Meister) Tuji & Houk; 29. Valve view of A. pusilla; 30. Aulacoseira italica (Ehrenberg) Simonsen; 31 and 32. Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen var. australiensis (Grunow) Moro; 33. Aulacoseira ambigua (Grunow) Simonsen var. ambigua; 34. Aulacoseira ambigua var. ambigua f. spiralis (Skuja) Ludwig; 35. Pleurosira laevis (Ehrenberg) Compére; 36. Hydrosera whampoensis (Schwartz) Deby; 37. Terpsinoë musica Ehrenberg. Scales: 10 μm.

Acta bot. bras. 28(1): 127-140. 2014. 133 Margaret Seghetto Nardelli, Norma Catarina Bueno, Th elma Alvim Veiga Ludwig, Priscila Izabel Tremarin and Elaine Cristina Rodrigues Bartozek

Valves linear-lanceolate; extremities subcapitate; axial 10 μm), and with that provided by Patrick & Reimer (1966) area narrow linear; central area rectangular; striae parallel, for the taxon (AA: 90-120 μm; TA: 3.4 μm; S: 11-14 in 10 intercalated with the striae of the opposite margin. AA: μm), except for the difference in the size of the transapical 37.9-52 μm; TA: 5.2-7.3 μm; S: 9-13 in 10 μm. Sporadic axis, which was larger in our specimen. taxon, occurring in 29.1% of the samples. Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2716. For this study, we considered the morphological char- acters of the valve outline and the central area, as described Fragilaria fragilarioides (Grunow) Cholnoky. Nova He- by Patrick & Reimer (1966), who distinguished Fragilaria dwigia 5: 168. 1963. capucina by its linear shape and thin striae. The study popu- Fig. 67-69 lation was identified as F. capucina because the material did Valves linear to slightly lanceolate; extremities sub- not show round attenuated apices typical of F. fragilarioides capitate; bilateral swelling in the central area, flanked by or unilateral swelling such as that observed for F. vaucheriae two constrictions, one at either margin of the valve; striae (Patrick & Reimer 1966). parallel or nearly parallel intercalated with the striae of the Larger measures in width (4.1-7.8 μm) were also found opposite margin, median region with indistinct or inter- by Fontana & Bicudo (2009). The Fragilaria capucina rupted striae. AA: 34.3-83.8 μm; TA: 3.6-5.6 μm; S: 11-13 in complex is highly polymorphic (Landucci & Ludwig 2005). 10 μm. Constant taxon, occurring in 79.1% of the samples. Ludwig & Flôres (1997) commented on the difficulty in The population-based study allowed clear visualization of distinguishing among the varieties of F. capucina and have the bilateral swelling. Patrick & Reimer (1966) distinguished selected some criteria for distinguishing them. Synedra rumpens var. fragilarioides (basionym) by its bilateral Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2705, 2712, 2714, 2716, swelling in the central area. In this aspect, the material studied 2726, 2727, 2730. was coincident with that studied by those authors, except for displaying with a shorter apical axis (AA: 40-75 μm), Fragilaria capucina var. meneghiniana (Grunow) Ludwig similar to the observations made by Flôres et al. (1999), who & Flôres, Hoehnea 24(1): 60, fig. 10-11. 1997. also noted a wide variation (AA: 20.8-80.3 μm). Fig. 52 Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2702, 2703, 2704, 2705, 2706, Valves linear-lanceolate; extremities subcapitate; axial 2708, 2710, 2712, 2713, 2714, 2715, 2716, 2717, 2727, 2728, area narrow; central area quadrangular, parallel striae in- 2730, 2731, 2799, 2800. tercalated with the striae of the opposite margin. AA: 28.6- 36.4 μm; TA: 4.1-6.3 μm; S: 11-13 in 10 μm. Sporadic taxon, Fragilaria mesolepta Rabenhorst. Die Algen Europa’s. occurring in 29.1% of the samples. Decas 105-106. no 1041. 1861. In the analysis of the material, we considered the param- Fig. 54 eter described by Ludwig & Flôres (1997): the presence of Valves linear to linear-lanceolate; extremities attenuate a quadrangular bilateral central area. The material studied to rostrate; axial area very narrow; central area rectangular, was coincident with that cited in Patrick & Reimer (1966, with slight constriction; striae parallel. AA: 26.5-31.4 μm; pl. 6, fig. 3), except for the transapical axis, which was larger TA: 3.3-4.3 μm; S: 12 in 10 μm. Sporadic taxon, occurring than the 3-4 μm. in 20.8% of the samples. Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2702, 2703, 2704, 2705, Identifications were based on the constriction in the 2712, 2727, 2730. central area, which coincided with the illustrations of Patrick & Reimer (1966), Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991) and Fragilaria crotonensis var. oregona Sorvereign. Trans. Ludwig & Flôres (1997). American Micr. Society. 77 (2): 107, pl2, figs. 1-3. 1958. Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2705, 2706, 2707, 2708, 2712. Fig. 74 Valve linear-lanceolate, with slight bilateral swelling, Fragilaria socia (Wallace) Lange-Bertalot. Nova Hedwigia evolving to constriction, in the median region. Valve ex- 33: 749. 1980. tremities subcapitate; axial area narrow, becoming slightly Fig. 50 wider toward the central area, crossed by very light, parallel Valves linear-lanceolate; extremities rostrate, attenuate striae, proximal to each other in the center, and intercalated to subcapitate; axial area linear to linear-lanceolate; central with those of the opposite margin toward the extremities. area occasionally extending to the margins, with a slight AA: 118.4 μm; TA: 5.5 μm; S: 11 in 10 μm. Occasional taxon, constriction preceding bilateral swelling in the median occurring in only 4.16% of the samples. portion of the region; striae nearly parallel, intercalated This taxon differs from the other named varieties in that with those of the opposite margin. AA: 25.6-26.5 μm; TA: it exhibits greater swelling in the median region and thicker 3.3-3.5 μm; S: 12-13 in 10 μm. Occasional taxon, occurring striae. The study specimen was coincident with the descrip- in only 8.3% of the samples. tion provided by Contin (1990) for material also collected Patrick & Reimer (1966) commented that this taxon is from the Iguaçu River (AA: 117.6 μm; TA: 4.75 μm; S: 12 in similar to Fragilaria rumpens (Kützing) Carlson except for

134 Acta bot. bras. 28(1): 127-140. 2014. Coscinodiscophyceae and Fragilariophyceae (Diatomeae) in the Iguaçu River, Paraná, Brazil the fact that its length/width ratio is typically smaller than Valves linear to linear-lanceolate; attenuate toward the that found in F. rumpens and that it is more lanceolate. apices; extremities rostrate-round; axial area linear to slightly Identifications were based on the swelling in the central lanceolate; unilateral swelling in the central area. Striae parallel area, which was more prominent than in similar species. or slightly swollen sometimes slightly shortened on the side op- The study material was coincident with that described by posite the swollen area. AA: 15.5-31.8 μm; TA: 4.7-7 μm; S: 8-12 Patrick & Reimer (1966) and Contin (1990), which was in 10 μm. Sporadic taxon, occurring in 29.1% of the samples. identified as Synedra socia, except in that the number of In several studies (Flôres et al. 1999; Brassac & Ludwig striae was higher than that reported by those authors (17 2003; Ferrari & Ludwig 2007), the taxon Fragilaria vauche- and 15-17 in 10 μm, respectively). riae has shown great morphological variation, displaying Ludwig & Flôres (1997) identified similar material as individuals in transition from one form to another. Patrick Fragilaria capucina var. fragilarioides. The species com- & Reimer (1966) described F. vaucheriae as having an monly displays valves of larger dimensions, without such asymmetrical central area, typically with unilateral swelling. a prominent constriction causing bilateral swelling in the Conversely, Bicudo et al. (1993) observed individuals with median region, as is typical of Fragilaria socia. unilateral and bilateral swelling. Individuals with bilateral Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2730, 2800. swelling probably correspond to another taxon. The mate- rial described by Patrick & Reimer (1966) differs from that Fragilaria