A Conversational Dictionary of Kodiak Alutiiq

Compiled and with an Introduction By Jeff Leer

A Publication of The Alaska Native Language Center University of Alaska Fairbanks ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In January of 1978 the Alaska Native Language Center held a week-long workshop in Kodiak for the purpose of introducting the A1utiiq writing system to those who could be key people in language work in their villages on Kodiak

Island. Participating in the workshop were representatives of all the main villages except Ouzinkie: Larry Matfay, Martha Matfay, and Raymond Kelly from Old Harbor, Walter Simeonoff and Mary Simeonoff from Akhiok, Tania

Ma1utin and Zoia Sugak from Karluk, John Pestrikoff and Julia Pestrikoff from

Port Lions (representing the Afognak dialect), Marina Waselie from Larsen Bay, and other occasional participants living in Kodiak, of whom we wish to mention Senefonte and Jennie Zeedar, Mary Gallagher, and Sophie Kate1nikoff, who all made important contributions to the dictionary. Also participating was Father Michael Oleksa, who is at present the Orthodox priest at Old Harbor

and is working with native language programs on Kodiak Island, especially in

Old Harbor and Akhiok. Jeff Leer and Irene Reed of the Alaska Native Language

Center conducted the workshop.

At this workshop several issues important to the future of the Alutiiq

language programs were decided. After the Alutiiq alphabet (which is at

present used in English Bay and Port Graham on the Kenai Peninsula, and on

the Alaska Peninsula) was introduced to the participants, all those present

agreed that they wish to use the same writing system. They also wish to be

included in the comprehensive Alutiiq dictionary which is in the process of

being compiled by ANLC as part of the dictionary project funded by the

National Science Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities.

They also agreed that they prefer the name Alutiiq to refer to their people

1 and language, rather than any of the other names which have so far been proposed and used in linguistic and anthropological publications (Sugpiaq,

Suk Eskimo, Pacific Gulf Yupik, etc.). The participants also decided that a short dictionary of Kodiak Island Alutiiq is of the highest priority for their language programs. Accordingly, the bulk of the workshop was devoted to going over the Short Dictionary of Alaska Peninsula Alutiiq and obtaining Kodiak equivalents for the vocabulary contained in that dictionary, where they differ from the Alaska Peninsula dialect. One session was also devoted to

Kodiak place names, the principal contributors being Larry Matfay (Kaguyak area), Raymond Kelly (Old Harbor area), and John Pestrikoff (Afognak area).

These place names are not included in this dictionary, but are to be published separately.

We would like to express thanks to the staff of Kodiak Community College and St. Herman's Theological Seminary for providing working space and giving assistance for the workshop. The Kodiak Area Native Association also gave valuable support for the workshop. Over the past three years they have conducted two short workshops during which some of the words given in this dictionary were gathered, especially from Larry Matfay. To all the individuals and organizations who showed interest, we express our gratitude.

Finally, in March of 1978, Raymond Kelly came to Fairbanks to work for a week with Leer on extending the coverage of this dictionary. They went over the Conversational Dictionary of Kenai Peninsula Alutiiq (being published jOintly by ANLC and the National Bilingual Materials Development Center) to obtain Kodiak Alutiiq equivalents of the basic conversational vocabulary which was not included in the Short Dictionary of Alaska Peninsula Alutiiq.

All of this vocabulary, together with vocabulary from Leer's earlier field notes from Kodiak, was collated and typed by Helen Howard and

2 Jane McGary. The introduction to the dictionary was adapted from that which had been written by Leer for the Conversational Dictionary of Kenai

Peninsula Alutiiq.

Because of the way this dictionary was assembled, there are in some

cases words gathered from different sources and at different times which

are given in the dictionary under one English gloss. Many of these under­

standably have somewhat different meanings, but it was not possible to

recheck these entries before the publication of this dictionary. This will

have to wait until the publication of the combined Alutiiq dictionary,

which is scheduled for completion in 1981. Thus the present dictionary

should be considered a preliminary dictionary, not a comprehensive

dictionary of the Kodiak Island language.

Jeff Leer Irene Reed

3 THE NAME 'ALUTIIQ'

Many people who use this dictionary may not be familiar with the name

'Alutiiq', since this language has elsewhere been referred to as Sugpiaq,

Sugcestun, Suk Eskimo, Chugach Eskimo, and Pacific Gulf Yupik. However, the overwhelming consensus of local opinion is that the name 'Alutiiq' is preferable to any of these.

The Alutiiq language is not the language of the people who inhabit the

Aleutian Chain; it is a member of the Eskimo family of languages and is split into two dialects: Koniag Alutiiq (Kodiak Island and Perryville,

Chignik, Port Heiden, Pilot Point on the Alaska Peninsula), and Chugach

Alutiiq (Port Graham, English Bay, Seldovia on the Kenai Peninsula and

Prince William Sound). These people have been called 'Aleuts' since the time of Russian contact, since the Russians did not distinguish between the

Alutiiqs and the Aleutian Aleuts. Even though most Alutiiqs are aware of the fact that they have common ancestry with the Yupiks, and that their language is related to the Yupik language, they consider themselves

Aleuts and not Eskimos. The name "Sugpiaq" was originally used as a name for the people; this name is still used by some of the older people, but nowadays most people do not consider this to be a generic name, and say that it simply means 'a real person' or even 'just like a person'; hence, it is not an appropriate name for their people.

We regret the confusion it may cause the scientific community to use this new name, but we believe that it would be unwise to try to force an unwelcome name on these people.

4 THE ALPHABET

a akit 'money'

c caskaq 'cup'

e engluq 'house'

f fanaruq'II 'lantern'

g gagtuq 'it is rough'

gw gwani 'here'

hm arhmasut 'tomcod eggs'

hn quuhnartuq 'it is sour'

hng tuquhnguaraa 'he is pretending to kill it I

i ika 'over there'

k kinaq 'who'

kw sugkwaraa 'she is giving birth to it'

1 luk 'onion'

11 lla 'outside'

-m maama 'mother, mom'

n nun a 'land'

ng angun 'old man'

p patuq 'cover'

q qayaq 'baidarka, kayak'

r rirtuq 'it is shiny'

rIt wUduuq 'pail'

s suk 'person'

t taata 'father, dad'

u una 'this one'

w weg'et 'grass'

y yaasiik 'box'

5 INTRODUCTION TO THE ALPHABET

FOR ALUTIIQ SPEAKERS

The alphabet used in this dictionary was designed for the Alutiiq

language, which is spoken mainly in the following towns and villages:

KONIAG ALUTUQ CHUGACH ALUTIIQ

Kodiak Island Kenai Peninsula

Ouzinkie English Bay

Old Harbor Port Graham

Akhiok Seldovia

Karluk Prince William Sound

Larsen Bay Chenega (uninhabited since tidal wave) Port Lions Tatitlek

Alaska Peninsula Cordova

Perryville

Chignik

Port Heiden

Pilot Point

This dictionary contains much of the conversational vocabulary of

the Kodiak Island dialects; much of this vocabulary is also used,

sometimes with small differences in pronunciation, in the Alaska Peninsula

dialects, which together with the Kodiak dialects form the Koniag branch

of the Alutiiq language. On the preceding page, we give the letters of the Alutiiq alphabet with an example to show how they are pronounced. The letters are the same as those used in the English alphabet, except that certain of the letters are pronounced quite differently from the way they are in English.

6 This is because Alutiiq has some sounds that are not found in English,

and in order to write these sounds, we take a few letters of the English

alphabet and give them a different pronunciation so as to be able to write

all the sounds in the Alutiiq language. There are five letters that have especially different sounds in Alutiiq: ~, ~, ~. S' £. If you learn the

Alutiiq pronunciation of these letters, you will find it fairly easy to

read Alutiiq. Also, you should learn the pronunciation of the digraphs

11 and !!:.S..

