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Digitally Altered: Making News in the 21St Century

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Digitally Altered: Making News in the 21st Century Caja Louise Gilbert 0000-0003-3920-1662 PhD Arts February 2020 Faculty of Arts, School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Melbourne This thesis is being submitted in total fulfilment of the degree. ABSTRACT Audience research demonstrates that online news has become a dominant source of news in Australia, especially for people under 40 years of age. Australians now obtain their news from online sites – such as Yahoo!7 News and news.com.au – in preference to traditional newspapers. Such sites are very important to the future of news journalism, yet they are vastly understudied – especially in Australia. This thesis, based on a study of a major digital aggregated online news organisation in Australia, Yahoo!7 News, investigated the question: How can the study of an Australian aggregated news site (Yahoo!7 News) contribute to our understanding of digital aggregated news production? This research project collected data from observations at Yahoo!7 News, interviews with the Yahoo!7 newsworkers and a content analysis of the Yahoo!7 News site and the Yahoo!7 social networking platforms (i.e. Facebook and Twitter). The data indicates that there were three dominant issues at Yahoo!7 News related to the role of the newsworkers and newsroom practices, the production of news content and the newsworkers’ perceptions of their audience. Firstly, the newsworkers acted as gatekeepers, tightly controlling the outflow of news by limiting the involvement of the Yahoo!7 News audience with the content they generated. Secondly, success was perceived through a prism of the ‘race to be first’, which caused newsworkers to prioritise and value speed and immediacy. And, finally, the newsworkers felt that their roles as news producers were not as highly valued by the traditional journalists. This thesis will analyse and discuss the implications of the findings from Yahoo!7 News and contribute to extending our understanding of digital aggregated news production. 2 DECLARATION (i) this thesis comprises only original work towards the PhD – Arts except where indicated in the preface; (ii) Due acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other material used; and (iii) the thesis is fewer than the maximum work limit in length, exclusive of tables, maps and appendices Signed: Date: 12/02/2020 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To my supervisor Professor Sally Young, thank you for working with me on this dissertation, for your support, feedback and advice. Thank you also to the other University of Melbourne academics – Dr. Timothy Lynch, Dr. Andrea Carson and Dr. Tim Gravelle who have provided feedback and support throughout this project. To Katherine Firth, this thesis would not have continued without you. Thank you for the long conversations, your patience and excellent skills at working through issues that managed to push me forward. To the other PhD students I have met and worked with along the way – especially Rachel Robinson and Sally McIntyre – having you to share this experience with was truly uplifting. Your reliable presence and 80 per cent milk chai teas helped more than you know. Good luck with your completions. This thesis would also not have been possible without the overwhelming support of my family and friends. Zoe, Sophie, Lucy, Tegan, James, Lisa, Max, Jonathan and Ann – thank you for your kind words of support and encouragement, you are the best family a girl could hope for. And to the queen – Grandy – I know you would have been proud to see this finished. My Brisbane girls – Josie, Caroline, Amy, Katy, Jules and Shell – thank you for being interested in what I do, cheering me on and always having my back. You are all amazing women. Mel B. and family, thanks for checking in, spurring me on and sharing this journey. Ben and Dee, thank you for your continual support and friendship, and the fantastic quality friend time that gave me wonderful breaks. My Albert Park family – thank you for supporting me, Mike and the kids through everything. We are so lucky to have you in our lives and I feel so grateful to be surrounded by such beautiful people. To my sister Tamsyn – thanks for reminding me that I’m human and that life exists outside of the PhD. Your work is inspiring, thoughtful and ever so intelligently framed. I look forward to reading it. To my brother-in-law Phill, niece Sophia and my nephew William – high fives! 