sp. studied here in terms of its higher striae density (12-16 in Fig. 56 10 μm) and much smaller transapical axis (2-4 μm). The Valve linear; margins straight; extremity subcapitate; density of striae of the specimens examined in our study axial area linear; central area absent; straight striae, inter- was coincident with those described by Krammer & Lange- calated with those of the opposite margin. AA: 35 μm; TA: Bertalot (1991, S: 9-14 in 10 μm), although our specimens 5.9 μm; S: 12 in 10 μm. Occasional taxon, occurring in only displayed greater variation in the width of the transapical one of the samples. axis than the 4-5 μm reported by those authors. The specimen found is similar to the type specimen of Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2705, 2708, 2712, 2727, Fragilaria fonticola Hustedt illustrated by Simonsen (1987, 2728, 2730, 2800. pl. 320: 21-26, AA: 20-35 μm; TA: 4-5 μm; S: 13-15 in 10 μm), but differs from it by the lanceolate valve outline and Fragilariforma javanica (Hustedt) Wetzel, Morales & Ector. by the lanceolate and larger axial area. As shown by Kram- Diatom Research 28(4): 373-379. 2013. mer & Lange-Bertalot (1991), F. fonticola also possesses Fig. 66 linear to lanceolate valve margins, similar to those shown Valve linear to widely lanceolate, with median con- in the illustrations of Patrick & Reimer [1966, pl. 5: 16 - as striction; extremities subcapitate; axial and central areas Synedra fasciculata var. truncata (Greville) Patrick], as well inconspicuous or absent; transapical striae parallel along as in those of Metzeltin et al. (2005, pl. 14: 17-23), who also reported a higher number of striae. Patrick & Reimer (1966, the entire length of the valve. AA: 49.1 μm; TA: 6.8 μm in pl: 5, fig. 6) documented a specimen very similar to the one the constricted central area and 7.7 μm at the widest point; found in this study as Synedra minuscula Grun. The authors S: 17 in 10 μm. Occasional taxon, occurring in only 4.2% described the specimen as having a linear valve, abruptly of the samples. attenuate, with rounded extremities, and characterize the The specimen was coincident with the specimens of taxon by the shape, the absence of a central area and the Fragilaria javanica shown by Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot size of the valve (AA: 15-39 μm; TA: 2- 3.5 μm; S: 15-18 in (1998, fig. 1-6). The specimens of F. javanica, illustrated by 10 μm). In addition, the specimen described by Rumrich et Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991) and Metzeltin & Lange- al. (2000, pl. 7, fig. 7) as Fragilaria sp. is very similar to the Bertalot (1998), in their majority, display valves without specimen studied here, although the authors provided no constriction or with a slight median constriction, as do morphological descriptions and it was therefore impossible those described by Brassac & Ludwig (2003), Landucci & to confirm other data. Ludwig (2005) and Ferrari & Ludwig (2007), with consider- We opted to identify the specimen only down to the able variation in striae density. genus level, because we found no another specimens Fragilariforma javanica possesses valve dimensions, with the same morphometric characters in the literature apex shapes and a valve outline very similar to those of consulted. The specimen found in the present study was Fragilariforma virescens (Ralfs) Williams & Round (Brassac unique; whether it represents a variation in the population & Ludwig 2003) and Fragilariforma strangulata (Zanon) is uncertain. Williams & Round (Hustedt 1949; Simonsen 1987; Williams Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2799. & Round 1987; Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1991). To solve the uncertainty regarding to the conspecificity of these three Fragilaria vaucheriae (Kützing) Petersen, Botaniska Noti- species, studies of type material are required (Landucci & ser 122(1-3): 167, fig. 1c-g. 1938. Ludwig 2005; Wetzel et al. 2013). Fig. 55 Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2730.