First, let us take a look at the vowels used in Alutiiq. These are

~, ~. 1.. and~. (The vowel .2. is used in only one Russian loan word in

this dictionary: patlouskaaq 'solar plexus'.) Each vowel has only one basic sound in Alutiiq, unlike English, where each vowel may be pronounced

in many different ways. The vowel a is similar to the a in English wh~t;

compare Alutiiq gw~ni 'here', or when long, as in f~ther, compare Alutiiq

taata 'father'. The vowel e is similar to the ~ in English tick~t; compare

Alutiiq k~tmi 'downhill, out in the open'. But notice that Alutiiq ~ is not like the English 'short~' sound, as in 'p~t'. For those of you who

read Russian, Alutiiq ~ is something like Russian~. Thus, ena 'house' would be written in Russian letters ~Ha. Alutiiq1. sounds something like

English ee or Russian H, as in imaq 'ocean', in Russian letters HMaR •

Alutiiq ~ sounds something like English 00 or Russian y, as in una 'this

one', in Russian letters YHa.

There are also two special vowel combinations which should be

learned:

ai aigaq 'hand'

au auk 'blood'

As for the consonants, the letter c is used in Alutiiq for the

sound which is something like ch in English or Russian q, as in caqiq

7 'something'. Notice also the combination ces (like Russian U), as in macestaq 'coal', The double letter 11 is pronounced with a sound not

found in English, which can easily be remembered by thinking of the

word elltuq 'it is letting off steam or air', since this sound is made

by letting out air from the mouth along the sides of the tongue. Notice

also the combination tell, as in tekitellraa 'he arrived'.

The letter S' as in qayaq 'boat', is similar to 1, except that it

is made farther back in the throat, by raising the back of the tongue

to touch the back of the roof of the mouth, where the uvula hangs. Be

sure not to confuse this letter with ~!

Compare the sound of 1 and S in these words:

(all'inguq) iingaq , (one) eye'

(mal 'uk) iingak ' (two) eyes'

kaugyaq 'fox'

qaugyaq 'sand'

tak'uq 'it's long'

taq'uq 'it's done'

The letters ~ and ~ represent sounds which are not found in

English, but they are very frequent in Alutiiq words, so it is

important to learn them well. The consonant ~ is made at the same place

in the mouth as English~. However, there is an important difference.

Whereas the breath is completely blocked in making the English~, the

Alutiiq ~ is made with the breath passing continuously through the opening

formed between the tongue and the roof of the mouth. The sound produced

is very much like Russian X • Thus gagtuq 'it is rough' would be written in Russian characters as xaxTY~. Notice also the combinations keg (like Russ{an KX) , as in kegluku, 'bite it' and qeg as in maqegluku 'carry it on one's shoulder'.

8 Alutiiq £, as in ,arnaq 'woman', is similar to~, except that it is made further back in the throat. In fact, £ is made in the same location in the mouth as S' described above, but it is smoother and

continuous, like the~. For those who have studied German or Parisian

French, Alutiiq £ is something like the £ in these languages. Here are

some pairs of words showing the contrast of ~ and £:

agyaq 'star'

arya'aq 'young lady'

igua 'I'm swallowing'

irua 'his leg'

Notice also the combination~, as in angqertuq 'it hurts'.

You will probably find that it is not difficult to read A1utiiq

once you have learned the sounds of the letters given above: the vowels

a, e, i, U; and the consonants c, 11, q, g, r. So if you just want to

learn to read the dictionary, go back and review the sounds of the

letters. However, for those who wish to learn more about the alphabet,

we include a section on the voiceless consonants.

Voiceless Consonants

To get the idea of what is meant by the word voiceless, say the

sound of 1 as in liitaa 'he's learning it'. Touch your voicebox when

you say it. You can feel it vibrating. Now say the sound of 11 as in

lliigaa 'he is putting it down', and touch your voicebox. This time,

there is no vibration. This vibration we call voice, so we say that

1 is voiced but 11 is voiceless.

The consonants ~, ~, and E£ (pronounced as in English siQ&) also

have voiceless companions which are written with h in front of them.

9 For example, compare the ~ in arnaq 'woman' with the hn in arhnaq

'sea otter'. Note that hn is said with air coming through the nose-­ you can feel it if you put your hand in front of your nose. Compare also the sound of m as in ermigwik 'washbasin' with hm as in arhmasut 'tomcod eggs', and the sound of ~ as in angun 'old man' with hng as in tuquhnguaraa 'he's pretending to kill it'.

The voiceless consonants hm, hn, hng are frequently found following voiceless consonants, whereas their voiced equivalents seldom are.

For this reason, hm, hn, hng are written without the h (that is, as

(m, ~, ~) when they follow.E., !.' ~, .9.., 11, and~, as in:

ikna 'that one' (not ikhna)

taqmak 'dress' (not taqhmak)

ellminek 'himself, herself',

H is also dropped following voiceless e:

legtemi 'in the den'

penaq , cliff'

penguq 'hill'

Note also that the vowel e can be voiceless. In such cases, it does not have a distinctive sound of its own, but sounds like breath released from the mouth, without voice. Notice how the e is pronounced in the following words:

agut~kutaraa 'she's going to take him along'

Alu'utiicestun 'in Aleut'

niskeka 'I heard him'

iga~ka 'I wrote it'

mit'ellria 'it landed'

10 These are most of the things you will need to learn to become a fluent reader of Alutiiq. There are other things which may be learned in the study of Alutiiq, but they are best learned in a classroom situation.

11 DICTIONARY FORMAT

This dictionary is designed to be a guide to using the Alutiiq

language as it is spoken on Kodiak Island. Since this is a conversational dictionary of Kodiak Island Alutiiq, no attempt was made to include all

English words, especially those not common in the spoken language.

Therefore, if the reader does not find the translation for a given

English word in this dictionary, he should look under a more common

conversational equivalent or a related word; for example, to find

comprehend, look under understand; if the equivalent expression is a

phrase, he should look under the main word in the phrase; for example,

to find fetch (= go get) look under either ~ or ~.

Grammatical information about the Alutiiq word is included in the

form of subglosses. All information is given in the form of complete

words; no bases or other morphemes are given, so as not to confuse

people who are not familiar with linguistics. One purpose of this

introduction is to allow people who are interested in this language from

a linguistic standpoint to extract the base from a given word, as well as

information about word classes and other information about unpredictable

morphology and syntactic usage. The reader should keep in mind, however,

that the coverage of such information is incomplete in this dictionary;

hopefully, these topics will be given full treatment in the comprehensive

Alutiiq dictionary.

12 Stems, Bases,Postbases, Endings, and Enclitics

Before going into categories of words and how they are treated in the dictionary, explanation of some of the basic terminology used to discuss word structure is in order. The stem of a word is the smallest portion of the word to which endings may be directly attached; it may be composed of more than one morpheme, but always begins the word.

A base is any portion of a word to which endings may be directly attached; thus the base of the word may be its stem, or its stem plus one or more suffixes.

Suffixes which precede the ending of a word are called postbases.

Thus, a base plus a postbase results in a longer base. At the end of the word proper is one and only one ending (this ending may be zero), which denotes person, number, transitivity, mood, and case. Following the word proper, and separated from it by a hyphen, there may be one or more enclitics. Most of the enclitics denote interrogativity or emphasis.

For example, the word Agkutartuten-qaa? 'Are you going to go?' is composed of a stem age- 'go' (which is also a base), plus the postbase -kutar-

'be going to ___ ', plus the ending -tuten 'you' (which all together form the word proper agkutartuten 'you are going to go'), plus the enclitic

-qaa, which indicates a yes-or-no question.

Order of Entries

Many of the entries are phrases in English. These are entered under the main word or words in the phrase, so that quite a few are entered in more than one place in the dictionary. In some cases more information may be found under another English translation, and the

13 reader is referred to another entry. When there are a number of entries under one main English heading, the most basic words or phrases are given first, followed by other phrases in which the head word appears. For an example of how this works, see the main entry g£, where we see first the word that means 'go' or 'walk', and then a number of other Alutiiq words meaning going in a certain way, a certain direction, and so on, and following those, some entries in which the word 'go' is not the first main word in the entry, starting with 'ask somone to g£ with one'. Note that each group of entries, separated by a space, has the same base in all the forms.

