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Home , Bhavageete, Chamarasa, Chandas (poetry), Gopalakrishna Adiga, Jayanth Kaikini, Kannada people

LITERATuRE INDusTRIEs BANKING, CO-OPERATION, HIsTORY PEOPLE INTRODuCTION AND POwER TRADE AND COMMERCE AND CuLTuRE 659

. and kodava . punnata petta jayan century A.D and st tulu of 850 A.D. Some

patrigal(), ). The people of these of people The ). , which is recognised in Of course only Balgalchu, Kurumbidi but also gives descriptions punnatas’ ‘’ include Kodagu, , Dakshina Kodagu, include dhwani’, mahisha mandala mahisha ( banouse() kavirajamarga. and ‘ eruminad maise Even before inscription which has In Sangam literature we find the word Even before the existance of ‘Saigotta century, by Ptolemy, who also refers to refers also who Ptolemy, by century, nd along with along and [heterogenity] varities folk royal in adept were races prior to These languages used Kannada script for writing. As cited by Dr.S.Shetter, ‘Iravathan early Mahadevan the during Kannada oldest the that said has phase of old tamil has wielded influence on ; This is clearly Tamil-Brahmi indicated cave inscription of from 1 Jaina could find its script and hence became prominent among scriptless languages like Saigotta Sivarama’s ‘Gajashtaka’ which is cited as an example of early folk literature. The oldest available work in Kannada is however, a book on poetics, called controversy regarding Srivijaya poet its court the authorship to however attributed is is it and ended of Rashtrakuta king Nripathunga. like speech of figures discusses only not work The ‘rasa’ only about 27 kannada words and being greatly influenced by and stilloriented has words some folk like Sanskrith-Kannada mixed words like etc,. At Halmidi even today the circular pre-historic pre-historic circular the today even Halmidi At etc,. tomb is worshipped with all asterity festival. lingana habba,’ a complete folk as ‘Hirade ‘Eruminad’. is version Kannada whose ‘Erumainat’ This Mysuru and some portions of Northern The oldest . tribal royal dynasties were supposed to be ‘ about the geographical boundaries of Karnataka, as well as its dynamic life and culture. Shivamara’s Gajastaka’, folk literature was very much in existance in Karnataka. and Sangam literature in concomitant indications We can find Agastya- episode in Kaveripuranam 2 Chapter XIII Chapter LITERATuRE AND CuLTuRE LITERATuRE has a has literature Kannada

century A.D. also has few st LITERATURE cultural heritage of Karnataka is rich and and rich is Karnataka of heritage cultural

he Kannada Literature: Kannada T history dating back to at least 1500 years. This apart, the folk literature which began earlier, still runs parallel to the written form of Ganga king Kannada words. The Kannada literature saw its first work entitled ‘Kavirajamarga’A.D. and in modern times it duringis blessed with eight 850 Jnanapeetha Awardees. Literary activity in other considerable. languages of also neighbouring areas and purely is local Kodava and Tulu like languages Journalism in Kannada has back its to 1843 and history has many achievements dating to its of personalities outstanding has Karnataka credit. , of map musical the In significance. historical Hindustani is it whether spots, bright has State the or Karnatak, the latter having originated in this land. In the field of dance and art too Karnataka has creditable achievements. , both a folk and elite art is flourishing here. The State’s tradition in folk arts is also colourful.When one thinks of the cultural scene, Shivaram Karanth, , D.R.Bendre, Maya Cine Rao, star Mallikarjuna K.K.Hebbar, Mansur, , Pandit Bheemasen Joshi, T.Chaudiah, , U.S.Krishna Rao and Chandrabhagadevi the dance couple, B.V. Karanth, Murthy, , Chandrashekhar Kambar U.R. Anantha are a few bright faces that shine forth. Recently, the Central Classical Governement language status has to Kannada language also. accorded Samskrit, the Tamil, Odia are the other five India languages, who Malayalam, have Telgu and also obtained this status. An attempt is made to survey the cultural pageant of Karnataka in this chapter. variegated. The Kannada words saw their entry through Halmidi inscription of 450 A.D. But prior to it, a Kannada word “Isila” occur Brahmagiri in inscription Ashoka’s of third century B.C. is curious to note It that the Sittanvasal inscription from of 1 660 A HAND BOOK OF KARNATAKA o ae rte Snki ad rki wrs His works. Prakrit and Sanskrit written have to write Gajashtaka. to Shivamara Saigotta to Chera inspiration or stimulus [Chola, given has probably tradition Muvendars This Pandyas]. and of decendents the against war the in Elephants using in adept also was Nannan poems. musical of category the to influence of ‘Bedande and Chattana’ which belong Kaviraja Marga’s author has recognised the strong poets. His valour also has been praised. Even the in ‘ to and pertaining poems poems heroic written also have They that area. of Kings the by patronized were they since were adept in writing folk musical poems in Tamil Eruminad this of people The period. Sangam of poets the by quoted been has This Konkan. and ann velir Nannan Culture,P.80 Kerala of [ parts works Kerala in indicated is different ghats, the in them with established Agastya migrated and India South who of parts western the sect, to Agastya tribal Aruvalar families and Velir from hailed have to seems Eruminad people This tongue. mother respective their in etc, songs folk writing in genius creative also have must they language, Tamil in poems writing Tamilagam., Shangam p.190]. [S.Settar: literature influence during 1 during influence wielded that Kannada of influence the recognised also Mahadevan Iravathan Moreover, inscription. Ashokan in word Kannada a be to said ‘Isila’, find and posil (hosil) are cited words Pudukoti the this, For in district. hills Eladipattam at Sittanvasal of records that Terakanambi and Bayalnadu [ of Kerala] was in was Kerala] of in voguespokenformofcolliquialspeech. and was Kannada from definitely are inscription A.D. Apart from the word, ‘ to the word equivalent family, the of and person the of name n 1 in One Kerala]. ruling spike- was race velir Erumai to in belonging Nannan Hutturi temple in receiving [Bendrukoleappa corn heirs first the are vn oa i Vnd temples Vynad in today Even aat Bar o aot 0 AD seems A.D. 400 about of Bhadra Samanta The poets of Eruminand, if they were adept in adept were they if Eruminand, of poets The h Klgn isrpin f 7-8 of inscription Kulagana The purunanooru st etr AD te yuu ra t Kodagu to area, Mysuru the A.D, century gaundi; konkana’ (threshold). As a matter of fact we a otc olcin n Sangam in collection poetic a , kodagoor vishaya, kodagoor st