4 To Cathy, Dale, Will, Chev, Erin and Darren – thank you for believing in me and giving me the space to write. Cathy – you put my work and needs before your own and for that I cannot thank you enough. You are an amazing individual. To my mum – this thesis would not have been started or completed without your support. You are an inspiration and I’m sure you’re just as happy to see this printed as I am. Thanks for always waving my flag. To my wonderful partner Mike – thank you for your unwavering support, your continued confidence in my work and for lifting me up throughout this whole process. The future is bright and strong with you in it. To my best work yet – Charlotte and Marlowe – may this ‘Peach HD’ inspire you to write, work hard, be creative, dream and achieve whatever it is that you choose to do. You are remarkable (and very understanding!) little humans. 5 Table of Contents ABSTRACT 2 DECLARATION 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 4 LIST OF TABLES 9 LIST OF FIGURES 10 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 11 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 11 1.1.1 The internet and media industry 11 1.1.2 News audiences 13 1.1.3 Changes to Yahoo!7 15 1.2 OVERVIEW, AIMS OF RESEARCH AND RESEARCH QUESTION 17 1.3 SUMMARY OF EXISTING LITERATURE 18 1.4 RESEARCH DESIGN AND PROCEDURES 20 1.5 OVERVIEW OF THE THESIS 20 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND 22 2.1 AUSTRALIAN NEWS MEDIA LANDSCAPE 22 2.2 NEWS MEDIA OWNERS 26 2.3 YAHOO!7 28 2.3.1 The business 28 2.3.2 Site content 30 2.3.3 Social media 34 2.4 SUMMARY 37 CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW 39 3.1 EARLY NEWS PRODUCTION LITERATURE 39 3.1.1 Individual argument 40 3.1.2 Organisational argument 42 3.2 LIMINAL EMPIRICAL RESEARCH 44 3.2.1 Crisis 44 3.2.2 Reformist 49 3.3 FUTURE OF JOURNALISM RESEARCH 50 3.4 ONLINE NEWS RESEARCH 53 3.4.1 Political economy of online journalism 54 6 3.4.2 User-generated content 55 3.4.3 Online journalists’ work 57 3.4.4 Waves of online news literature 58 3.5 AGGREGATED NEWS RESEARCH 59 3.6 ETHNOGRAPHIC ONLINE NEWS RESEARCH 61 3.6.1 Online news values studies 62 3.6.2 Convergence 63 3.6.3 News agency studies 64 3.6.4 Recent newsroom ethnographies 65 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY 67 4.1 DATA SOURCES 67 4.2 COMPONENT ONE: PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION 69 4.3 COMPONENT TWO: INTERVIEWS 75 4.4 COMPONENT THREE: CONTENT ANALYSIS 82 4.4.1 Yahoo!7 News website content analysis 83 4.4.2 Social media content analysis 86 4.5 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 89 4.5.1 Ethnographic Field Research 91 4.6 SUMMARY 92 CHAPTER 5: THE ROLE OF NEWSWORKERS AND NEWSROOM PRACTICES 94 5.1 INFORMING SOCIETY: ‘WE PROVIDE A PUBLIC SERVICE’ 95 5.2 PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS: THE NEED FOR SPEED 101 5.3 SKILLS OF THE NEWSWORKER: ‘WRITING’S THE MAIN THING’ 106 5.4 PERCEPTION VS. REALITY 107 5.5 YAHOO!7 NEWS/CHANNEL SEVEN RELATIONSHIP: NOT REGARDED AS EQUALS 109 5.6 SUMMARY 114 CHAPTER 6: THE PRODUCTION OF NEWS CONTENT 116 6.1 RELIANCE ON NEWS AGENCIES AND NEWS PARTNERS 116 6.2 FOCUS ON AUDIENCE ENGAGEMENT 121 6.3 DELIVERING CONTENT IMMEDIATELY 132 6.4 SUMMARY 134 CHAPTER 7: NEWSWORKERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR AUDIENCE 135 7.1 THE AUDIENCE AS AN ENTITY TO BE LOCATED, ENTICED AND MONETISED 136 7.1.1 Know the audience, find the audience = larger audience 136 7.1.2 Content everywhere 138 7 7.1.3 Better usability and the value of audience commentaries 139 7.2 AUDIENCE NOT VALUED 140 7.3 NEWSWORKERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF SOCIAL MEDIA 142 7.4 PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR AUDIENCE ON FACEBOOK AND TWITTER 144 7.5 SUMMARY 153 CHAPTER 8: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 155 8.1 NEWSWORKERS AS GATEKEEPERS 156 8.2 THE RACE TO BE FIRST 160 8.2.1 Agency and partner content 160 8.2.2 Soft/entertainment news 164 8.3 THE VALUE OF NEWSWORK 167 8.4 CONCLUSIONS 169 REFERENCES 171 APPENDIX 1: INTERVIEW GUIDE 193 APPENDIX 2: CONSENT FORM 196 8 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 4.1 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 68 TABLE 6.1 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 117 TABLE 6.2 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 120 TABLE 6.3 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 122 TABLE 6.4 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 129 9 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 23 FIGURE 2.2 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 23 FIGURE 2.3 ...............................................................................................................................................................................
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