Syllable Weight

In Alutiiq, vowel pairs are not necessarily longer than Single vowels.

Both may be long or short (except that the vowel e is always short). For this reason, the difference between single vowels and vowel pairs is described in terms of syllable weight. Syllables having single vowels are called light syllables and syllables having vowel pairs are called heavy syllables. In native Alutiiq words, all heavy syllables, as well as light syllables which are stressed by virtue of their position in the word, are short if closed but long if open. In Russian words, how­ ever, some closed heavy and light stressed syllables are irregularly long in closed syllables. Such irregular length is indicated in the dictionary by putting an accent (/) over the irregularly lengthened vowel. For example, the word pal&tkaaq 'tent' has an irregularly long ~.

The accent mark is also used over the vowels of open syllables in

Russian words to show that the syllable is unpredictably stressed and lengthened. For example, the word saangapalfiwaq 'swallow' has irregular stress and lengthening on the syllable lu; normally the stress would fall on ~.

14 Except in the first syllable of a word~ there is a phonetic difference between light and heavy closed syllables. If the first syllable of a word is closed~ however~ there is no phonetic difference between heavy and light ~, !, and~. Therefore~ one cannot tell whether the vowel is morphologically single or double unless he can find another word having the same stem with an open first syllable. Then if this open syllable is short~ the vowel is single~ but if the syllable is stressed and long, the vowel is double. Rather than impose the morphological spelling on initial syllables of stems, we have decided instead to simply write initial syl­ lables with single vowels when they are short, and with double vowels when they are long. This also allows us to write Russian words having irregularly long closed first syllables with double vowels. For example, paankaaq 'can' has a long ~ in the first syllable, but a short ~ in the second syllable.

According to what was said above, when the first syllable of a word listed in the dictionary is closed and has single ~, !, or ~, a word with the same stem may have a double vowel if the first syllable is open.

In these cases, a subgloss or example is given in which the first syllable is open, and has a double vowel, for example lagluni 'dig', stem laag-, as shown by the subgloss laagai 'he is digging them up', The same thing is true of the words lla 'outside' and gwi 'I, me'; underlyingly, these have double vowels, but the length does not show up unless an ending or enclitic of the shape -CV( .. ) is added.

Dropped Consonants

The consonants £ and £ are sometimes obligatorily, sometimes optionally dropped before a single vowel. When a word has a dropped

15 consonant the identity of this consonant can be determined if there is a form derived from the same stem in which a vowel pair follows the consonant, in which case the missing consonant shows up at the head of that syllable. Such forms are given wherever possible in the dictionary.

For example, the dropped consonant in the word mal'uk 'two' is shown by the following form malruat 'the second one'.

----Nouns Nouns are given in the absolutive case, which is the case used for naming things and people, among other uses. Most nouns are cited in their singular form. Quite a few nouns are usually used in their plural form, especially when possessed, translating in English as singular.

These are given as a choice, singular or plural, for example:

ladder: daapaq or tr'aapat

A few nouns occur only in their plural or dual forms with singular meaning, for example:

music: cauyat (plural)

scissors: nuusicuak (dual)

Noun Stems

Nouns in their absolutive singular forms may end in a vowel, ~, ~, or~. All non-possessed nouns cited ending in ~ as well as numerals ending in n are in their absolutiv'e plural form. Some nouns cited in their,dual forms are also given with dual ending, such as -gka ('my two ___s') to show that the final -k is not part of the stem.

16 Of nouns ending in a vowel, most end in~. A few of these, referring to people of an older generation--parents, godparents, grandparents, aunts, and uncles, for example maama 'mother' and taata 'father'--act as though they ended in S' except in the non-possessed absolutive singular. Of the remaining nouns ending in~, all but a few, such as nuna 'land' and erina 'voice' have stems ending in~, for example quta

'beach', stem qute-; neqa 'food', stem neqe-. The stems of nun a and erina end in a.

Nouns whose absolutive singular ends in ~ have stems ending in -te, for example pikiyun 'present', stem pikiyute-.

Most nouns whose absolutive singular ends in ~ have stems ending in

~, for example iqalluk 'fish', stem iqallug-.

Most nouns whose absolutive singular ends in S have stems ending in

£, for example qayaq 'boat', stem qayar-. The major exception to this rule is found with nouns ending in -teq. Of these, nouns of the shape

(C)Vteq have stems ending in £; otherwise, all such nouns have stems ending in teo For example, the stem of nateq 'floor' is nater-, but the stem of cuuteq 'ear' is cuute-. In the case of nouns like cuuteq the alternate absolutive singular ending cun is rare; monosyllable nouns ending in n are avoided. In fact, all other nouns whose stems end in teq may have absolutive singular forms ending in -'n· for example, pikiyun 'present' may also be pikiyuteq, and legta 'den', stem legte- may also be legteq. Also, a few nouns ending in S originally had stems ending in vowels, of which the main survival is the preser- vation of the original stem in certain absolutive possessed forms, for example iruq 'leg', iruka 'my leg' rather than *iruqa.

17 On the stems ending in £ and £t the distinction is made between those whose final consonant is weak, that is, the final £ or £ will drop before

any non-possessed noun ending; and those whose final consonant is strong,

that is, the final £ or £ does not drop before non-possessed noun endings

such as the ablative ending -mek/-nek, and whose non-possessed absolutive

dual and plural forms either preserve the £ or £, or show some irregularity

due to the fact that the final consonant was preserved at an earlier

stage of the language, and has now dropped out. It should be noted,

however, that all stems and nearly all postbases ending in £ or £ may

optionally be treated as if their final consonantS were weak.

All stems ending in ~ and er are strong stems, for example, nateq

'floor', stem nater-, ablative singular natermek 'of the floor', plural natret 'floors'. Stems ending in i£ and ~ are strong, for example

iqalluk 'fish', iqallugmek (or iqallumek) 'a fish"l, plural iqalluut

(also iqallut) 'fish'. Stems ending in ~ are usually weak, for example

iqsak 'hook', ablative singular iqsamek (or iqsagmek) 'a hook', plural

iqsat (rarely iqsiit) 'fish hooks'. Stems ending in ar, ir, and ur are almost always weak, for example arnaq 'woman', ablative singular arnamek 'a woman', plural arnat 'women'. Almost all the surviving stems with strong £ have dropped consonants, for example uswiillraaq 'child', ablative singular uswiillra'armek 'a child', plural uswiillraraat.

Locational Nouns

A limited subclass of nouns is called locational nouns. These nouns

refer to a positional or temporal relationship to some entity; thus, they are usually possessed, the possessor being the entity to whom the

18 relationship being described exists. For example, qainga 'on (top of) it' literally means 'its surface', and acaa 'under it' literally means

'the area underneath it' or 'the under side of it'. All the relational nouns given in this dictionary have stems ending in ar, i, ~,~. The following chart shows the relationship of the stems to the possessed forms cited in the dictionary:

Possessed form Stem ending in: ending in: Example

· .aa · .ar- qukaa 'the middle of it', stem qukar-

· .ia · .i- akia 'the side opposite it', stem aki- (but note acaa (not *acia), stem aci-)

· .ua · .u- iqua 'the end of it', stem iqu-

.. ii · .e- senii 'the side of it', stem sene-

· .ainga · .ai- qainga 'the top of it', stem qai-

• .uunga · .uu- cuunga 'the front of it', stem. cuu-

A variety of derived bases are also given where these are found, for examples see under front.

Demonstratives and Personal Pronouns

Knowledge of the demonstratives is essential in conversational

Alutiiq, so their coverage in this dictionary is fairly compJete.