Acta bot. bras. 28(1): 127-140. 2014. 135 Margaret Seghetto Nardelli, Norma Catarina Bueno, Th elma Alvim Veiga Ludwig, Priscila Izabel Tremarin and Elaine Cristina Rodrigues Bartozek

Staurosirella crassa (Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot) Ribeiro & & Reimer (1966), Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991) and Torgan. In Ribeiro et al., Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia Flôres et al. (1999). 13(1): 24. 2010. Morales & Manoylov (2006) stated that the valves of Fig. 59-65 Staurosirella pinnata are smaller and more oval in shape than Valves elliptic-lanceolate; extremities rounded to sub- are those of Staurosirella martyi (Héribaud) E.A. Morales rostrate; axial area widely or narrowly linear; central area & Manoylov, which are large, elliptic and rarely oval, with absent; transapical striae composed of alternating coarse rounded extremities. Paull et al. (2008) concluded that it is slits. PA: 9-12 μm; AA: 27.1-37.5 μm; TA: 6.1-9.7 μm; S: 5-7 very difficult to distinguish Staurosira venter (Ehrenberg) in 10 μm. Frequent taxon, occurring in 54.1% of the samples. Cleve & Müller from S. pinnata and that reliable characters The population was coincident with the specimens of are the width of the valve (mean: S. venter: 4.7 μm, S. pin- Fragilaria crassa described by Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot nata: 3.7 μm) and the length of the areolae of the margin (1998, pl. 1, fig. 20-23), which also display wide morpho- (mean: S. venter: 0.2 μm, S. pinnata: 0.5 μm), which can be logical variation (AA: 22-50 μm; TA: 9-10 μm; S: 4-5 in 10 visualized with a high-quality optical microscope. μm), as also reported by Bertolli et al. (2010, AA: 16.6-37.9 According to Morales et al. (2010), Staurosirella pinnata μm; TA: 4.7-5.5 μm; S: 7 in 10 μm). remains unclear, appearing in various forms and sizes in Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2705, 2707, 2711, 2712, 2714, the literature. Because the type specimen of this taxon has 2726, 2727, 2728, 2729, 2730, 2731, 2799, 2800. not been studied in detail, it is hard to determine which variations correspond to S. pinnata. The identification of Staurosirella dubia (Grunow) Morales & Manoylov. In S. pinnata most accepted by researchers is still based on the Morales, Manoylov & Bahls, Proceedings of the Academy concepts of Hustedt (1931) and Morales (2001). of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 160: 43. 2010. Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2712. Fig. 57 Valve lanceolate; extremities rounded; axial area lan- Synedra goulardii Brébisson ex Cleve & Grunow, Kongl. ceolate; striae slightly radial, intercalated with those of the Sven. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 17(2): 117, pl. 6, fig. 119. 1880. opposite margin. AA: 23 μm; TA: 5.6 μm; S: 6 in 10 μm. Fig. 38-49 Occasional taxon, occurring in only 4.2% of the samples. Valves linear-lanceolate to lanceolate; slight to pro- The study specimen was coincident with the morpho- nounced median constriction; extremities rostrate, rostrate- metry of Staurosirella dubia shown by Morales & Manoylov capitate or subcapitate; axial area linear; central area quad- (2006, AA: 6-38 μm; TA: 3.5-6.5 μm; S: 6-10 in 10 μm) and rangular to rounded, delimitated by smaller striae, parallel the descriptions of Hustedt (193l), who refers to a species to the opposite margin. AA: 52.8-215 μm; TA: 7.5-14 μm; with lanceolate valves, with rounded apices, a wide