poshil-hosilu etr BC t 4 to B.C. century . ann s desd as adressed is Nannan ]. turugol’ n arni y Sangam by Natrinai in eruminadu; kavudi hc i indicated is which ; ‘ Knaa setties ‘Kannada tayiyar of natu>nadu, th eruminad th century K.Menon: ’ of Tamil century vynadu , the . ’

iul rcie a Hlii (16 Halmidi at practises ritual and in inscription Sittalvassal the instances Literature, Sangam from but Anyhow there confirmed. been not have might Kannada in works f and. en a an pe, e lo wrote also he ‘Adipurana’ basedonJinasena’s‘Mahapurana’. poet, Jaina a Being Kalidasa Kannada. the of as him of speaks T.N.Srikantaiah deepthat so is Pampa’s literature Kannada. Kannada on in influence work epic earliest the is Kannada, to unique poetry), and prose of mixture (a style, Champu in written and ‘Mahabharatha’ called commentary ‘Bhagavathi Aradhana’ofAcharyaShivaraya. Prakrit earlier an on based been have to seems stories, Jaina 19 of collection even to this day is considered a masterpiece. It is a which ‘Vaddaradhane’ Sivakotyacharya’s is work to earlier much work, philosophical a ‘Chudamani’, also inKarnataka. has inspired later poets to engage in folk literature first century B.C. and 3 during Karnataka in vogue in were songs music folk that deduce can We language], Kannada in inscription containing ‘Ele’ a metrical form which form metrical a ‘Ele’ containing inscription An A.D. 990 about in Rakkasaganga of court the prosody i.e. a metrical science in Kannada, was in poets. were two last based the Purana’, ‘ Vijaya’ on ‘Jagannatha wrote Rudrabhatta telling. story of art ancient the of example classic a is it and work, Sanskrit Vasubhaga’s on based story. Durgasimha, in llth century, wrote ‘Panchatantra’ romantic was a Charithe’, ‘Yashodhara ‘Vardhamanapurana’ wrote His discovered only recently. , a Jain poet Sanskrit. again, in and poetics, 10th ‘Karnataka on Bhashabhushana’ in a book who a poet, lived ‘Kavyavalokana’, Jain wrote and a also Jains II, as Nagavarma were Century. immortal They them poets. made have ‘Gadayuddha’ different modeofpresentation. a with but writers creative the to flash style and impressed both the poets. have It is also possible that might similar ideas there pictured incidence Bhishma’s and form, poetic in available was text kavirajamarga ap’ ‘irmrua iaa bsd on based Vijaya’ ‘Vikramarjuna Pampa’s Thumbalacharya is credited with having written aaam wo rt ‘Chandambhudhi’ wrote who Nagavarma ’s and ‘Shanthipurana’ ’s some that indicate also may It . But the earliest Kannada prose Kannada earliest the But . rd century A.D. Moreover it th ie s entirely is line

LITERATuRE INDusTRIEs BANKING, CO-OPERATION, HIsTORY PEOPLE INTRODuCTION AND POwER TRADE AND COMMERCE AND CuLTuRE 661 The Karnataka culture reached its zenith Post-renaissance movement saw a four- Kannada to boost a gave Mysuru of Wodeyars The Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar continued the Chamaraja Wodeyar’s period saw a new era in is credited with several authorship of Mohanatarangini Keertanas, and Ramadhanya apart from charite. during the Kathamanjari’ Bharatha ‘Karnataka (Kumaravyasa) Empire. Naranappa’s is known popularly is it as Bharatha’ ‘Gadugina or the finest exampleof the literature of this period. This was followed Bharatha’ which by is also an Lakshmisha’s work. immensely popular ‘Jaimini ’s ‘Prabhulingalile’ is this period. excellent work of another lined folk-metre called particularly ‘Sangatya’ suitable for which singing. who was Nanjundakavi wrote ‘Kumararamana proved its Sangatya multi-dimensional application. But (Kathe)’ it was Rathnakaravarni who, in his ‘Bharathesha Vaibhava’, has explored its full potential. literature, especially Wodeyar’s period during (1672 wrote to Chikkadevaraja ‘Chikkadevaraja 1704). Binnapa’. Tirumalaraya’s He ‘Chikkadevaraja Vijaya’ himself reveals Mysuru history in Champu style. Singararya’s ‘Mitravinda Govinda’, considered is ‘Rathnavali’ Harsha’s from translated noteworthy Another play. Kannada earliest the be to poetess of this period is Sanchi Honnamma who wrote “Hadibadeya Dharma’ in Sangatya metre. Shadakshara Deva, who Vilasa, Dandaka, wrote Basavaraja Veerabhadra style champu in Rajashekhara Vijaya, and Vilasa, Shabara Shankara was a very famous poet of this period. tradition of his predecessor. ‘Mudramanjusha’ Kempunarayana’s deserves a Wodeyars also special started the Raja’s mention. English School (1833) and this along with activities, the influence on Kannada literature. expansion increased of the Western Kannada literature. M.S.Puttanna’s ‘Madiddunno Maharaya’. Detective stories like ‘Parimala’ and ‘Arindamana Sahasagalu’, of D.Venkatachalayya; Dr.B.V.Venkateshaiyya and Galaganatha’s social and historical period. novels, this to belongs Bodhe’ ‘Bala Kittel’s Vasudevaiyya’s dictionary, Cha. Muddanna’s ‘Ramashvamedha’ is an epic episode in prose. This has Moreover, a novels translated tinge by B.Venkatacharya of modem writing. century A.d. century th The 12th century saw a sea of change in After Basavanna, the greatest influence Dasakoota or the Vaishnava movement led by suits to that kind of poems is found on the temple at Balale-palpare in . 