There are two terms used in the dictionary that are essential in learning how to use the demonstrative system: restricted and extended. Generally speaking, a restricted demonstrative is used where you can point at the object or person without having to move your finger; that is, the object or person is located in a specific place, and not moving along

19 so that one would have to trace a path to describe its position. The extended demonstrative is used where you are referr~ng to an area or to a moving object or person, so that you would move or wave your hand in pointing to it. These two categories are distinguished in here, there, over there (across there), up there, and down there. (The third type of demonstrative, which is referred to as obscured, refers to an object which is out of sight or obscured by distance. In most cases, it is obvious from the definition of the demonstrative that it refers to something obscured, for example behind, out (along the seacoast), upstairs, downstairs.)

Each demonstrative has two bases, the demonstrative adverb base and the demonstrative pronoun base. The demonstrative adverbs refer to position or motion, translating in English as 'here' or 'there', whereas the demonstrative pronouns refer to an object or person located at a place,- translating as 'this' or 'that'. The demonstrative adverbs are sometimes irregular in form, so that all the occurring forms are given in the dictionary. Of special note is the plain or interjectional form, which does not occur with all demonstrative adverbs, and is usually used to form a non-verbal sentence such as Tawa'i kalikat 'There are the papers'.

The demonstrative pronouns are given in three forms: (1) the absolutive singular, which is a unique form, such as taugna 'that one';

(2) the relative singular, from which the stem of the rest of the singular cases' can be found by removing the final -m, for example taug'um or taum

'of that one', stem taug'u- or tau-; and (3) the absolutive plural, from which the stem of the dual and plural forms of the pronoun can be

20 found by removing the final -t, for example, taugkut 'those', stem taugku-.

Similarly, the personal pronouns are given in their locative singular and plural forms, from which the stem of the singular, dual and plural forms of the pronoun can be found by removing the final -ni. For an example, see under I and we.

Verbs

Verbs are cited with third person subordinative endings, which are summarized here for reference:

Intransitive Transitive (marked for subject) (marked for object)

positive negative positive negative sg. -(l)luni -(g)kunani -(l)luku -(g)kunaku dual -(l)lutek -(g)kunatek -(l)lukek -(g)kunakek pI. -(l)luteng -(g)kunateng -(l)luki -(g)kunaki

The singular positive endings (-luni or -luku) are usually given; the negative endings are used when a verb is used only negatively or has a special negative meaning; and the dual and plural endings are used where the singular is inappropriate, for example:

go overboard (do it up big): palartegkunani

(they) separate: pegullutek

The third person forms are not specific as to animateness or gender.

Thus third person forms can be translated in English with the pronouns he, him; she, her; or it, depending on the referent. In glossing verbs,

21 however, no subject pronoun is given in English, and the third person singular object is usually given as 'it' unless it would seem more natural

to use 'him' or 'her'. For example, tangerlluni is glossed as 'see' rather than 'he sees, she sees, it sees'; and tangerlluku is glossed as

'see it' rather than 'see him, see her, see it'; but pucuurluku is glossed as 'kiss him' rather than 'kiss it'.

Verb Bases

Since most verbs are given with positive subordinative endings, we will first give the rules for deducing the base from forms with these

endings. For the most part, if the verb ends in a positive subordinative

ending with llu •. , that is, -lluni, -lluku, etc., the base form of the verb may be found by replacing this ending with te, for example qamlluku

'turn it off', base qamte-. If the verb ends in -plluni, -klluni, or

-qlluni, then the base may end in -pe-, -ke-, -qe-, or in -pte-, -kte-

or -qte-. In these cases, stems ending in -te- are indicated by giving an example in which the ~ appears. For example, maklluni 'get up',

base makte-, is given with the example maktuq 'he got up'. Otherwise,

the reader may assume that there is no stem-final ~, e.g., eklluni

'get in', base eke-. Also, of verbs ending in C C elluni, where C l 2 2 is k or q, the base is found by removing the ending, e.g., mingqelluni

'sew', base mingqe-.

There are a few cases where the verb ends in ll'u .. ; in these

cases there are two possibilities: (1) the verb base may end in 'e

for example mill'uni 'land', base mit'e-; or (2) the verb base may end

in -llte-, for example all'uni (-ku) 'fight', base allte-. In these

22 cases the base is indicated either by a subgloss or a form given in one of the examples.

If the verb ends in an ending with -lu •• , that is, -luni, -luku, etc.

(with only one 1), there are four possibilities. (1) If the preceding letter is a vowel, then the base can be found by removing the ending, for example cukaluni, base cuka-. One exception is ul 'uni 'overflow', base ule-. (2) If the preceding letter is ~ or~, then the base can be found by removing the ending unless there is only one syllable preceding the ending, which has the form (C)Vg or (C)Vr, for example qilugluni 'bark', base qilug-, and iterluni 'enter', base iter-. (3) If the preceding letter is other than ~ or ~, or if there is only one syllable preceding the ending, which has the form (C)Vg or (C)Vr, then the base can be found by removing the ending and adding ~, except as noted in cases

(2) and (4), for example aqumluni 'sit down', base aqume-, and agluni

'go', base age-. Exceptions to this rule are merluni (-ku) 'drink', base mer-, and lerluni 'fart', base ler-.

It may be helpful to view the same information the other way around in chart form:

Stem ending in Positive subordinative form ending in

V- Vluni, -ku, where V is a, i, u :} :} luni, -ku VCe- VCluni, -ku, where C is not t

te- lluni, -ku

23 There are surface changes due to the fact that 1 is devoiced after a voiceless consonant and e is inserted to break up clusters of three consonants.

Only a few verbs are cited exclusively with a negative subordinative ending; in these, the base may be found by removing -(g)kuna .• , for example, palartegkunani 'go overboard', base palarte-.

Transitivity

At the cost of being repetitious, we have tried to indicate in the dictionary whenever verbs could be used intransitively, transitively, or both. However, it is likely that in some cases full information is not given because a given verb is rarely used intransitively or transitively, but such omissions are not deliberate. Alutiiq verbs can be divided into four categories with respect to transitivity: they are intransitive-only verbs, subject-focused verbs, topic-focused verbs, and objective verbs.

1. Intransitive-only verbs are those which occur excl~sively with intransitive endings, for example miklluni 'be small', and anluni

'go out, leave', but not iterluni 'enter'/iterluku 'enter it,.2

2. Subject-focused verbs are those which can occur with either intransitive or transitive endings, and in which the subject of the verb used intransitively corresponds with the subject of the verb used transi­ tively. For example, nerluni 'eat'/nerluku 'eat it' is subject-focused, because in the sentences

Piugta ner'uq. The dog is eating.

Piugtem neraa. The dog is eating it. the subjects correspond, even though they occur in different cases. This class of verbs is perhaps the most numerous.

24 3. Topic-focused verbs occur transitively and mayor may not occur intransitively. If they do occur intransitively, then the subject of the intransitive verb corresponds to the object of the transitive verb, 3 both of which are in the absolutive case. For example, yuugarlluni

'break off suddenly'/yuugarlluku 'break it off suddenly' is topic­

focused, because in the sentences

Puunga yuugartuq. Its handle broke off.

Uswiillraraam puunga yuugartaa. The child broke its handle off.

the subject of the intransitive verb corresponds to the object of the

transitive verb. In both cases the question "what had something happen

to it?" is answered by "its handle".

Another type of topic-focused verb is that in which the intransitive verb has a reflexive or reciprocal meaning, that is, the subject acting on himself or the subjects acting on one another. For example, compare

the following sentences:

Nukallpiaq tuqutuq. The man killed himself.

Taqukaraam nukallpiaq tuqutaa. The bear killed the man.

Uswiillraaq urturtuq. The child is washing himself.

Arnam urturaa uswiillraaq. The woman is washing the child.

As before, the subject of the first sentence corresponds with the object

of the second sentence. In this dictionary, such verbs are cited in their

transitive forms only; the reader may assume that any verb which is given

only with a transitive ending may be used intransitively in a reflexive

sense,·unless such a reflexive use would not make sense, or be useful.