and S: 8-10 in 10 μm. Constant taxon, occurring in 100% of central axial area, and shorter striae (fig. 13-25). Patrick & the samples. Reimer (1966) show individuals with a narrower range (AA: 10-15 μm) not found in this study. The population studied exhibited marked polymor- Smaller specimens of Staurosirella subcapitata (Fren- phism regarding the valve outline, the extremities and the guelli) Morales tend to lose their typical well-lanceolate form of the central area. Patrick & Reimer (1966) described outline, and become very similar to S. dubia, as seen by two varieties of Synedra other than S. goulardii: Synedra Morales & Manoylov (2006), and the two species can be ulna var. contracta Østrup (p.7, fig. 3) - accepted as Ulnaria confused without a detailed analysis. contracta (Østrup) Morales & Vis—and Synedra ulna var. Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2730. oxyrhynchus f. mediocontracta (Forti) Hustedt (pl.7, fig. 4) which are consistent with the polymorphic population Staurosirella pinnata (Ehrenberg) Willians & Round. Dia- here shown. A more detailed study of the population under tom Research 2: 274. 1987. electron microscopy would be necessary in order to identify Fig. 58 characters that are diagnostic in differentiating among the Valves oval to elliptic; extremities rounded; axial area specimens. lanceolate and narrow; striae robust, radial in the apices and Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2702, 2703, 2704, 2705, almost parallel in the median portion of the valve, alternated 2706, 2707, 2708, 2709, 2710, 2711, 2712, 2713, 2714, 2715, with those of the opposite margin; absence of central area. 2716, 2717, 2726, 2727, 2728, 2729, 2730, 2731, 2799, 2800. AA: 8.8 μm; TA: 4 μm; S: 10 in 10 μm. Occasional taxon, occurring in only 4.2% of the samples. Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch) Compère. In Jahn et al. Studies on The specimen found was identified as Staurosirella pin- diatoms, p. 100. 2001. nata because it displayed a valve structure that was more Fig. 70-73 oval, similar to the specimens examined by Ehrenberg Valves linear without median constriction, narrowing (1843). The axial area is pronounced, with coarser striae toward the rostrate to subcapitate extremities; axial area (Morales 2001). Our specimen was coincident with the linear and narrow; central area rectangular (in populations descriptions of Fragilaria pinnata var. pinnata of Patrick of individuals with smaller dimensions, the central area is

136 Acta bot. bras. 28(1): 127-140. 2014. Coscinodiscophyceae and Fragilariophyceae (Diatomeae) in the Iguaçu River, Paraná, Brazil

Figures 38-74. Fragilariophyceae in Iguaçu National Park. 38-49. Synedra goulardii Brébisson, Cleve & Grunow; 50. Fragilaria socia (Wallace) Lange-Bertalot; 51. Fragilaria alpestris Krasske; 52. Fragilaria capucina var. meneghiniana (Grunow) Ludwig & Flôres; 53. Fragilaria capucina Desmazières var. capucina; 54. Fragilaria mesolepta Rabenhorst; 55. Fragilaria vaucheriae (Kützing) Peters; 56. Fragilaria sp.; 57. Staurosirella dubia (Grunow) Morales & Manoylov; 58. Staurosirella pinnata (Ehrenberg) Williams & Round; 59-65. Staurosirella crassa (Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot) Ribeiro & Torgan; 66. Fragilariforma javanica (Hustedt) Wetzel et al.; 67-69. Fragilaria fragilarioides (Grunow) Cholnoky; 70-73. Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch) Compère; 74. Fragilaria crotonensis var. oregona Sovereign. Scales: 10 μm.