17 script is Its Kannada Kannada literature both in due content to the and rise and style, growth of Veerashaivism. de-recognised un-touchability and saw It women as equals. It liberated Kannada from the clutches of movement this behind spirit moving The Sanskrit. court the in minister a was who Basaveshwara, was of King Bijjala. His Vachanas which can be called prose-poems, have their origin in folk-literature and folk-culture, aims to liberate man Allamaprabhu, ignorance. from and untruth of the bondage Akkamahadevi, Channabasavanna, Siddarama, Goggavve, Kakkayya, Dohara Machayya, Madivala Urilinga peddi and were the other few others among the of Vachanakaras. many important Dalita origin, wielded on Kannada who literature used was an , His innovative ‘Basavarajadevara form called Ragale’, Ragale’ ‘Ragale’. ‘Nambiyannana and ‘Mahadeviyakkana Ragale’ excellent are examples the of this excellence was genre. ‘Girijakalyana’ a champu His classic. poetical His nephew introduced yet another form of poetry called ‘Shatpadi’ and apart ‘Somanatha from Charithe’ and ‘Siddarama Charithe’ his ‘Harischandra Kavya’ a is considered masterpiece. to Veerashaiva be The Sixteenth poets who Century was of a real Vairagi saw had no home, settled extra-ordinary and merit. Padagalu’ no in Tripadi style. religion, a This work compendium wrote is of really Sivayogi who was a ruler, saint “Sarvajnana and scholar wrote wit and wisdom. ‘Viveka Chintamani’ an encyclopedia in Kannada. Nijaguna His ‘Kaivalya paddathi’ is another master piece in the philosophical area and a commentary to this work, viz., ‘Kaivalya paddati pradipike’ based on ‘Shakti Vishishadwaita’ philosophy [Veerashaiva], has been written by Dr. Ja.Cha.Ni. father the as considered also is who Dasa, Purandara of Karnatic music, influenced much the Kannada literature and culture. Through his Keerthanas, he propounded the Dwaitha Philosophy and gave an impetus to Bhakthi movement. , though hailing from followed in the the footsteps of . He community, 662 A HAND BOOK OF KARNATAKA s h bs eape I te 20 the In example. best the is Vikramaraya’ ‘Vigada which of Halegannada, in plays many truths wrote Samsa life. of experiences philosophic and principles, ethical contains it that sense the in unique be to considered is It jewel. a as out stands Kagga’ Thimmana ‘Manku Madumagalu’ areequallywellacclaimed. ‘Malegalalli and Heggadati’ subbamma ‘Kanuru as written such novels social Darshanam’ Puttappa’s verse. blank in ‘Sri English was his of work from culmination the and over Kannada to writing switched had (Kuvempu) Around this period, Kuppali Venkatappa Puttappa was a free rendering Geethagalu’ of some great English poems. ‘English His movement. ‘Navodaya’ impact onreaders. deep a made historical, mostly Galaganatha, and epics. Significantly, Ananthamurthy’s ‘Samskara’ Ananthamurthy’s Significantly, epics. ancient in dilemas man’s modern the for answers find to seeks which his Rashmi’, Sindhu but ‘Bharatha poet Navodaya a as began V.K. heights. metaphysical reaches which story long a is ‘Subbanna’ of and monarchy, limitations with dealing novels historical are ‘Chikaveerarajendra’ and Nayaka’ ‘Chennabasava lyengar is primarily noted as short story writer, his Venkatesha Kannada. Dakshina cultural of ethos the mirror works His noteworthy. also are Kanasugalu’ ‘Mookajjiya and Dudi’ ‘Chomana Jeeva’ ‘Bettada but novel, often-mentioned his is novels, essays, drama to and poetry. encyclopedea ‘Marali Mannige’ from range writings Karantha’s Shivarama culture. folk from drawn writings his on more based is popularity his but work poetic metaphysical a Thanti’ ‘Naku for primarily award writing and since been the Navodaya period. Da.Ra. Bendre won the V.K.Gokak have Kambara lyengar, Chandrashekhara Venkatesha Masthi Karantha, Shivarama Bendre, Da.Ra the Kuvempu, Karnad, Girish other six Jnanapeetah awardees in Kannada, viz., and U.R.Ananthamurthy similar philosophicalworkofhighstandard. Jeevana another is Sompu’ ‘Sampadaneya like and works culture philosophical sindu Veerashaiva of and Rudra-Bhadra-Renuka) chintana, accounts(chigaritta historical works, research poems, 8000], [about vachanas poetics, comprising books 300 than more wrote Ja.Cha.Ni mn te ok o 13s D.V.Gundappa’s 1930s, of works the Among the heralded B.M.Srikantayya 1921, In t s neetn t nt ta except that note to interesting is It anm opus magnum th etr, Dr. century, is ag’ ‘aa avbom’ ‘rhn’ and Muttabeda’, Nanna ‘Nee wrote ‘Grihini’ Karnataka, from North hailing Kattimani, Sarvabhouma’, Basavaraja ‘Udaya ‘Kanneeru’. Raaga’, ‘Nata ‘Sandhya as Raaga’, such novels for noted his mainly is of he genrenovels, his this than writing, from examples better are stories short Kru’s Na. A. Though man. common the and to The Chalavali bearer. tower ivory their torch from writers brought movement its Pragathisheela was Rao Krishna to Aa.Na. way gave Mugali balanced historyofKannadaLiterature. R.S. criticism. literary wrote ‘Kannada Sahitya Charithre’ a succinct and to poetry from writings, of host to travelogue, a Yathre’ ‘Pampa to treatise, economic an Prapancha’, ‘Hana from ‘Shaili’ and ‘Ruchi’. V.Sitaramayya’s in output varied criticism literary time on wrote Binnappa’, this ‘Ranga by had through writer Kannada a as who himself established Professor, the English shifted an later and S.V.Ranganna, College University. Mysuru to publication Central the Sangha of a Kannada the Karnataka’; by out ‘Prabuddha brought periodical through generation writers whole A.R. of a classic. nurtured a Shastry be Krishna to considered is Mimamse’ Of these Thi.Nam.Srikantaiya’s ‘Bharathiya Kavya ‘Rangannana KanasinaDinagalu’. in Murthy M.R.Srinivasa and ‘Hagaluganasugalu’ His tradition was continued by A.N.Murthy Rao in is writings. his of Chitragalu’ example supreme the ‘Halliya considered His Karnataka. rural life of the portray to form easy the choose lyengar again reaches spiritual heights. Gorur