Whereas it might not make sense to speak of the subject acting on

himself, it may make sense to speak of subjects acting on one another.

25 For example, compare the following sentences:

Taugkuk pucuurtuk. Those two are kissing (each other).

Nukallpiam arnaq pucuuraa. The man is kissing the woman.

Here it is not possible to make a direct correlation between the subject of the intransitive sentence and the object of the transitive sentence.

It would not make sense to say, for example,

*Arnaq pucuurtuq. The woman is kissing herself.

As a rule, if a verb can be used intransitively with a reciprocal sense in English, it is possible to do so in Alutiiq also.

Returning to the first pair of sentences, we can see that there is a kind of connection possible with the second pair. The intransitive form yuugarlluni is used in a way similar to the reflexive usage:

Puunga yuugartuq. 'Its handle broke off.' might by way of comparison be translated 'its handle broke itself off', except that in English we do not speak of inanimate objects acting on themselves. Instead, we say that something happened to them. Thus the following relationship between the three subtypes of topic-focused verbs discussed in this section:

Intransitive Transitive

something happened to an object do something to an object

do something to oneself do something to another person

do something to one another do something to another person

Many subject-focused and topic-focused verbs have corresponding intransitive-only forms whose base ends in -(u)te- or -i-. Examples of such pairs are:

ikugluku 'find it'

ikuulluni 'find some'

26 eglluku 'throw it away'

egciluni 'throw some away, throw things away'

4. Objective verbs are those which take transitive endings with third person singular subject only, and where the object of the verb in

Alutiiq corresponds to the subject of the verb in English. These verbs are easily recognizable by the fact that they have transitive endings whereas the English gloss is intransitive, and also by the fact thay they refer to a state caused by an exterior circumstance such as the weather or the passage of time, for example usulluku 'person is cold (due to being in cold surroundings)'.

Adjectival Verbs

A majority of intransitive verbs belong to the subcategory called adjectival verbs. These verbs usually translate into English as an adjective with a form of the verb 'be', for example kawirluni 'be red'.

They are distinguished from other intransitive verbs by having a special participial (noun) form with the ending -sqaq or -lnguq, for example kawisqaq 'red (one)'. There are a few intransitive verbs which translate into English as adjectives but are not adjectival in Alutiiq, for example kaigluni 'be hungry', participial form kaillria(q) 'hungry (one)', which has the usual intransitive participial ending. Therefore, in this dictionary, the fact that a verb is adjectival is shown by giving the adjectival participial in parentheses following the form with a subordinative ending, unless the adjectival verb ends with some recog­ nizable suffix which forms adjectival verbs. The following list includes most of these suffixes with their approximate meanings; verbs with

27 these endings are cited in the dictionary without giving the participial form.

With Subordinative Ending With Participial Ending Approximate Meaning

-narluni -nasqaq 'liable to (cause one (or -narqelluni) to) •.. ~

-nainani -nailnguq 'not liable to (cause one to) ". -nirluni -nisqaq 'good to ...

-niinani -niilnguq 'not good to ..• '

-yugluni -yusqaq 'for the moment, at a particular time'

-tarluni -tasqaq 'all the time, by nature'

-tainani -tailnguq 'not all the time, not .0' by nature'

-ngaluni -ngasqaq 'look like

-ngainani -ngailnguq 'not look like ... '

-(S)ngalUni} -(s)ngasqaj 'be in state or -(u)maluni -(u)masqaq position'

-yuluni -yusqaq 'be good at

-yuinani -yuilnguq 'not be good at •.

-lguluni -lgusqaq 'have lots of

-nruluni -nrusqaq 'be •.. able'

-tuluni -tusqaq 'positive attribute, large amount'

-kinani -kilnguq 'negative attribute, small amount'

-keglluni} -kegtesqaq} 'well, good' -qeglluni -qegtesqaq

-llugluni } -llusqaq } 'poorly, bad' -lluglluni -llugtesqaq

-illuni -ilnguq 'negative; not, no'

28 It can be seen from the above chart that many of the suffixes come in pairs, positive and negative, with the negative suffix ending in

-(i)nani (-(i)lnguq). To avoid unnecessary repetition in the dictionary, only the positive form is given unless the negative form has a special meaning, because the negative forms can be easily and freely constructed.

The following table lists predictable positive and negative pairs:

Positive Negative

-narluni -nainani

-nirluni -niinani

-tarluni -tainani

-ngaluni -ngainani

-yuluni -yuinani

-tuluni - k'J.nanJ. ,4 4 -keglluni -llugluni

Thus for example piturnirluni 'taste good' is given in the aictionary, but piturniinani 'taste bad' is not. For this reason, if a negative expression is not found in the dictionary, the reader should look up the corresponding positive expression.

Certain adjectival verbs come in rather predictable groups based on an adjectival root. For an example of this type of group or family of words, see envy. The adjectival root of this family of stems is cikna-. With most of these families, all of the following suffixes may be used with the root:

29 -yugluni or -luni for the moment, at a particular time'

-tarluni all the time, by nature'

-klluku or -qlluku with regard to him/her/it'

-narluni 'be liable to cause one to .•• , be ••• able' as well as the predictable negative forms -tainani and -nainani. Note especially the difference in meaning be't'ween -yugluni, which denotes a momentary state of mind, and -tarluni, which denotes a habitual state of mind or a temperamental quality, for example ukgeryugluni 'believe

(at a given moment)' and ukgertarluni 'be a believer'.

Stative Forms

Most verbs can be changed into adjectival verbs with the meaning of 'be in a state or position' by the addition of the suffixes -(s)nga- or -(u)ma-, for example qiuglluni 'become curly', stative form qiugngaluni 'be curly'. For the most part, these stative forms are predictable, but a few forms that are not predictable are given in the dictionary, for example aqumluni 'sit down', stative form aqum'aluni or aqumgaluni 'be sitting'. The following chart summarizes the formation of these statives.

Stems ending in Statives ending in

V- Vmaluni g CV CVumaluni where V is a, i, u r g (C)VV CVV'umaluni r g VCe r vC;}umaluni g CCe r cce~umaluni Ce- Cumaluni, where C is not t

Vte- Vsngaluni

30 Cte- Cesngaluni (alternatively sometimes C(')ngaluni for any C except g, r)

~te- ;}ngaluni

Example Stative Form

iniluku 'hang it' inimaluni 'be hung'

mellarluni 'get plugged up' mellaumaluni 'be plugged up'

lagluku 'dig it' laa'umaluni 'be dug up'

imegluku 'roll it up' imgumaluni 'be rolled up'

pugluni 'swell up' pugumaluni 'be swollen'

tekilluni 'arrive' tekisngaluni 'be there, have arrived'

neplluni 'stick (to nepesngaluni 'be stuck (to something)' something)'

tatarlluku' 'fill it' tatarngaluni 'be full'

Relative Appositive Forms

There are a number of verbs (most of which have stems ending in te) which could be called positional verbs because they refer to getting into a position, and they have stative forms which refer to being in that position, for example nangarlluni 'stand up', stative nangarngaluni

'be standing'. These ver.bs also occur in relative appositive forms, which are given in this dictionary because they are sometimes irregular.

These are given in their third person forms as pairs separated by double slashes. The first member of the pair is used when it is in apposition to the subject of the sentence, and the second member is used in apposition to the object of the sentence. Thus, the relative appositive forms given for nangarlluni are nangarmi//nangaan 'standing'. These

31 may be used in sentences like the following:

Nangarmi piturtuq. He is eating standing up.

Tuquneq nangaan lliikii. He put the corpse down in a standing position.

Relative appositive forms are found with a few other common words, such as tamarmeng//tamaita 'all (of them)' and kiimi//kesiin 'alone, only'.

Causatives

Another very common derived form which should be mentioned here is the causative form of a verb base. In the case of topic-focused verbs, the base used transitively may be a causative of the base used intransi- tively, e.g. quplluni 'split', quplluku 'split it, cause it to split'.