Acta bot. bras. 28(1): 127-140. 2014. 137 Margaret Seghetto Nardelli, Norma Catarina Bueno, Th elma Alvim Veiga Ludwig, Priscila Izabel Tremarin and Elaine Cristina Rodrigues Bartozek

smaller, circular or elliptic). In the central area, difficult to larger number of specimens, in order to discuss its identity visualize striae often occur, running parallel to the striae of in greater detail. the opposite margin. AA: 27.1-37.5 μm; TA: 6.1-9.7 μm; S: 5-7 Questions remain regarding the true identity of the in 10 μm. Frequent taxon, occurring in 75% of the samples. taxon Fragilaria sp., in comparison with the descriptions in The population studied displayed wide morphologic the literature (Simonsen 1987; Krammer & Lange Bertalot variation. Patrick & Reimer (1966) showed different va- 1991), because of the absence of illustrations or descriptions rieties for the species according to the morphology of the of morphologically similar individuals. Further detailed extremities, the valve outline, and the presence or absence studies are required in order to determine whether this is of the central area. The specimens found were grouped as a new species. Ulnaria ulna. Although they displayed wide morphologic variation, all specimens showed a rectangular to circular central area and no median constriction. Acknowledgments Occurrence in samples: UNOP 2702, 2703, 2704, 2706, 2709, The authors thank the Brazilian Instituto Chico Mendes 2710, 2712, 2714, 2715, 2716, 2717, 2726, 2727, 2728, 2729, de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio, Chico Mendes 2730, 2799, 2800. Institute for the Conservation of Biodiversity), for providing the necessary research permits, as well as the staff of Iguaçu Of the 37 taxa identified, the most well-represented National Park, for providing logistical support for the collec- genus was Fragilaria Lyngbye with 10 taxa, followed by tion of samples. This study received financial support from Aulacoseira Thwaites with nine. Species richness was higher the Brazilian Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal at station 1 than at station 2 (36 taxa vs. 27). Aulacoseira de Nível Superior, CAPES, Office for the Advancement of herzogii, A. granulata var. valida f. curvata, A. italica, Or- Higher Education. thoseira epidendron, Fragilaria alpestris, F. crotonensis var. oregona, Fragilaria sp., F. javanica, Staurosirella pinnata and S. dubia were exclusive to station 1, whereas only Melosira References sp. was exclusive to station 2. Of the 37 taxa found, six (16.2%) were constant, seven Bartozek. E.C.R.; Ludwig, T.A.V.; Tremarin, P.I.; Nardelli, M.S.; Bueno, N.C. (18.9%) were frequent, 13 (35.1%) were sporadic and 11 & Rocha, A.C.R. 2013. Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) of Iguaçu National Park, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 27(1): 108-123. (29.7%) were occasional. Occasional taxa occurred in one Bertolli, L.M.; Tremarin, P.I.; Ludwig, T.A.V. 2010. Diatomáceas perifíticas sample, in some cases represented by a single individual em Polygonum hydropiperoides Michaux, reservatório do Passaúna, (Fragilaria alpestris, Fragilaria sp.). Região Metropolitana de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. Acta Botanica The diatoms Melosira ruttneri and Fragilaria alpestris Brasilica 24(4): 1065-1081. Bicudo, C.E.M. & Menezes, M. 2006. Gêneros de algas de águas conti- constituted new records for Brazil. Aulacoseira granu- nentais do Brasil: chave para identificação e descrições. Pp.1-502. lata var. valida f. curvata; A. granulata var. australiensis; São Carlos, RiMa. A. pusilla; Fragilaria capucina var. capucina; and Staurosire- Bicudo, D.C.; Bicudo, C.E.M.; Castro, A.A.J. & Picelli-Vicentim, M.M. lla crassa—were new records for the Iguaçu River. 