Ramaswamy It theme. its as Radha from separation Krishna’s seeing in has Nirgamana’ ‘Gokula Narasimhachar’s Pu.Thi. gibberish. literature gay man’s drunken in world beauty a truth in unique stands perhaps Padagalu’ ‘Rathnana Rajarathnam’s G.P. period. Navodaya the of landmark a is theme, the as separation and love with poems of collection or mythology interlinkedwithcontemporaryissues. folk round revolve plays and whose folklorist playwright, a poet, a is recipient, Award Peeta Jnana another Kambara, Dr.Chandrashekhara translated to various Indian been and has foreign languages. times, many playwright, staged are dramas a whose basicaly Karnad, Girish wisdom. and ‘Bhava’ also seeks inspiration from traditional n h mdfris te aoaa movement Navodaya the mid-forties, the In The period also saw a spurt of literary critisism. a Mallige’, ‘Mysura Swamy’s Narasimha K.S. LITERATuRE INDusTRIEs BANKING, CO-OPERATION, HIsTORY PEOPLE INTRODuCTION AND POwER TRADE AND COMMERCE AND CuLTuRE 663 Post-Navya writing is sometimes called as and ‘Clip Joint’, Yeshwanth Chittala’s ‘Shikari’, Vyasaraya Ballala’s ‘Bandaya’ are some examples B.C.Ramachandra Kannada. in writing new the of Sharma and Chandrashekhara Patil have made their names as Ramanujam K. poets A. and Kambara Chandrashekhara and progressive writers. widened the frontiers of Navya poetry. Kambara has a good command on the diction and tunes of the folk poetry, like Bendre, but who used them to embody the tensions of tradition and a new culture. He has life made a mark caught between also as a poet, a novelist and ‘Jokumara a Swamy’ dramatist. His besides Chattopadyaaya Kamaladevei other prestigeous the won awards, has Award. It is a hit play, with liveliness, good song and gaiety. A.K. Ramanujam, a remarkable poet, who presented clear and vivid pictures with apparent casualness. an S.L.Byrappa who shot into fame with his ‘Vamshavriksha’ is one writer who has scrupulously avoided confining himself into any frame. Some of ‘Anveshane’, ‘Grihabhanga’, ‘Thabbaliyu his Neenade celebrated works and ‘Thanthu’ ‘Mandra’ ‘Sartha’, ‘Daatu’, Magane’, are ‘Aavarana’. He has won the ‘ Samman Award’ a prestigious National award. Navyotthara Sahitya or even Dalita Sahitya. The writers belonging to this Bandaya Sahitya, movement or are of the firm view that only Daliths can authentically write about tribulations, their and trials anything and however impressive written it might be, by will still remain others, a second-hand experience. Still, it is interesting to note that Devanuru Mahadeva who does like not to classify himself into this or that group or ‘ism’ has given some of the finest Dalit literature. His ‘Odalala’ and ‘Kusuma Bale’ have won many laurels. Chennanna Valikar, Siddalingaiah and others are notable Dalith Nagabhushana Geetha Malagatti Aravinda Nayak, writers. B.T. identified have who Lalitha writers important are other and with their notable Dalith works. G.Venkataiah of Maddur Taluk had written Dalith of some pleasures and books pains in the highlighting 1940 itself movement. such any was there before even people Karnataka Sahitya Academy has published works the dealing with life, Literature and culture of people belonging to Dalit and tribal class under the series of sub-culture [upa samskriti] series. The books written on Kembatti, Kudiya, Holeyas and others belong to that series. Erava, Among the women writers Triveni, whose Next to the progressive movement was the novels like and ‘Bekkina ‘Mucchida Bagilu’ who were Niranjana, Kannu’, Anupama of essentially approach in psycho- analytical ‘Sharapanjara’ medical a as experience rich her from themes drew Aragini’, ‘Aranyadallondu like stories in practitioner and M.K.Indira whose forte was the protrayal of Malnad life in novels such as ‘Phaniyamma’ were all offshoots of the then progressive Kodagina movement. Gowramma also finds same line. a place in the Navya movement. This was influenced mostly by the post-war writers like T.S.Eliot, Auden, Ezra Pound, D.H.Lawrence, Jean Camus. Paul, Sartre was and the ‘Bhoomi his and movement Navya the of exponent foremost Geetha’ is said T.S.Eliot’s ‘Waste to Land’. P. have Lankesh’s collection play absurd his and Kanchana’ ‘Kurudu stories of been ‘Kadu’, influencedstory long Alanahalli’s by Srikrishna ‘Teregalu’, Shanthinatha Desai’s ‘Vikshepa’, ’s ‘Nigoodha Manushyaru’, Nisar Ahmed’s poems like ‘Masthi’ and U.R.Ananthamurthy’s ‘Ramanu Satta Dina’, stories like ‘Prashne’ ‘Shivadara ‘Shivadara Janivara’ and ‘Nanoo Polisanagidde’, portraying the other world progressive a behind as the started Ta.Ra.Su facade Khaki. and of Kaavi writer with novels like ‘Hamsageethe’, ‘Masanada Hoovu’ and ‘Munjavinda Munjavu’ found his forte in historical novels woven around his birth place , and ‘Durgasthamana’ is the finest example of his writing. Niranjana active who communist during was freedom struggle wrote an and Betta’ ‘Doorada as novels down-to-earth such ‘Rangammana Vathara’ as well as ‘Chirasmarane’ based on agrarian with movement, dealing ‘Mrityunjaya’, be but to considered his is opus magnum Egyptian history. B.Puttaswamaiah was a famous Novelist and play wright. ‘Akkamahadevi’ He and wrote dramas the like and ‘Gauthama novel Buddha’, which were ‘Shahajahan’ enacted by great talented actor Mohammed Peer in 1930’s. Dr.H.Thipperudraswamy, the great scholar, wrote ‘Kadali Karpoora’ a Chaduranga, who inspite of his close relationship novel on with Akkamahadevi. the Mysuru royal family was a rebel writer and wrote ‘Sarvamangala’ dealing with extra-marital love. and Interestingly, his ‘Uyyale’ ‘Vaishaka’, writen many both decades later also deals a rural setting. with extra-marital relationship in 664 A HAND BOOK OF KARNATAKA mn wmn edr. ieie N.Narasimiah Likewise, rage readers. a women were among Karnataka or Karnataka or Mysuru old of depicted life middleclass the faithfully novels which his ‘Dharmadevathe’ time, one like At such. one is