With many other verbs a causative base is formed by adding -te- to an intransitive verb base, e.g. aimluni '(stick) breaks', aimlluku 'break it (stick)'. Such forms are given in the dictionary. In other cases the causative is regularly formed by the postbase -ceste- (after ~, dropping the te, and after a consonant) or -gkwar- (elsewhere, i.e. after a vowel but not after te). Thus for example compare the following pairs of words:

leglluku '(food) burns' legceslluku 'burn it (food)'

piturluni 'drink' piturceslluku 'make him drink'

qallaluni 'boil' qallagkwarluku 'boil it'

Such predictable causatives are not necessarily indicated in the dictionary.

Note that there may be more than one causative possible, one with a more specialized meaning.

32 tuquluni 'die' tuqugkwarluku 'cause him to die, let him die' tuqulluku 'kill him'

Continuative Forms

Many verbs, especially those referring to motion or work, have special continuative forms, found with a variety of suffixes which are often not predictable. Therefore, these continuative forms are given in the dic- tionary wherever they have been found, unless the base of the verb ends in -te-, since all bases ending in -te- may have continuative forms ending in -qe- or -qur-. The distinction between non-continuative and 6 continuative verb bases is difficult to translate exactly into English.

The non-continuative forms are used where there is no emphasis on the continuity or duration of a motion or action, whereas the continuative forms are used where it is emphasized that a motion or action is continuous or repeated. The following examples should give some idea of the contrast involved:

Example Continuative Form tengluni 'fly, take off' tengaurluni 'fly around, fly along' qecengluni 'run, start running' qec'ngallualuni 'run around, run along' iqlluluni 'lie' iqlluurluni 'keep on lying' keligluku 'scrape it (off)' keligturluku 'scrape it continuously, (may be with repeated actions scrape it repeatedly' (emphasis on but with emphasis on completion) repetition) keglluku 'bite it (off)' keghmarluku 'bite it repeatedly, bite it allover'

33 NOTES

1. The ablative case has a partitive function as well as translating 'from, off of, out of'.

2. There is a special transformation which occurs with the verbs of perception (especially 'see' and 'hear') whereby it is possible to say an1uku: "Tangqeka an1uku. I saw him go out." Even in this case, how­ ever, the verb is still under1yingly intransitive.

3. The subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, occurring in the abso1utive case, are called the topic of the sentence in the Central Yupik grammar, hence the name topic-focused. The topic of the sentence may be defined as that which answers the question "what (Who) had something happen to it (him, her)?"

4. Both members of these pairs are usually given in the dictionary since they translate with different English words.

5. For the behavior of the dropped consonant see section N.

6. This contrast is somewhat similar to that of the Russian aspect system; in fact, its nature may have been influenced by Russian contact.

34 against hit it against something: piqrulluku move against something: mallgulluku, mamilgulluku A put, move it against something: malleglluku

ago a little while ago: gwaniq ABC's: aapit long ago: qangiq above it: qulii agree, go along with something: ugayugluni accident agree with it: ugaklluku have an accident, get into trouble: piruyagluni agreeable have an accident: ka'ugllugluni (situation) is agreeable: uganarluni do it by accident: pingnaqeg- kunani ahead: see before do it to him by accident: pingnaqegkunaku aim it, aim at it: iimiulluku or qinrulluku accordion: karmuuniat air accuse him: paciluku get air (especially after being keep on accusing him: paciurluku inside a banya: unguakaa'irluni ace: tusaq airstrip: migwik act airplane: tengausqaq act like that: tawaten ang'aluni; tawaten elliurluni akutaq: akutaq make akutaq: akuciluni actually: cunang Alaska: Al~skaaq add on to it: ilaluku keep adding to it: ilaurluku alder: uqgwik addition: ila'aq chopped-up alders: kenerkiuwat dead alder: tuqulineq adept be adept: pawigluni (pawisqaq) there are no alders, it is tundra: cainani adopted child: pilinguaq Aleut (person): Alutiiq afraid be afraid: alingluni Aleut (from the Aleutian Islands): be afraid of it: aliklluku Taya'uq again: cali alive: unguwarmi//ungugaan be alive: unguwaluni it is alive: ungugauq 35 all annoy all of it: tamarmi/tamiin be annoyed (by mischievous beha­ vior): qapigyugluni get some allover oneself: uragluni always be annoyed (by mischievous get some allover it: uragluku behavior): qapigtarluni be all right, acceptable: uganarluni be annoyed at it (mischievous feel it is all right, go along with behavior): qapiklluku it: ugaklluku be annoying, mischievous: qapignarluni alone: kiimi//kesiin another one: alIa along go along with him, see eye to - answer: kiuluni eye with him: ugaklluku answer him: kiuluku be willing to go along or get answer back: kium'aluni along: ugayugluni answer him back: kium'aluku always go along, be easy going: anxious ugatarluni be anxious, worried: tayaluni be easy to get along with: uganarluni any (they) get along together: any kind: cakucinginaq ugal'a'ullutek any number: qaugcinginaat get along with him: ugal'aglluku anyone of them: nalinginaat alphabet: apitniiq any way: picaatun also: cali anyone, anybody: kinanginaq amaze anything: caqinginaq be amazed, surprised: cupuglluni any way, (going) by any way: ammunition: pat~uunaq natgunnginaq among them: akuliit anywhere (located) anywhere: naninginaq anchor, weight: kicantaq (headed) anywhere: natmennginaq angry (from) anywhere: nakennginaq get angry: kumeglluni get angry with him: kumgulluku apart fall apart (from being worn out): get very angry, furious: usuq'arluni kigyagluni fall apart: itumluni get very angry, furious with him: take it apart: (cloth): itumlluku kigyaulluku take it apart (e.g. an engine): animal: unguwallriaq nauglluku

anklebone: qamangaq appear, come into sight: igwarluni apple: yaplaakaaq dried apples: cuuteruat

36 April: Saqulegciq v iV, archbishop: argg r~yaq ask ask him: aplluku argue keep asking him: apqaurluku (they) argue: asuuryuullutek ask for some: sulaluni argue with him: asuuryuulluku ask for it: sulaluku ask him to come over: arm: ipi nuqlluku put it under one's arm: unerhmigluku keep asking him to come over: nuuqaurluku armpit: uneq ask him to do something: around lliimerluku around it: awatii ask someone to go with oneself: (located) around here: maani ilangcarluni (heading) around here: maa'ut ask for help: ikayungcarluni from around here: maaken (by way of) around here: maagun ask for more: ilaiturluni this one around here: man'a attach it: usgulluku of this one around here: mat'um these around here: makut attention (located) around there: give attention to it (a baby), tamaani talk or sing to it: inqelluku (heading) around there: tamaa'ut pay attention to him: nitniqlluku from around there: tamaaken (by way of) around there: August: Uksuam Iralua tamaagun that one around there: tamaana aunt of that one around there: (father's sister): acaa or acak tamaatum those around there: tamaakut (mother's sister): anaanaa go around it: awilluku arrange it, put it in order: away lliiluarluku have him get away from one: ana'iluku arrow: ruuwaq awl, punch: siilaq v ashamed axe: tupuuruq be ashamed: qikiluni ashes: paulaq aside move aside, out of the way: aw'arluni move it aside: aw'arlluku

37 baidarka (now usually used to mean 'boat'): qayaq one-hole baidarka: qayanguaq two-hole baidarka: qayarpak three-hole baidarka: paitaalek

