DOCSLIB.ORG

Motility in Protists Locomotor Organelles 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Motility in Protists Locomotor Organelles 1 PROTISTS OUTLINE Endosymbiosis Chapter 27 Classifying Protists General Biology of Protists End of Section 1 Some Lineages: Exam 1 next week 1. Diatoms (glass walls) (Friday, 28 Feb 14) 2. Dinoflagellates, Ciliates, Apicoplasts (Alveolata) 3. Heterokonts (Stramenopiles)– Golden-brown algae, Brown algae) 4. Red algae (Rhodophyta) 5. Green algae (Chlorophyta ) 6. Euglenoid algae (Euglenophyta ) Volvox 7. Collared Flagellates (Choanoflagellates) PS Protist CLASSIFYING PROTISTS CURRENT PROTIST CLASSIFICATION Recall the endosymbiotic origin of organelles Chlorophyll types (a,b,c) where present: (Margulis, U Mass Amherst) a,b a,b a,c a a,b Protists are the most diverse of the four kingdoms in the domain Eukarya. Polyphyletic! • artificial “group of convenience” Kingdoms derived PROCARYOTES EUKARYOTES • mainly single-celled organisms from Protists • wide diversity of nutrition (comparable to bacteria) Most are photosynthetic • little agreement about classification Non-photosynthetic • good molecular classification may not happen (HGT) Polyphyletic. Includes amoebae, flagellates and ciliates. GENERAL BIOLOGY OF THE PROTISTS Motility in protists Locomotor organelles 1. Passive movement in fluids – air and water Complex flagella and cilia – 11 bundled microtubules Powered by ATP – similar to archaea flagella 2 and 3. Flagella and cilia 4. Pseudopods [bacterial flagella use protons (H+) as fuel] Pseudopods (the amoeboid protists) Cysts (spores ) – dormant form of a cell with resistant outer covering Outer wall protects organisms Large variety, including proteins, glycoproteins, cellulose, silica, calcium, or naked cell membrane) ‘9+2’ arrangement of contractile Pseudopods enable ‘amoeboid Some have scales and spines for protection microtubules powered by ATP movement using sol-gel conversion of cytoplasm 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY OF THE PROTISTS GENERAL BIOLOGY OF THE PROTISTS Reproduction • Typically asexual Nutrition • binary fission - equal halves (as in procaryotes) Same as bacteria (except no chemotrophy) • budding - progeny cell grows from “bud” • phototrophs • schizogony - multiple fission (>2 daughter cells) • heterotrophs • Sexual reproduction in times of stress • phagotrophs – ingest particles across cell • Quorum sensing – ‘awareness of other cells’ membrane or ‘mouth’ (oral cavity) through chemical sensing. • organotrophs – absorb organic solutes Originally applied to bacteria, now to many protists Can trigger change from asexual to sexual reproduction Eukaryote Life Cycles – 3 basic types GROUP 1. D IATOMS •Diatoms – live in glass ‘houses’ (silica outer wall) •Photosynthetic (Chl a,c) – unicellular organisms with PROTISTS PLANTS, FUNGI chloroplasts and walls of silica (‘shells’ or ‘frustules’) or seeds •Habitat: Marine, estuarine, and freshwater Dominant form: 1N Dominant forms: 1N + 2n alternate •Account for ~ 50% of global photosynthesis!!! (false color) ANIMALS Dominant form: 2N No flagella (except gametes of a few centrics) GROUP 2. ALVEOLATA GROUP 2. ALVEOLATA (DINOFLAGELLATES , APICOMPLEXES , C ILIATES ) (DINOFLAGELLATES , APICOMPLEXES , C ILIATES ) Dinoflagellates – Chlorophyll a,c Apicomplexes – unicellular osmotrophs Distinctive biochemistry, flagella, and heavy cellulose coats • insect parasites are injected into mammals by mosquitoes responsible for marine toxic “red tides” • amoeboid with an “apical complex” group of organelles Many radiate bioluminescence (diel cycle, glow at night) that aid in penetrating cells of “victims” paralytic shellfish poisoning Plasmodium * -- genus of malarial parasite in humans Attempts at malaria eradication: • eliminating mosquitoes (limited success) • poisoning Plasmodium inside the human host has resulted in resistance to drugs (e.g. to quinine) • NEW THERAPY: Vaccines containing Plasmodium proteins activate immune system antibodies *NOTE: See a second meaning of “plasmodium” – Slide 34) Amphidinium 2 GROUP 2. ALVEOLATA GROUP 2. ALVEOLATA (DINOFLAGELLATES , APICOMPLEXES , CILIATES ) (DINOFLAGELLATES , APICOMPLEXES , CILIATES ) Ciliates –Unicells that ingest bacteria (phagocytosis ) Paramecium (a ciliate) Cilia and flagella are structurally identical (9+2) Most have large numbers of cilia for locomotion • form vacuoles to digest food • contractile vacuoles regulate water balance Example: Paramecium (next slide) Paramecium dividing MORE EXAMPLES OF CILIATES STRUCTURE OF CILIA cilia A free-living ciliate with A ciliate with a contractile ‘9+2’ arrangement of protein cilia covering its cell stalk, attached to substrate microtubules is the same as in flagella (False color) Clusters of cilia GROUP 3. STRAMENOPILA –FLAGELLA WITH HAIRS FLAGELLA OF STRAMENOPILA (G OLDEN -BROWN ALGAE , B ROWN ALGAE , AND