Puranika Krishnamurthy them. towards readers of number enormous drawing in successful still were school who while not specifically representing this or that writers, some of mention the without incomplete the UniversitiesofState. NMKRV College, Bengaluru and then in almost all in first level, introduced degree at students was for subject a Studies’ as ‘Women State. levels the all at in feminism the and on women held of questions were number. conferences and in workshops large are seminars, discussions, movement, this Following poets Feminist poets. female established well the are etc., Shashikala exhaustive.) H.L.Pushpa, Prathibha Nandakumar, not is list (The (Fiction). and Fiction) and (Science Nemichandra (Theatre), Malathi Vijaya S. and Nirupama, (Health), Devadas Leelavathi and Girijamma H. (Law), Mahishi Hemalatha of may be mention made them for Among their writings view. and of related points activities womens’ a women writers wrote books on different fields from Many noteworthy. is Gayathri N. and Bai Sumitra B.N. by edited Praveshike’ ‘Streevani women. of writings the in them mirroring in also and values social to touch feminist a giving in role important writers’ organisation feminist founded in a 1978, is Sangha’ writings. playing Lekhakiyara an ‘Karnataka quotable The such some are H.V. Savitramma by Ravana’ Rama Dabbe, ‘Seetha Abubakar, Vijaya Sara by by ‘Sahana’ Shanteshwar, ‘Itigeetike’ by ‘Gandasaru’ Indira, M.K. by ‘Phaniyamma’ writers. feminist the among after, and 80’s before prominence gained like, the Gouramma, and Kodagina women, Belagere Janakamma, Shyamala Devi Belagaonkar for education then and Bale) who had new attitude and a vision of modern Hithaishini’ ‘Sathi ‘Karnataka Nandini’. Sarawathi Bai Rajawade (Giri published who Tirumalamba Nanjanagudu years, 42 for montly a ‘Saraswathi’ published who Kalyanamma, R. of works The men. with equality about bring to tried only not questioned the They male supremacy in society dimension. but also different a quite had that experiences own their about independently writing started writers Women movement. Dalit n sre o Knaa ieaue ol be would literature Kannada of survey Any the after began movement Feminist The rSiaurpas Gnea hkrglli is also famousinthisline. Shikaragalalli’ ‘Gangeya Dr.Shivarudrappa’s Pathramale’ may be cited as examples. Rastrakavi Raviya Nadinalli’, Susheela Koppar’s ‘Paduvanada ‘Pyarissininda Preyasige’, K. Anantharamu’s ‘Udaya Ram’s Navarathna Hogidde’, Americakke ‘Naanoo Kamat’s Krishnananda Vara’, Nalku ‘Videshadalli Lakshminarayan’s ‘Nirdeshakana N. Videsha Yathre’, D. Javere Gowda’s Suttu’, Rao’s Melondu T.K.Rama ‘Golada writer story detective popular Gorur’, ‘Americadalli Goruru’s Yathre’, America Vayaskana ‘Apara Rao’s A.N.Murthy Paschima’, ‘Apoorva Karanth’s Shivaram However mention. Travelogues arefar too manyeventomakeabrief English). and Kannada in both published Kumar Raj Dr. on (Biography Manushya’ ‘Bangarada in also is them among has popular books; several He authored Encyclopaedia.’ Wikipedia Na. ‘world the Aa. in entry Kannada, an found has in name Rao’s Prahlada crosswords Rupadarshi’. of and wizard ‘(K.V.Iyer) A and ‘Mahabrahmana’ ‘Mahakshatriya’, ‘Shanthala’,(Devudu) Shanthala’, ‘Pattamahishi Rao) (C.K.Nagaraja like novels scholarly written have who Iyer K.V. and Rao, Ma.Na.Murthy, Devudu Narashimha Shastry C.K.Nagaraja like writers are there Similarly this. plays, ‘Yayati’ also may be cited as an example for above from the with Along profusely epics. and folklore drawing history, plays many given Karnad has plays. notable also are Bimba Odakalu Kanasugalu, Kanda Tippu male’ mattu ‘Agni and ‘Hayavadana’ impact. big a made thoughts, high and elements dramatic its all with ‘Nagamandala’ and ‘Tugalaq’ His encore. worth are performances and plays Karnad’s Girish drama, of sphere the In teacher. college as experiences his with dealing humour, of peices master are Tharanga’ ‘Kaleju the botanical Honnu’ wealth about around us. deal His ‘Hasiru ‘Kaleju America, Ranga’ and Hotteyalli his Namma and that effectively so writing science and humour blended who B.G.L.Swamy T.K.Rama Raoalsowrotedetectivenovels. novels. detective writing of type in such continued habit reading District the Mandya of Ma.Ramamurthy boys. school inculcate did books his nevertheless invited, got ever he if doubtful is It Sahasagalu’ meet. literary any one in seen never was He hundred. exceeded series the that successful Purushotthamana series so was the under stories ‘Patthedara detective wrote who t h ohr n o te pcrm w find we spectrum, the of end other the At LITERATuRE INDusTRIEs BANKING, CO-OPERATION, HIsTORY PEOPLE INTRODuCTION AND POwER TRADE AND COMMERCE AND CuLTuRE 665 History oriented research studies have also Among the modern scholars in this research Historically based research studies have been Bihari Vajpayee’s Poems from Hindi to Kannada and and Kannada to Hindi from Poems Vajpayee’s Bihari famous Telugu works of Srirangam Srinivasarao to Kannada. Venkataramaiah and Nelatoori contributed in influenced the century writing in which they lived and other honours and awards literary won literary have they and fields. Having enhanced the status of Kannada. M. Govindapai, Panje Mangesha Rao, R.S. Nandimutt, Panchamukhi, K.G. Kundanagar, S.C. Ph.Gu. Halakatti, S.S. Basavana, Krishnarao, R.V. Dharwadkar, Dr.Ja.Cha.Ni, R.C. R.C. Rajapurohit, Hiremutt can Kapataral be cited as sector. prime names in this field we canChidanandamurthy, Suryanathafind Venkatachalashastri, C.P. Krishnakumar, Hampa M.M. U.Kamat, M. Nagarajaiah, K.K. Kulakarni, Srinivasa Havanoor, Kalburgi, K.V.Ramesh, Srinivasa Ritti, A.Sundara, S.Settar, T.V. and B.Sheik Ali. S.Vasanthamadhava, Rajashekarappa, Srinivasa B. Telagavi, Lakshman V.Padigar, M.G.Nagaraj, S.V.Venkateshaiah, Devarakonda Reddy, H.S.Gopala R.M.Shadaksharaiah, Sangamesha Rao, Mutt, Channakka Pavate, Hanumakshi Gogi and Savadatti R.Sheshashastri, innumeral