B bail it out: imangairluku

bailer: qalun, also qalutaq

bait: narya'aq baby: uswijJLlraaq or usiillraaq bait it: nariirluku newborn baby: suuneraaq bake it: uuceslluku back (of person or animal): pequq bald backbone: iiwaq or wiiwaq get bald: meqnengluni bald spot: meqneq back from it (up slope or toward woods or wall): kelua ball: mayaciik back up: utqiarluni or kingutmiarluni bank river bank: kui' im cenii, lie on one's back: nurlluni also awatek . on one's back: nurmi banya: maqiwik make backfire: min'arluni a banya: maqiwililuni take a banya: maqiluni backwards: tunutmen baptize him: agayugkwarluku put it on backwards: kipulluku barabara: ciqlluaq bacon: piikinaq barber: susnga'ista bad be bad: asiinani barge: skaawaq look bad: tangerhniinani bark (of tree): qellteq feel bad, have feelings hurt: nekayugluni bark (dog): qilugluni make him feel bad, hurt his feelings: bark at him: qilugluku nekayuglluku feel bad about staying somewhere: barnacle: qauq kakmayugluni barrel: puckaq be in a bad mood: kumgiiyagluni baseball treat him badly: meteqlluku play baseball: mayaciigluni baffle bashful be baffled: as'arlluni be bashful: agiyugluni, also qikiluni bag carrying bag: kalngak not be bashful: qallnganarluni

38 basin, wash basin: ermigwik or beaver: paluqtaq irmigwik

y bed: engleq bass, sea bass: cirpuuk go to bed: inarqurluni bat: keneryaq, also piqertuutaq make one's bed: engleliurluni or alliqiurluni bath bedding: alliqaq take a bath: waanaarluni bedroom: qawarwik bathroom have to go to the bathroom (urinate): bee, bumblebee: uuqutiiq qursugluni have to go to the bathroom (defecate): beer: piiwaq anaqsugluni before him: cuunga (cuungani) battery: paattiiq (see also front) bawl him out, tell him off: begin: aularnirluni situugluku bawl him out (continuously): behind situugturluku behind it, in back of it, following it: tunua or kingua bay: kangiyaq located behind, in back: tunumi or kingumi BB gun: nutguaq behind there (especially be­ be hind natural obstacle): akma (located) behind there: akmani be (there): ell'uni (elnguq) (heading) behind there: akmaut from behind there: akmaken beach: quta (by way of) behind there: on the beach: qutmi akmaagun go or come to the beach (from the that one behind there: akemna water): culurlluni of that one behind there: beach it: culu'ulluku akem'um those behind there: akemkut beachcomb: qutirluni go behind there: akma'irlluni bead: piuqun or pinguaq belch: ellcarluni belch continuously: beak: cug'eq ellca'aluni bean: piincaaq believe: ukgeryugluni be a believer: ukgertarluni bear (brown bear): takuka'aq believe (in) it: ukgeqlluku be believable: ukgernarluni beat (see also win) not believe, deride, ridicule: beat someone, win: cipciluni temciklluku beat him (in competition): ciplluku beat him (in game): qakgwarluku bell: kuluk'uunaq

beat him, get there ahead of him: belly: aqsaq ingyarluku on one's belly: palurmi//paluan beat him up: nunurluku lie on one's belly: palurlluni 39 below: see also down bird, duck: saqullkaraq or below it: acaa saqullkaaq (located) down below: acimi go below it: aciirluku birth give birth to it: sugkwarluku belt: qilau'un birthday bend: perluni have a birthday: agayuluni bend it: perlluku birthmark: suuteq bend over, double up, be stooped with age: qeluluni ££ qelunga'iluni biscuit: akagtaruaq bend over backwards: qeterlluni bishop: bend forward: ikiglluni a~ggi¥iyaq bend out of shape: cangurlluni bit: ukicisuun bend it out of shape: cangurlluku bite it: keglluku berry (see specific kinds) he is biting it: kegaa bite it repeatedly: keghmarluku berry patch: nunakutaq go along eating berries: tugigluni black be black: tan'erluni beside it: nallii get black and blue: cenegluni best black eye: cenegneq the best: asinerpaaq give him a black eye: cenegnirluku better one: asinra get better: asi'iluni black out: mayuriiluni or it is getting better: asiriuq nalluq'arluni get better (from an illness): black person: Alap'aaq ilangarlluni blackberry (crowberry): auryaq Bible , or uryaq read the Bible: malitguarluni blackberry patch: isgaq bidarky, gumboot, chiton: uriitaq blackboard, desk, tablet: igarwik big be big: angluni (angesqaq) blackhead: ukraq get big: angliluni be big around, stout: llegluni blame something on him: (llegesqaq) paciluku

Bigfoot: arula'aq or aula'aq (lit. blanket: ulik runaway) -- blast, make a loud noise: bill (of bird): cug'eq meglluglluni binoculars: qinrutak bleach: qatrisuun birch: qasrulek bleed: un'arluni

4e bless him: switiirluku or bog: mecallaq swatiirluku boil, sore: aningua'aq blink: cikemyarluni blink repeatedly: cikemya'aluni boil: qallaluni boil it: qallagkwarluku blister: ra'arneq come to the boiling point get a blister: ra'arluni (characterized by a loud hissing noise and tiny block bubbles): sumingluni block of wood: pilaraaq boiled fish: kinuwaq block it: sapuluku block him in: sapulluku bola: pelluquq

blood: auk bolt of fabric: siitsaaq get a bloody nose: kakeglluni bone: neneq bloodsucking insect: melugya'aqt plural melugyaraat book: kalikat

blow: cuplluni bookkeeper: igarta blow it: cuplluku blow repeatedly, continuously: boot (especially a hip boot): cupurluni afapaq bl~w it repeatedly, continu­ hiking boot: prukanaqv ously: cupurluku long sealskin boot: ciciiciiq blow it UPt inflate it: rurluku blow one's nose: kakeglluirluni bore a hole in it: ukilluku wind blows: aqllangluni born wind starts blowing: aqllaurlluku be born: suuluni wind stops blowing: aqllaiyulluni wind blows hard: kayungluni borrow something: saimiirluni, also nagwarluni or narwarluni wind blows it: tenglluku borrow it: saimiirluku, also whistle blows: qal'irluni nagwarluku or narwarluku----

blue boss: kasa'inaq be blue: cungagluni (cungasqaq) boss him around: angayuqarua'ulluku blueberry be bossy: piuluni (piusqaq) highbush blueberry: cuawak lowbush blueberry: cuaq both of them: tamarmek// tamarkegta bluebill: alungutgwalek on both sides: atunem

boat (i.e., fishing boat): patag'uu­ bother him: qapiglluku taruaq, also kaasalinaruaq be bothersome: qapignarluni canoe-style boat, dugout: angyaq bottle: putiilkaaq go, come by boat: aywiluni baby bottle: mugsuun body surface: qaik give baby a bottle: my body: qaika am' aliluku his body: qainga 41 bottom of it: acaa breaker (wave): qalmiaq on the bottom: acimi there are breakers: qalmiarluni bottom part, lower part: atllia or aciqllia breaking arms (game): kasua'ullutek reach bottom, hit bottom: breast: mugsiiq na teql1illuni bounce (back): angiarlluni breath: anerneq

