Authors’ perspectives on open access: effective ways to achieve OA

Alma Swan Key Perspectives Ltd Truro, UK 我很荣幸受邀来北京演讲。 希望我的演讲能给您提供一些有用的信息。 Why researchers publish their work

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Key Perspectives Ltd Asian science output

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Key Perspectives Ltd Papers published 1983/2003

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Key Perspectives Ltd Chinese science output (indexed in the SCI)

! 1983: 3,000 articles ! 2003: 50,000 articles ! % increase: 1,500%

Key Perspectives Ltd To increase visibility (i): International journals

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Key Perspectives Ltd To increase visibility (ii): International collaboration

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Key Perspectives Ltd But, visibility is still poor overall

! Citation indexes are very selective ! 2000 Chinese university journals ! In Year 2000, 63 Chinese journals were indexed in the SCI, of which… ! …only 4 were Chinese university journals

Key Perspectives Ltd Open access increases visibility

! Publish in an open access journal

! Self-archive articles in an institutional or subject repository (or on the Web)

Key Perspectives Ltd What are Chinese authors doing about open access journals?

! Of 1,500 open access journals: ! 131 are from Asia ! 4 are from China ! Of 31,000 articles in these 131 journals:

! 11,100 are from Japan

! 6,500 are from India

! 3,400 are from China

Key Perspectives Ltd How authors can self-archive

! Place article on web page ! Place article in institutional repository ! Place article in subject-based repository

Key Perspectives Ltd What are Chinese authors doing about self-archiving?

! 4 open access repositories ! (India 9, Japan 5) ! 2 in Hong Kong ! 1 theses only

Key Perspectives Ltd Overall self-archiving activity level

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Key Perspectives Ltd What discourages self-archiving?

! “ I worry about copyright infringement”

Key Perspectives Ltd Publisher permissions

! 92% of journals permit self-archiving

! SHERPA/RoMEO list at: www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php

! Or at: http://romeo.eprints.org/stats.php

Key Perspectives Ltd What discourages self-archiving?

! “I worry about copyright infringement” ! “It will be too difficult”

Key Perspectives Ltd Ease of depositing an article

Very difficult Article Article 1% Very archived by archived by difficult someone someone 4% else else 6% 6%

Somewhat Somewhat difficult difficult Very easy 8% 16% 22%

Very easy 44% Neither easy Neither nor difficult easy nor 13% difficult Easy 20% 32% Easy 28% First deposition Subsequent depositions

Key Perspectives Ltd What discourages self-archiving?

! “I worry about copyright infringement” ! “It will be too difficult” ! “It will take too long”

Key Perspectives Ltd Time taken to deposit an article

Article Article More than a archived by archived by More than a day someone else someone else day 3% 7% 11% 12%

3-4 hours 3-4 hours 5% A few minutes 2% 30% 1-2 hours 1-2 hours 8% 11% A few minutes Under an hour 52% 36% Under an hour 23% First deposition Subsequent depositions

Key Perspectives Ltd What discourages self-archiving?

! “I worry about copyright infringement” ! “It will be too difficult” ! “It will take too long” ! “My society may suffer”

Key Perspectives Ltd Learned societies publishing physics journals in areas covered by arXiv

! American Physical Society: • Physical Review D • Physical Review C • Nuclear Physics

" Institute Of Physics Publishing (UK): • Classical & Quantum Gravity • Journal of High Energy Physics • Journal of Physics G • J. Cosmology & Astroparticle Physics

Key Perspectives Ltd “How many subscriptions have you lost as a result of arXiv?”

! APS: “None”

! IOPP: “None”

Key Perspectives Ltd “Do you view arXiv as a threat?”

APS: “We don't consider it [arXiv] a threat.

We expect to continue to have a symbiotic relationship with arXiv. As long as peer review is valued by the community (and it seems to be), we will be doing peer review.”

Key Perspectives Ltd What can encourage self-archiving?

! Highlighting the increased visibility and impact

Key Perspectives Ltd Open access increases citations

! Lawrence 2001 (computer science) ! Kurtz 2004 (astronomy) ! Brody & Harnad 2004 (all disciplines) ! Antelman 2005 (philosophy, politics, electrical & electronic engineering, mathematics)

Key Perspectives Ltd An author’s testimony

“Self-archiving in the PhilSci Archive has given instant world-wide visibility to my work. As a result, I was invited to submit papers to refereed international conferences/journals and got them accepted.”

Key Perspectives Ltd Key Perspectives Ltd Key Perspectives Ltd What can encourage self-archiving?

! Highlighting the increased visibility and impact ! Requiring authors to self-archive

Key Perspectives Ltd The mandates are appearing

! NIH ! Wellcome Foundation ! CNRS ! INRA ! RCUK ! Individual institutions – QUT, CERN, Southampton, Minho….

Key Perspectives Ltd Authors say…

! “I publish because it is a professional responsibility, and demanded by my employment contract.” ! “It is a requirement of my job.”

Key Perspectives Ltd Author readiness to comply with a mandate 81% 90 80 70 s t

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Key Perspectives Ltd What can encourage self-archiving?

! Highlighting the increased visibility and impact ! Requiring authors to self-archive ! Requiring them to self-archive in an institutional repository ! Why?

Key Perspectives Ltd Why an institutional repository?

! Fulfils a university’s mission to engender, encourage and disseminate scholarly work ! An institution can mandate self-archiving across all subject areas ! Enables a university to compile a complete record of its intellectual effort ! Forms a permanent record of all digital output from an institution " Enables standardised online CVs for all researchers (e.g. RAE exercise) ! ‘Marketing’ tool for universities

Key Perspectives Ltd An institutional repository provides researchers with:

! Secure storage (for completed work and for work-in-progress)

Key Perspectives Ltd An author said…

“This is a very handy way to keep all of one’s work together and findable, which helps me as much as anyone else.”

Key Perspectives Ltd An institutional repository provides researchers with:

! Secure storage (for completed work and for work-in-progress) ! A location for supporting data that are unpublished

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Key Perspectives Ltd An institutional repository provides researchers with:

! Secure storage (for completed work and for work-in-progress) ! A location for supporting data that are unpublished ! One-input-many outputs (CVs, publications)

Key Perspectives Ltd Effective ways to achieve OA: what to do about those authors, then

! Encourage them to use OA journals where appropriate ! Build an archive ! Teach them how to deposit (do it for them if necessary) ! Advocate: tell authors the advantages ! Reassure: the consequences are not disastrous ! Insist they do it (impose a mandate)

Key Perspectives Ltd Compliance with a mandate

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Key Perspectives Ltd Thank you for listening

非常感谢您到场听我的讲座。

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