researchers have contributed Karnataka in on knowledge their our enriching in way, own History and Culture. made and books are published, ‘Kannada Lipia Ugama Mattu Vikasa’ by A.V.Narashima Murty, Swatantra Sangramada Belavanige mattu Huttu Lipia Kamath. Suryanath Smrithigalu Ekikarana ‘Karnataka Reddy. Konda Devara by Dr. by Dr. Ethihaa’ by Dr.H.S.Gopalarao, ‘Kodagina Haleri Rajavamshavu’ in two by volumes Six volume in Chaluvali-Satyagrahagalu’ Raita and ‘Karnataka Dr.M.G.Nagaraj, ‘Banarasara Shasanagalu’s by D r.P.V.Krishnamurty,‘Karnatakada Veeragallugalu’ by Shasanagalu Dr.R.Sheshashastri, ‘Kannada by Lipia Krishnadevarayana Vikasa’ by and Dr.M.G.Manjunatha Dr.D.V.Paramashivamurty Devarajaswami, Dr.B.Rajashekarappa ‘Ithihasa and of others special Kathana’ needs mention. a Karnataka by (Regt) Ithihasa is bringing out ‘Ithihasa Darshana’ Volume Academy since 28 bringing is Commissionarate years. Heritage and Karnataka Mueums State Archaeology, out district wise Historical research collections in several volume.

th Harmonising Harmonising Kannada literature with foreign The dramas like Romeo-Juliet, King Lear, A From Kannada, abundant literary works language, language, thought and frame, literarcy many Kannada stalwarts introduced Lyric [] made from English and Tragedies from Greek it into Kannada. Treading in rich. the similar fashion. Bendre, Kuvempu, Pu.ti.na, B.M.Sri Adiga, Gokak, Ananthamurthy, Sharma, Sumatindra Ramachandra Nadig, Nisar Ahmed, following T.S.Elliot, Ardin Wordsworth and others etc. wrote modern poetry. G.S.Siddalingaiah being a senior poet himself translated English poems to Kannada. Kannada, to came etc, Dream Night’s Midsummer synthesizing [reconciling] to M.S.Puttana, Kailasam, Sriranga, its Girish Karnad, temperament. utilising books good wrote etc, Lankesh Kambara, foreign literature, Indian Malayalam, Telugu, , Tamil, from Similarly and episodes. folklore Sanskrit, Prakrit, mutual with Bengali, languages Gujarathi and Hindi, Marathi, published Konkani, been works translated the co-ordination in Kannada and from Kannada the translations have been made into the those languages. Prakrit Among writers Kundacharya, many are from Shivakotacharya, have Kannada. Kumudendu written Vaddaradhane, Ramachandracharita works. pushpadanta’s classic reputed are Gathasaptashati Hala’s purana, Mahapurana, Bakimchandra’s novels have from Bengali been to translated Kannada prominently. It is interesting to by note that the 35 B.Venkatacharya Bengali Literacy Sammelana was arranged in1959 arranged was Sammelana Literacy Bengali at Bengaluru. have been translated to other Indian languages like Marathi [some also From to foreign works languages]. like Prabhulingaleele, Vivekachintamani, Harikathamrithasara, the Among translated. been have Bharata Jaimini and modern literature, works of A.na.kru, Karantha, Masti, Punekar, have Sriranga, been and translated been have etc., translated. Alidamele Gangamayee, S.L.Byrappa Works like to Bengali Gangavva Language. Many original language and their translations have won of these works in Kendra Sahitya Academy awards and awards other also and awards distinction secured have they by different academies. Pradhan Gurudath translated has Kuvempu’s Ramayana Darshanam to Hindi. Gurumurthi Pendukur has translated Atal 666 A HAND BOOK OF KARNATAKA rm elv Vnaa aaaap, B.M.Sri, Narayanappa, Dr.A.R.Krishnashastri, starting Thi.Nam.Sri, Venkata parishat, Bellave sahitya from Kannada of sector Venkatesha Iyengar JeevanaKaryalayaTrust,Bengaluru. Masti 14] Haveri. Mylara Trust, 13] Mahadeva Chitradurga. Trust, S.Nijalingappa 9] Trust.12] Sharma Krishna Dr.Betageri 11] Trust. Trust. Smaraka Dr.Basavaraja Rajaguru Trust. 10] Dr.V.K. Gokak Hanagal Dr.Gangubai 8] Dharwad. Trust, Rao Venkata Alur 7] . and .6] Trust, Dr.ShivaramaKarantha Iyengar Trust, Dakshina Kannada Venkatesha Dharwad.5] Dr.Masti Trust, Smaraka Rastriya Mansoor 3] Dr.Pu.Ti.Na.Trust, Melukote. 4] Dr.Mallikarjuna Dr.D.R.Bendre Rastriya Smaraka Trust, Dharwad. the state are; 1] Dr.Kuvempu Prathistan,Kuppali. 2] given been has encompasses someofthebestKannadaworks.* what many Nevertheless, through centuries. generated has which literature Kannada of view bird’s-eye or glance cursory the makes is This generation. thus coming the for inspiration installed an foundations the people, literary many by culture and language Kannada be namedasexamples. Kaikini, Jayanth can etc, , Mogalli Rashid, Abdul Katpadi, Kuyee, Mohamed Dr.Guruprasad Boluvaru K.Satyanarayana Koodlekere, Kaginele, Vasudendra, Na.Mogasale, Jogi, Kum. Veerabhadrappa, Mahabalamurty like Story Vastrad; writers Shashikala Nemichandra, bai, Gowda, Kushtagi, B.N.Sumitra H.L.Pushpa, Doddarange Nandakumar, Prathiba Vasantha Hiremutt, rao, Panchakshari Kambalu, L.N.Mukundaraj, B.R.Lakshmana Siddalingiah Ahmed, Nisar Baligar, Nadig, Manu Sumathindra Kannada prosody has brought out his famous work incessantly. Subhaiah and its Chief Editor Pro.N.Basavaradhya volumes, eight bearing the services with of Dr.G.S.Gai, Pro.G.Venkata 1995 in culminated 1956, Bhatta, Rahamat Tarikere ; poets like N.S.Lakshminarayana , ..aahnrn HSRgaeda Rao, H.S.Raghavendra C.N.Ramachandran, G.S.Amura, a, T.P.Ashoka,D.R.Nag Kurthakoti, araj,K.V.Narayana,NarahalliBalasubramany Jayaprakash, Kirthinatha Banjagere Rao, In the Kannada-Kannada Language Dictionary Language Kannada-Kannada the In The various Foundations and Trusts working in the to contribution rare the of Recollection Dr.T.V.Venkatachalashastri in the field of field the in Dr.T.V.Venkatachalashastri In the field of literary criticism, L.S.Sheshagiri criticism, literary of field the In ..auaa, G.S.Siddalingiah, S.S.Marulaiah, D.L.N. since a nt hi pie ups. u atr 1 after But purpose. prime their not was simple, were works unsophisticated andeasy tounderstand. those in explanations the Hence period. that at required literature science in writing Kannada science of sector. That