OOMYCETES ) Stramenopila –“straw hairs” referring to “hairs” on one of the two unequal flagella) some are photosynthetic with chlorophylls a and c golden-brown algae – microscopic, photosynthetic brown algae – large brown seaweeds photosynthetic with alternation of generations (sporophytes and gametophytes) oomycetes – water molds – no chlorophyll, decomposers (organotrophs) Two different types of flagella, one with “straw hairs” 3 BROWN ALGAE GOLDEN -BROWN ALGAE (MICROSCOPIC ) GIANT KELPS –UP TO 328 FT (100 M) THE LONGEST PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS ! Cell diameter ~ 10 µM Silica scale (~2 µM long) Some golden-brown algae have a silica “armor” of scales and spines attached to the outside of the cell membrane OOMYCETES (DECOMPOSERS ) GROUP 4. RHODOPHYTA Red algae range in size from microscopic to large (meters). Photosynthetic – chloroplasts (Chl a only) • chlorophyll is most likely derived from a cyanobacterium (Chl a) by endocytosis (endosymbiotic evolution) hyphae (filaments without gametangia (where gametes crosswalls) are formed) (diameter ~ 10 µM) GROUP 4. R ED ALGAE (RHODOPHYTA ) GROUP 5. CHLOROPHYTA –CHLOROPHYLL A,B Red algae (marine tidal zones) have Chl a, but are red because of a blue light absorbing Green algae – predecessors of land plants pigment, phycoerithrin (also in cyanobacteria). fossil record dates back 900 million years (0.9 Ga) aquatic (marine, estuarine and freshwater) Chlamydomonas – ancestral genus 4 GROUP 6. EUGLENOIDS GROUP 6. EUGLENOID PARASITES Euglenoids – mainly freshwater Flagellated unicells, endobionts in specific biting insects about one-third are photosynthetic (PS) Trypanosomes -- cause serious human diseases pellicle – strips of contractile protein • African sleeping sickness – mammal hosts (in blood vessels, invade nerve system) – 80% lethal to humans stigma (eye spot) – light sensitive organ aids in phototaxis • Chagas (tropical USA and South America) -- >1000 genes for glycoprotein coat; only 1 expressed at a time , thus food groove – enhances phagocytosis dodges antibodies easily (cf. bacterial pili). Tropical organotrophy, phagotrophy infections lead to heart and digestive problems. mixotrophy – more than one type of Epidemic proportions in humans. nutrition (mixed): PS ± phagocytosis ± organotrophy include non-PS trypanosomes (next slide) Trypanosoma Vector: Tsetse fly GROUP 7. CHOANOFLAGELLATES POORLY CLASSIFIED GROUPS (F LAGELLATES WITH A COLLAR ) AMOEBAE –DIFFICULT TO CLASSIFY Choanoflagellates are most like the common ancestor of the sponges (simple animals) Animals Contain pseudopods that can form at any point on the contain one emergent flagellum surrounded by a cell body and move in any direction funnel-shaped, contractile “collar” of tiny ‘tentacles’ One group (radiolarians -- marine) secretes glassy exoskeletons of silica (cf. diatoms). More amoebae: Sand Stars POORLY CLASSIFIED GROUPS A star-shaped foram found on Japanese beaches AMOEBAE –DIFFICULT TO CLASSIFY Foraminifera (“Forams”) – heterotrophic, marine, with pore-studded silica shells (different from diatoms) complex life cycle with alternation between haploid and diploid generations heterotrophic, marine organisms 5 A variety of centric diatoms 6.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • COMPARISON of HEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY of Amphidinium Carterae and Amphidinium Klebsii
    ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION OF TOXIN PRODUCTION: COMPARISON OF HEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF Amphidinium carterae AND Amphidinium klebsii Leigh A. Zimmermann A Thesis Submitted to University of North Carolina Wilmington in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Center for Marine Science University of North Carolina Wilmington 2006 Approved by Advisory Committee ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ Chair Accepted by _____________________________ Dean, Graduate School This thesis was prepared according to the formatting guidelines of the Journal of Phycology. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 METHODS AND MATERIALS.....................................................................................................6 Algal Culture........................................................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • RED ALGAE · RHODOPHYTA Rhodophyta Are Cosmopolitan, Found from the Artic to the Tropics