1993. Diatomáceas (Bacillariophyceae) do trecho a represar do rio Parapanema (Usina hidrelétrica de Rosana), Estado de São Paulo, The genus Melosira Agardh includes few freshwater spe- Brasil. Hoehnea 20(1/2): 47-68. cies, represented by only ten taxa, six of which have been Brassac, N.M.; Atab, D.R.; Landucci, M.; Visinoni, N.D. & Ludwig, T.V. recorded for Brazil (Ludwig & Bigunas, 2006). At our study 1999. Diatomáceas cêntricas de rios na região de abrangência da usina site, we identified three species of Melosira (M. varians, hidrelétrica de Salto Caxias, PR (Bacia do Iguaçu). Acta Botanica Brasilica 13(3): 277-289. M. undulata var. normanii and M. ruttneri), as well as one Brassac, N.M. & Ludwig, T.A.V. 2003. Fragilariaceae (Bacillariophyceae) de population identified only down to the genus level. Melosira rios da bacia do Iguaçu, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Revista Brasileira varians is one of the most common species of this genus de Botanica 26: 311-318. (Round et al. 1990) and is commonly found in eutrophic Brassac, N.M. & Ludwig, T.A.V. 2005. Amphipleuraceae e Diploneidaceae (Bacillariophyceae) da bacia do rio Iguaçu, PR, Brasil. Acta Botanica rivers and lakes (Reynolds et al. 2002). Melosira undulata Brasilica 19(2): 359-368. var. normanii, a taxon whose distribution in Brazilian waters Brassac, N.M. & Ludwig, T.A.V. 2006. Diatomáceas da Bacia do Rio Iguaçu, is much more restricted than is that of M. varians (Rosa Paraná, Brasil: e Caloneis. Hoehnea 33(2): 127-142. et al. 1994; Garcia 2009), has been recorded for France Contin, L.F.1990. Contribuição ao estudo de diatomáceas (Crysophyta, Bacillariophyceae) na região da barragem de captação D’água do rio (Germain 1981) and for other tropical areas (Krammer & Iguaçu (Sanepar), em Curitiba, estado do Paraná, Brasil. Estudos de Lange-Bertalot 1991), as well as in large oligotrophic lakes Biologia 24: 5-95. and dystrophic rivers in North America (Manguin 1949). Dajoz, R. 2005. Princípios de Ecologia. Porto Alegre, Artmed. The geographic distribution of M. ruttneri remains largely Descy, J.P. & Ector, L. 1999. Use of diatoms for monitoring rivers in Belgium and Luxemburg. Use of algae for monitoring rivers III. unknown, and the present study provided its first record Pp. 128-137. In: Prygiel, J. Whitton, Ba. & Bukowska, J. (Eds.). Douai, for Brazil. Melosira sp. displayed some structures that differ Agence de l’Eau Artois-Picardie. from those found in the available literature. There is a need Dinnerstein, E.; Olson, D.M.; Graham, D.J.; Webstar, A.L. & Primm, for further studies, involving electron microscopy and a A.S.1995. A conservation assessment of the terrestrial ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, The World Bank.

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Ehrenberg, C.G.1843. Mittheilungen über 2 neue asiatische Lager fossiler Landucci, M. & Ludwig, T.A.V. 2005. Diatomáceas de rios da bacia Infusorien-Erden aus dem russischen Trans-Kaukasien (Grusien) hidrográfica Litorânea, PR, Brasil: Coscinodiscophyceae e Fragilari- und Sibirien. Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten ophyceae. Acta Botanica Brasilica 19(2): 345-357. Verhandlungen der Königlich-Preussischen Akademie der Wis- Lange-Bertalot, H.; Külbs, K.; Lauser, T.; Nörpel-Schempp, M. & Willmann, senschaften zu Berlin: 43-49. M. 1996. Dokumentation und Revision der von Georg Krasske be- Ferrari, F. & Ludwig, T.A.V. 2007. Coscinodiscophyceae, Fragilariophyceae schriebenen Diatomeen-Taxa. Iconographia Diatomologica 3: 1-358. e Bacillariophyceae (Achnanthales) dos rios Ivaí, São João e dos Patos, Lobo, E.A.; Callegaro, V.L.M. & Bender, E.P. 2002. Utilização de algas bacia hidrográfica do rio Ivaí, município de Prudentópolis, PR, Brasil. diatomáceas epilíticas como indicadores da qualidade da água em Acta Botanica Brasilica 21(2): 421-441. rios e arroios da região hidrográfica do Guaíba, RS, Brasil. Santa Flôres, T.L.; Moreira-Filho, H.; Ludwig, T.A.V. 1999. Contribuição ao In- Cruz do Sul, Edunisc. ventário Florístico das diatomáceas (Bacillariophyta) do Banhado de Lozovei, A.L. & Shirata, M.T. 1990. Diatomáceas (Chrysophyta, Bacillari- Taim, Rio Grande do Sul. Brasil: II Fragilariaceae. Insula 28: 167-187. ophyceae) no Rio Passaúna, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil - Levantamento Fontana, L. & Bicudo, D.C. 2009. Diatomáceas (Bacillariophyceae) de qualitativo da diatomoflórula em segmento manancial. Estudos de sedimentos superficiais dos reservatórios em cascata do Rio Paran- Biologia 27: 5-56. apanema (SP/PR, Brasil): Coscinodiscophyceae e Fragilariophyceae. Ludwig, T.A.V. & Flôres, T. 1995. 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