was limited to the utility development of the the by show suryagrahanavu’ Chintamani Raghunathacharya in 1874. All these 1881; ‘Shukragrasta in by C.Stoles Similarly by Varnane’ kramavu’ Vrukshadigala ‘Vrushabhadigala Sahasradha 1877; in Chandavar ‘Vydyadigala G.R.Ganapaiah 1879; in speech Samrakshane’, Ramashastri of figure by ornamental bodhini’ a ‘Vyavasaya example, For the sounding characteristic. i.e., indicate language themselves [titles] wealth, to pertaining agriculture, geography, astronomy. Their captions matters mostly contain belong tothedifferentbranchesofscience. which publications 3448 regarding information valuable authoritative has It 1996. to 1980 from starting Kannada in Technology and Science as books of names the out, listed project that under Kannada science books [literature] in 1997. It has of bibliography a preparing of project important an undertook Parishat Vignana Rajya Karnataka twentyfive i.e. Parishath and Science State Karnataka The years. hundred about of history a has we can say that the Science Literature in Kannada and performance. If we view from this background practice of discipline a has It pursuit. intellectual open for examination and experiment. It is more an logical thinking, the events and occurances in the nature by testifies which nature, systamatic of a observation is science The emotions. of sensible manifestation a is observation Its feelings. expression of the is literature of core and essence The life. with communion in is it life; the reflects itoay Pooy Acietr, , , Paintings, etc,withatouchofcreativeimpulses. Prosody, Dictionary, Linguistics, Grammer, Inscriptions, Archaeology, works have been published abundant in the field of who has authored more than 300 books. Scholarly Dr.Ja.Cha.Ni., by flooded much very is Kannada in literature philosophical The volume. prosody scholarly highly a swaroopa’, ‘Kannada a, bnat cec ltrtr ws published was literature science abundant war, The usage of Scientific and technological terms 1930 to 1900 from published books 290 The way a in is fact of matter a as Literature, Science LiteratureinKannada st world LITERATuRE INDusTRIEs BANKING, CO-OPERATION, HIsTORY PEOPLE INTRODuCTION AND POwER TRADE AND COMMERCE AND CuLTuRE 667

subhod’ Bellave Venkatanarayanappa who

The second stage of Kannada Science literature Science Kannada of stage second The at physics teaching was Prof.R.L.Narasimhaiah Shivarama Karantha, who published Bala Literature. Literature. It is stimulated to publish English-Kannada Dictionary Dictionary English-Kannada publish to stimulated by Mysuru University. He convinced Mirza Ismail about the utility of this dictionary succesful and in getting he the financial was grant from the for its publication. Mysuru Government Karanth. Shivarama of contribution the with starts In 1936 Karanth brought out three ‘Balaprapancha’. volumes of Its contents were on vignana’[science ‘prakriti of nature], Literature, Art, Sports, History, Physical Science, ‘Nadu-Neleveedu’, Machinary Science, the story of Life and valour of Vishwakarmas[life history of goldsmiths] etc. are of attempt first the is This written. and integrated writing Encyclopedia in Kannada. respect The this children’s’ in model a was English in Encyclopedia to Karanth. What the University was required to be taken up and finish theEncyclopedias’ work, Karanth did it solitarily, indeed him. great Except credit that to there may be character highly localized and the same some has technical overburdened terms, on this encyclopedian in work Kannada language is was published by really Nittur Srinivas Rao of ‘ a record. prakashan. This Central College, Bengaluru. He wrote ‘Jagattina Huttu-saavu’ [the birth and death of the in world] 1952; ‘shakthi’ in 1953; ‘Nakshatra darshana’ [the sight of stars] in1951; ‘shabdha prapancha’ [the world of sound] in 1957. All these Kannada works were the rare and invaluable contribution to the science field. R.L.Narasimhaiah was thus responsible for Kannada science reach its Literature sublimity and eminence. to Through this Kannada science literture Kannada language he has exhibited the and express Science Terminologies and its capacity panel. that to digest Especially, in his work ‘Nakshatradarshana’, the usage of the words like Samasthani, etc. ‘Ardhayu, have been made Swetakubja, acquainted [or introduced] to the readers. He has shown Indian Puranic [Mythological] names in Astronomy, and even today that book is deemed as a classic. prapancha, continued his pursuit. In the midst of 1959-64, he ‘E published Jagattu’ four volumes Livelihood!], [this viz., ‘Vastu world], chaitanya’ and ‘Jiva-jeevana’ ‘vignana [matter-energy!] sadhana’ [the [Life- tools of science]. In Bellave Venkatanarayanappa the physics showed who Narayanappa, Venkata Bellave is It In the same period Nangapuram Venkatesha professor in central college Nangapuram Venkatesha of Iyengar of the Bengaluru Mysuru and State Meteorological Department started ‘Vignana Pracharan Samithi’ in 1917, as suggested by Sir M.Visvesvaraya. The ‘vignana’ on milestone a became samiti, this of piece mouth which was the the occasion. At the time of hesitating to in speak Kannada in the society, magazine a was science published. Kannada It created vigour a among the dynamic . It published about 60 contemporary scientificepisodes matters for two and years. Both took the above articles writers almost from English presented sources the and same in Kannada texture. The language headlines and of those articles were framed so as a kind of surprise to the readers. For example ‘Akkasaaleya Mosavannu deciet the detected Kandu hididaddu’ [Archimedis Archimedis by the goldsmith]; ‘vidyut emba Rakshasanannu demon the captured [man hididaddu’ sere naranu electricity] etc; Scientific the American were magazines and stimulated they this from Apart the primeeditors. these like sources to ‘Nature’, encouraged many teachers to write science and