    RED ALGAE · RHODOPHYTA Rhodophyta are cosmopolitan, found from the artic to the tropics. Although they grow in both marine and fresh water, 98% of the 6,500 species of red algae are marine. Most of these species occur in the tropics and sub-tropics, though the greatest number of species is temperate. Along the California coast, the species of red algae far outnumber the species of green and brown algae. In temperate regions such as California, red algae are common in the intertidal zone. In the tropics, however, they are mostly subtidal, growing as epiphytes on seagrasses, within the crevices of rock and coral reefs, or occasionally on dead coral or sand. In some tropical waters, red algae can be found as deep as 200 meters. Because of their unique accessory pigments (phycobiliproteins), the red algae are able to harvest the blue light that reaches deeper waters. Red algae are important economically in many parts of the world. For example, in Japan, the cultivation of Pyropia is a multibillion-dollar industry, used for nori and other algal products. Rhodophyta also provide valuable “gums” or colloidal agents for industrial and food applications. Two extremely important phycocolloids are agar (and the derivative agarose) and carrageenan. The Rhodophyta are the only algae which have “pit plugs” between cells in multicellular thalli. Though their true function is debated, pit plugs are thought to provide stability to the thallus. Also, the red algae are unique in that they have no flagellated stages, which enhance reproduction in other algae. Instead, red algae has a complex life cycle, with three distinct stages.
    [Show full text]
  • Antony Van Leeuwenhoek, the Father of Microscope
    Turkish Journal of Biochemistry – Türk Biyokimya Dergisi 2016; 41(1): 58–62 Education Sector Letter to the Editor – 93585 Emine Elif Vatanoğlu-Lutz*, Ahmet Doğan Ataman Medicine in philately: Antony Van Leeuwenhoek, the father of microscope Pullardaki tıp: Antony Van Leeuwenhoek, mikroskobun kaşifi DOI 10.1515/tjb-2016-0010 only one lens to look at blood, insects and many other Received September 16, 2015; accepted December 1, 2015 objects. He was first to describe cells and bacteria, seen through his very small microscopes with, for his time, The origin of the word microscope comes from two Greek extremely good lenses (Figure 1) [3]. words, “uikpos,” small and “okottew,” view. It has been After van Leeuwenhoek’s contribution,there were big known for over 2000 years that glass bends light. In the steps in the world of microscopes. Several technical inno- 2nd century BC, Claudius Ptolemy described a stick appear- vations made microscopes better and easier to handle, ing to bend in a pool of water, and accurately recorded the which led to microscopy becoming more and more popular angles to within half a degree. He then very accurately among scientists. An important discovery was that lenses calculated the refraction constant of water. During the combining two types of glass could reduce the chromatic 1st century,around year 100, glass had been invented and effect, with its disturbing halos resulting from differences the Romans were looking through the glass and testing in refraction of light (Figure 2) [4]. it. They experimented with different shapes of clear glass In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister reduced the problem and one of their samples was thick in the middle and thin with spherical aberration by showing that several weak on the edges [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Red Algae (Bangia Atropurpurea) Ecological Risk Screening Summary
    Red Algae (Bangia atropurpurea) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, February 2014 Revised, March 2016, September 2017, October 2017 Web Version, 6/25/2018 1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range From NOAA and USGS (2016): “Bangia atropurpurea has a widespread amphi-Atlantic range, which includes the Atlantic coast of North America […]” Status in the United States From Mills et al. (1991): “This filamentous red alga native to the Atlantic Coast was observed in Lake Erie in 1964 (Lin and Blum 1977). After this sighting, records for Lake Ontario (Damann 1979), Lake Michigan (Weik 1977), Lake Simcoe (Jackson 1985) and Lake Huron (Sheath 1987) were reported. It has become a major species of the littoral flora of these lakes, generally occupying the littoral zone with Cladophora and Ulothrix (Blum 1982). Earliest records of this algae in the basin, however, go back to the 1940s when Smith and Moyle (1944) found the alga in Lake Superior tributaries. Matthews (1932) found the alga in Quaker Run in the Allegheny drainage basin. Smith and 1 Moyle’s records must have not resulted in spreading populations since the alga was not known in Lake Superior as of 1987. Kishler and Taft (1970) were the most recent workers to refer to the records of Smith and Moyle (1944) and Matthews (1932).” From NOAA and USGS (2016): “Established where recorded except in Lake Superior. The distribution in Lake Simcoe is limited (Jackson 1985).” From Kipp et al. (2017): “Bangia atropurpurea was first recorded from Lake Erie in 1964. During the 1960s–1980s, it was recorded from Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, and Lake Simcoe (part of the Lake Ontario drainage).
    [Show full text]
  • Unfolding the Secrets of Coral–Algal Symbiosis
    The ISME Journal (2015) 9, 844–856 & 2015 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/15 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE Unfolding the secrets of coral–algal symbiosis Nedeljka Rosic1, Edmund Yew Siang Ling2, Chon-Kit Kenneth Chan3, Hong Ching Lee4, Paulina Kaniewska1,5,DavidEdwards3,6,7,SophieDove1,8 and Ove Hoegh-Guldberg1,8,9 1School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; 2University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; 3School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; 4The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; 5Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia; 6School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; 7Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; 8ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia and 9Global Change Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia Dinoflagellates from the genus Symbiodinium form a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with reef- building corals. Here we applied massively parallel Illumina sequencing to assess genetic similarity and diversity among four phylogenetically diverse dinoflagellate clades (A, B, C and D) that are commonly associated with corals. We obtained more than 30 000 predicted genes for each Symbiodinium clade, with a majority of the aligned transcripts corresponding to sequence data sets of symbiotic dinoflagellates and o2% of sequences having bacterial or other foreign origin.
    [Show full text]
  • Algae & Marine Plants of Point Reyes
    Algae & Marine Plants of Point Reyes Green Algae or Chlorophyta Genus/Species Common Name Acrosiphonia coalita Green rope, Tangled weed Blidingia minima Blidingia minima var. vexata Dwarf sea hair Bryopsis corticulans Cladophora columbiana Green tuft alga Codium fragile subsp. californicum Sea staghorn Codium setchellii Smooth spongy cushion, Green spongy cushion Trentepohlia aurea Ulva californica Ulva fenestrata Sea lettuce Ulva intestinalis Sea hair, Sea lettuce, Gutweed, Grass kelp Ulva linza Ulva taeniata Urospora sp. Brown Algae or Ochrophyta Genus/Species Common Name Alaria marginata Ribbon kelp, Winged kelp Analipus japonicus Fir branch seaweed, Sea fir Coilodesme californica Dactylosiphon bullosus Desmarestia herbacea Desmarestia latifrons Egregia menziesii Feather boa Fucus distichus Bladderwrack, Rockweed Haplogloia andersonii Anderson's gooey brown Laminaria setchellii Southern stiff-stiped kelp Laminaria sinclairii Leathesia marina Sea cauliflower Melanosiphon intestinalis Twisted sea tubes Nereocystis luetkeana Bull kelp, Bullwhip kelp, Bladder wrack, Edible kelp, Ribbon kelp Pelvetiopsis limitata Petalonia fascia False kelp Petrospongium rugosum Phaeostrophion irregulare Sand-scoured false kelp Pterygophora californica Woody-stemmed kelp, Stalked kelp, Walking kelp Ralfsia sp. Silvetia compressa Rockweed Stephanocystis osmundacea Page 1 of 4 Red Algae or Rhodophyta Genus/Species Common Name Ahnfeltia fastigiata Bushy Ahnfelt's seaweed Ahnfeltiopsis linearis Anisocladella pacifica Bangia sp. Bossiella dichotoma Bossiella
    [Show full text]
  • The Planktonic Protist Interactome: Where Do We Stand After a Century of Research?