showed that articles science in Kannada can on also be communicated to the people of the land. science pure the read also people common the that the to advantagious and value scientific of articles daily life. He wrote a book on heat matter by the name ‘ushna vishaya’. Iyengar wrote a fine book on Meteorology by the translated authoritative an vinodini’ ‘Jyothir name was work This literature. science Kannada in work for ‘Astronomy of translation English the on based Flamerian Kemil author French by written women’ originally. In 1939 Bellave Venkatanarayanappa through Kannada granthamala series of Mysuru University, published the book Vignana’. by Thus these name two stalwarts ‘Jiva constructed the first base steps by writing Kannada Science in western countries. western spirit, In the provincial languages matured India, following themselves to the communicate the well science developed literature and knowledge Karnataka in fraternity teaching the to Consequently the mass. on books writing of initiative the took prominently science in simple language that could be common people. communicated to easily 668 A HAND BOOK OF KARNATAKA lot h cnet o al icpie o science. of disciplines all of contents the almost contains four University, Mysuru by published of annas, books small of Series Lecture the 1934, as early As dictionary. words science Kannada a oftechnical the Encyclopaedia volume is compiled, it becomes the usage of end the in at furnished index the If terminologies. brought refinement have presentation definite volumes shape, These definite preciseness. a and given has and Rao, the senior science writer edited these articles on articles science are included 3000 in this volume. G.T.Narayana About circumstances. Indian to relavent is international that stress more has has and citations It information. abundant of volume a is the It Britanica’. read ‘Encyclopaedia English we when that as experience same the gives encyclopaedia Kannada this of reading The mlmne te rprto o Kannada 14 The 1969. in published was volume first The of 1954. to earlier preparation Encyclopaedia. Kuvempu had putforth this the project implemented of science. knowledge the have to generations the for reference works good are These published. and edited them got volumes these to articles good write teachers to Science the stimulated has editor The pages. 1572 about in in covered are these all India], [Science Vignana Bharatadalli and Science!] [current Vignana Prachalita Science!]; of March milestone of the history]; under ‘Vignanada Munnade’ volumes [the Jubliee prime headings viz., Ithihasada golden mailigallugalu [the two edited J.R.Lakshmana Rao professor chemistry and senior writer The sister Karnataka. the Prabhuddha to as magzine 1969, from Karnataka’ periodical the ‘Vignana publishing by readers science of of hisentireliteraturepublished. pages have the share for science portion alone out 8000 About Kannada. in find could he wherever Kannada in science literature. He strived to remove the lacuna volumes these through impressed were prints foot His pictures. some photographed language. himself He institutions. science foreign renowned and native reputed from pictures rare indigenous the collected He from words the abundantly used He terminologies. technical the regarding much himself worry not did He period. that in current was that Technology and Science these volumes he has pictured the development of uig hs eid te yuu University, Mysuru the period, this During attenction the drew University Mysuru The th volume was published in 2004. in published was volume of Science. The programme ‘Vignanada Munnade’ ‘Vignanada programme The Science. of has 70’s conceived special programmes since for the propagation AIR Bengaluru understanding. man’s common to projected being is science the 1980’s in different media. From intellectual arena, since awareness general for Ecology published being are and Environment on articles Similarly matters. science for coloumns allotted have etc., Hosadiganta , , Karnataka, news the about science. , , Vijaya publishing are newspapers daily and interest in knowing about science. The periodicals and electronic media. Even the public are showing Kannada, rendering the communication in printing indicates, becamepopularduringthisdecade. itself name the as science’, ‘Popular practice. this Science teachers alone. This decade gave a turn to B.G.L.Swami’s by published be to used literature Science this, to example Earlier work. popular famous a is For Honnu’ ‘Hasiru aspects. science Science, popular on stress a giving of books, write to began Professors Many writing. scientists, Literature professional Science Kannada in has high demand. Rao K.L.Gopalakrishna and by volumes edited M.H.Sethurao colour volume This inmulti kosha’. Vignana ‘Gnana those published in experts and the field by written got science to have been taken into account, the matters related developemnt of science and accelerated its The different volumes. dimensions four in kosha’ vignana pages ofreviewasanintroductorynote. volume in an alphabetical order. Also it has eighty 400 articles in Bhouta Jagattu [the physical world] are There editions. these out bring to responsible senior Another also was Bhatta Krishna Adyanada writer matters. science scientific or contents Science of presentation the be should how show to model good are volumes These volumes. these in world], mechanical [the Jagattu Yantra World]; Physical [the jagattu Bhouta Life]; with of World [The end and [Homosapiens] Bharatha story. We can know about ‘Jeevajagattu’ race by story human edited the of from volumes, start volumes seven These Niranjana. in published was emulated thistradition. too Universities Bengaluru and Karnataka Later t rsn mr ta 6 sine rtr in writers science 60 than more present At occurred change marvellous a 1970’s During ‘Jnana- published Karnataka’ ‘Nava 1998 In encyclopaedia an ‘Gnanagangothri’ 1970’s In