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/587352; this version posted May 2, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Bjorbækmo et al., 23.03.2019 – preprint copy - BioRxiv The planktonic protist interactome: where do we stand after a century of research? Marit F. Markussen Bjorbækmo1*, Andreas Evenstad1* and Line Lieblein Røsæg1*, Anders K. Krabberød1**, and Ramiro Logares2,1** 1 University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (Evogene), Blindernv. 31, N- 0316 Oslo, Norway 2 Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, ES-08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain * The three authors contributed equally ** Corresponding authors: Ramiro Logares: Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Phone: 34-93-2309500; Fax: 34-93-2309555. [email protected] Anders K. Krabberød: University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (Evogene), Blindernv. 31, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Phone +47 22845986, Fax: +47 22854726. [email protected] Abstract Microbial interactions are crucial for Earth ecosystem function, yet our knowledge about them is limited and has so far mainly existed as scattered records. Here, we have surveyed the literature involving planktonic protist interactions and gathered the information in a manually curated Protist Interaction DAtabase (PIDA). In total, we have registered ~2,500 ecological interactions from ~500 publications, spanning the last 150 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of the Benthic Dinoflagellates, Ostreopsis Cf. Ovata
    Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Detection of the Benthic Dinoflagellates, Ostreopsis cf. ovata and Amphidinium massartii (Dinophyceae), Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Eun Sun Lee, Jinik Hwang, Jun-Ho Hyung and Jaeyeon Park * Environment and Resource Convergence Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Korea; [email protected] (E.S.L.); [email protected] (J.H.); [email protected] (J.-H.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-31-888-9042 Abstract: For the in situ and sensitive detection of benthic dinoflagellates, we have established an integrated loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay based on Ostreopsis cf. ovata and Amphidinium massartii. To detect the two species, a set of species-specific primers was constructed between the ITS gene and D1–D6 LSU gene, and the reaction temperature, time, and buffer com- position were optimized to establish this method. In addition, the specificity of the LAMP primers was verified both in strains established in the laboratory and in field samples collected from the Jeju coastal waters, Korea. With the LAMP assay, the analysing time was within 45 to 60 min, which may be shorter than that with the conventional PCR. The detection sensitivity of the LAMP assay for O. cf. ovata or A. massartii was comparable to other molecular assays (PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR)) and microscopy examination. The detection limit of LAMP was 0.1 cell of O. cf. ovata and 1 cell of A. massartii. The optimized LAMP assay was successfully applied to detect O. cf. ovata and A. massartii Citation: Lee, E.S.; Hwang, J.; in field samples.
    [Show full text]
  • (Alveolata) As Inferred from Hsp90 and Actin Phylogenies1
    J. Phycol. 40, 341–350 (2004) r 2004 Phycological Society of America DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03129.x EARLY EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF DINOFLAGELLATES AND APICOMPLEXANS (ALVEOLATA) AS INFERRED FROM HSP90 AND ACTIN PHYLOGENIES1 Brian S. Leander2 and Patrick J. Keeling Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Evolutionary Biology, Departments of Botany and Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Three extremely diverse groups of unicellular The Alveolata is one of the most biologically diverse eukaryotes comprise the Alveolata: ciliates, dino- supergroups of eukaryotic microorganisms, consisting flagellates, and apicomplexans. The vast phenotypic of ciliates, dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and several distances between the three groups along with the minor lineages. Although molecular phylogenies un- enigmatic distribution of plastids and the economic equivocally support the monophyly of alveolates, and medical importance of several representative members of the group share only a few derived species (e.g. Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Perkinsus, and morphological features, such as distinctive patterns of Pfiesteria) have stimulated a great deal of specula- cortical vesicles (syn. alveoli or amphiesmal vesicles) tion on the early evolutionary history of alveolates. subtending the plasma membrane and presumptive A robust phylogenetic framework for alveolate pinocytotic structures, called ‘‘micropores’’ (Cavalier- diversity will provide the context necessary for Smith 1993, Siddall et al. 1997, Patterson
    [Show full text]
  • 8113-Yasham Neden Var-Nick Lane-Ebru Qilic-2015-318S.Pdf
    KOÇ ÜNiVERSiTESi YAYINLARI: 87 BiYOLOJi Yaşam Neden Var? Nick Lane lngilizceden çeviren: Ebru Kılıç Yayına hazırlayan: Hülya Haripoğlu Düzelti: Elvan Özkaya iç rasarım: Kamuran Ok Kapak rasarımı: James Jones The Vital Question © Nick Lane, 2015 ©Koç Üniversiresi Yayınları, 2015 1. Baskı: lsranbul, Nisan 2016 Bu kitabın yazarı, eserin kendi orijinal yararımı olduğunu ve eserde dile getirilen rüm görüşlerin kendisine air olduğunu, bunlardan dolayı kendisinden başka kimsenin sorumlu rurulamayacağını; eserde üçüncü şahısların haklarını ihlal edebilecek kısımlar olmadığını kabul eder. Baskı: 12.marbaa Sertifika no: 33094 Naro Caddesi 14/1 Seyranrepe Kağırhane/lsranbul +90 212 284 0226 Koç Üniversiresi Yayınları lsriklal Caddesi No:181 Merkez Han Beyoğlu/lsranbul +90 212 393 6000 [email protected] • www.kocuniversirypress.com • www.kocuniversiresiyayinlari.com Koç Universiry Suna Kıraç Library Caraloging-in-Publicarion Dara Lane, Nick, 1967- Yaşam neden var?/ Nick Lane; lngilizceden çeviren Ebru Kılıç; yayına hazırlayan Hülya Haripoğlu. pages; cm. lncludes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-605-5250-94-2 ı. Life--Origin--Popular works. 2. Cells. 1. Kılıç, Ebru. il. Haripoğlu, Hülya. 111. Tirle. QH325.L3520 2016 Yaşam Neden Var? NICKLANE lngilizceden Çeviren: Ebru Kılıç ffi1KÜY İçindeki le� Resim Listesi 7 TEŞEKKÜR 11 GiRİŞ 17 Yaşam Neden Olduğu Gibidir? BiRİNCi BÖLÜM 31 Yaşam Nedir? Yaşamın ilk 2 Milyar Yılının Kısa Ta rihi 35 Genler ve Doğal Ortamla ilgili Sorun 39 Biyolojinin Kalbindeki Kara Delik 43 Karmaşıklık Yo lunda Kayıp Adımlar
    [Show full text]
  • The Florida Red Tide Dinoflagellate Karenia Brevis
    G Model HARALG-488; No of Pages 11 Harmful Algae xxx (2009) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Harmful Algae journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/hal Review The Florida red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis: New insights into cellular and molecular processes underlying bloom dynamics Frances M. Van Dolah a,*, Kristy B. Lidie a, Emily A. Monroe a, Debashish Bhattacharya b, Lisa Campbell c, Gregory J. Doucette a, Daniel Kamykowski d a Marine Biotoxins Program, NOAA Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Resarch, Charleston, SC, United States b Department of Biological Sciences and Roy J. Carver Center for Comparative Genomics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States c Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States d Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: The dinoflagellate Karenia brevis is responsible for nearly annual red tides in the Gulf of Mexico that Available online xxx cause extensive marine mortalities and human illness due to the production of brevetoxins. Although the mechanisms regulating its bloom dynamics and toxicity have received considerable attention, Keywords: investigation into these processes at the cellular and molecular level has only begun in earnest during Bacterial–algal interactions the past decade. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in our understanding of the Cell cycle cellular and molecular biology on K. brevis. Several molecular resources developed for K. brevis, including Dinoflagellate cDNA and genomic DNA libraries, DNA microarrays, metagenomic libraries, and probes for population Florida red tide genetics, have revolutionized our ability to investigate fundamental questions about K.
    [Show full text]
  • PROTISTS Shore and the Waves Are Large, Often the Largest of a Storm Event, and with a Long Period
    (seas), and these waves can mobilize boulders. During this phase of the storm the rapid changes in current direction caused by these large, short-period waves generate high accelerative forces, and it is these forces that ultimately can move even large boulders. Traditionally, most rocky-intertidal ecological stud- ies have been conducted on rocky platforms where the substrate is composed of stable basement rock. Projec- tiles tend to be uncommon in these types of habitats, and damage from projectiles is usually light. Perhaps for this reason the role of projectiles in intertidal ecology has received little attention. Boulder-fi eld intertidal zones are as common as, if not more common than, rock plat- forms. In boulder fi elds, projectiles are abundant, and the evidence of damage due to projectiles is obvious. Here projectiles may be one of the most important defi ning physical forces in the habitat. SEE ALSO THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES Geology, Coastal / Habitat Alteration / Hydrodynamic Forces / Wave Exposure FURTHER READING Carstens. T. 1968. Wave forces on boundaries and submerged bodies. Sarsia FIGURE 6 The intertidal zone on the north side of Cape Blanco, 34: 37–60. Oregon. The large, smooth boulders are made of serpentine, while Dayton, P. K. 1971. Competition, disturbance, and community organi- the surrounding rock from which the intertidal platform is formed zation: the provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky is sandstone. The smooth boulders are from a source outside the intertidal community. Ecological Monographs 45: 137–159. intertidal zone and were carried into the intertidal zone by waves. Levin, S. A., and R.
    [Show full text]