boundary, edge, end (of time): mengli! breathe: anerteqlluni bow breathe in, sigh, gasp: its bow: cuunga aneryarluni stop breathing: eplluni bow (archery): qitguyaq or ep'arlluni bowstring: qeluq or qeluutaq bridge: miraq bow, bend at the waist: cikqaqlluni bright be bright (direct light): bowl: pa~askaatinaq akirluni, also tanqigluni box: yaasiik bring boy: tan'uraq bring some (over): tailluni bring it (over): tailluku bracelet: tayarnerutaq bring some (to another place toward south): alraulluni braid it: qillerlluku bring it (to another place toward south): alraulluku brains: ilquq or ilqut bring some (to another place branch: cuyaq toward north): itraulluni bring it (to another place bread: gelipaq toward north): itraulluku fried bread: alaciq bring some across: arwiulluni bring it across: arwiulluku pan bread: legta'aq bring some back: pilot bread: suug'ariq angiyulluni bring it back: angiyulluku breadpan: listaaq bring some by boat: aywilluni big breadpan: miskaq bring it by boat: aYWilluku break: qup'arlluni bring some down: aciwaulluni bring it down: aciwaulluku break apart: nauglluni break it apart: nauglluku bring some in: itrulluni bring it in: itrulluku break, snap (for example, a stick): aimluni bring it to life: unguirluku break, snap it: aimlluku bring some out: anulluni wave breaks: qar'urluni bring it out: anulluku wave breaks on it, sweeps it away: bring it out and show it: qagerluku maniluku (boil, blister) breaks open: bring it out and show it to kellagluni him: maniwiklluku 42 bring some out to sea: bumblebee: uuqutiiq atrulluni bring it out to sea: bump: puukarluni atrulluku bump into it: puukarluku bring some up: tagulluni bring it up: tagulluku bun (hairpiece): siiskaaq bring some up (when climbing): bunchberry: lernaq mayuulluni bring it up (when climbing): burn: kualuni mayuulluku burn it: kuagkwarluku bring some up (on top of something): food burns: leglluku ugyulluni bring it up (on top of something): burp: ellcarluni ugyulluku burp continuously: ellca'aluni broke (without money) be broke: qup'arlluni bury someone, have a burial: qunguwiluni broom: kagin or kagitet bury him: qungurluku brother bush, branch: cuyaq older brother: anngaq or aningaq younger brother: uyuwaq bushy his younger brother: uyuraa be bushy (hair): rarngaluni bushy place, thicket: ilagneq bruise: cenegneq (see also black (see tangle) and blue) butter: maslaq brush butter tray: maslarwik paint brush: ktaasiiyutet scrub it with a brush: sugluku butterfly: saqulngatak or scrub the floor: suuwiluni saqalngatak scrubbing brush: suuwitet button: puukicaaq bubble: qapuk buttonfish: amruq bucket: wiit~uuq, also agalek buy some: tuulluni cold water bucket: paceshnarwik buy it: tuuluku, also hot water bucket: uqniwik igu'urluku buy something for him: bug: kinguk pikarlluku build it: canaluku by build a fire: kenliluni by it, near it: cania by oneself: allakarmi// bullet: puuliq allakaan bullhead: kayuluk or kaluyuk go by, pass some: kituulluni go by it, pass it: kiturluku bull kelp: nasquluk long end of bull kelp: nemeryaq 43 care about something: canaryugluni care about it: canaqlluku take care of it, keep an eye on it, watch out for it: tangerhniq­ lluku take care of him: carliarluku c stay and take care of him: nayurluku cache careful underground cache: pugripaq be careful, cautious (because one platform cache: qulwarwik is afraid): uluryayugluni be careful (all the time): cake: kiikeq uluryatarluni be careful with it (protecting calendar: cisllaaq or cisllaat oneself): uluryaklluku call: qayagaurluni be careful, handle with care: call him: qayagaurluku llaasurluni call repeatedly: qayagauwaluni call him repeatedly: qayagauwaluku careless be careless about what one eats: call it something, say its name, say llertainani it out loud: aperluku be careless, messy: mequuluni calm weather is calm: pinarlluni caribou: tuntuq camera: patfiitai'isuun carol, go carolling with Christmas star: slaawirluni can: paarikaaq carry five-gallon can: kaasaun carry some across: arwiulluni carry it across: arwiulluku candle: su{ckaaq carry it in one's arms: candy: kan'guitaq amarluku carry it on one's back: cane: aya'uq atmagluku canister, container: qantaq carry some down: atraulluni, also aciwaulluni cannery: faaptiikaaq, also kaanariq carry it down: atraulluku, also aciwaulluku canvas, tarp: pa~us'iinaq carry some in: itrulluni carry it in: itrulluku cap: saapkaaq carry some out: anulluni car: kaa·raq" carry it out: anulluku carry some up: tagulluni card: kaattaaq carry it up: tagulluku

carrying case (for ammunition, etc.): kamlaq

44 cartilage in fish nose: tatangquq chance have a chance, opportunity to carve wood with an axe: cakilluni do something: tekiulluni or carve it with an axe: cakilluku pakiulluni have a chance to do it: teki­ cash it (check): urqelluku lluku or pakiglluku cat: kuska.q change: cimirluni change it: cimirluku catch change one's clothes: cimi'iluni catch (something caught): pitaq change of clothes: cimi'iteq catch some (fish, animal): pill'uni change (loose money): catch it (fish, animal): pitaqlluku urqumasqat catch it (something thrown): akiq'arluku channel: anqerca'aq catch him in the act: igwa'arlluku charcoal: kianiq catch on fire: kua'arlluni charm, spell: samanaq catch hold of it: tuq'erlluku put a charm on him: samanirluku catch it, catch up with it: anguluku chase get caught in it (for example, a net): chase him: malirqarluku naplluni chase him around: maliqatuurluku get caught on something: as'arlluni chase him away: kunirluku caulk it: ka.nap'atiirluku cheap cave: qaiqunaq be cheap, inexpensive: akikinani cave in: pasiq'arluni cheat, work improperly: iqlluluni cedar cheat on it: iqlluluku red cedar: qar'usiq keep cheating: iqlluurluni yellow cedar (drift log): teptuliq keep cheating on it: iqlluurluku ceiling: k~iisaaq check celery, wild celery: ugyuun check it (out): takuluku keep checking it out: cellar, root cellar: pugr1paq" . takuurluku cent: siintaaq chest, front of body: gaateq or gaatet cereal, mush: muusaaq his chest: gaatai chest of animal, brisket: chain: siipaq or siipat cakia'at chair: aqumlleq chew: aqililuni chew it up: aqililuku chamber pot: qaaluq keep on chewing: aqiliurluni keep on chewing it: aqililiurluku chamomile: aram'aaskaaq chew on (bone, gristle): mangirluni chew on it (bone, gristle): 45 mangirluku chicken: kuulicaaq clean be clean: perinani chief: tuyuq clean up: perirca'iluni clean it: perircarluku second chief: sakaasiik clean it out (dirty utensil): chi ld: uswiillra' aq or epairluku usiillra'aq, plural:-­ clean it out (continuously): tiswiillraraat .. or usiillraraat epairturluku chin: tamluq cleaning kit for gun: sumpu~uq

Chinaman's hat (shellfish): clear sawak'iitaq sky is clear: agwailluni weather clears up, clouds open: choke: qaturluni ikirlluku choke on food: qecugilluni be clear, clean: perinani choke him, strangle him: clear it off, out: perircar­ qemilluku luku

chomp, make chomping noise: clerk: akllulegta mecarlluni click: mengqullagluni chop wood: iqiurluni, also cikllarluni cliff: penaq chop it: iqiurluku, also cikllarluku climb: mayurluni climb it: mayurluku chopped wood: iqiuwat climb on top: uglluni Christ: K~istuusaq climb on top of it: uglluku

Christian cling: neplluni be a Christian: agayumaluni cling to it: neplluku

Christmas: Afusistuaq clock: casaaq or casaat church: agayuwik close be close, near: ukaqsigluni cigarette: puyuruaq close it: patuluku circle close eyes (once): cikmirluni go in a circle: wigluni close eyes (repeatedly): (he is going in a circle: wig'uq) cikmiyaluni

clam: mamaayaq, also qamaquq or closet: aunaun or atkuun qabmaquq cloth, rag: traapkaaq razor clam: cingtaataq bolt of cloth: siitsaaq redneck clam: kawilnguq clothes: aunat or atkuut clap (once): qacaulluni clap (repeatedly): qacarqurluni something put on over clothes: qaliyaq clay: qikuq

46 clothes color: klaaskaaq put one's clothes on: qungalluni color it: k~aasiirluku or atkugluni put clothes on him: qungalluku comb: kacagcuu'utet or atkugceslluku comb it: kacagcuurluku cloud: qilaglluk come: tailuni come to him, come to see him: cloudy ullagluku be cloudy, overcast: qilangluni cloudy sky: qilak come across: arwirluni come along with him: maliglluku club (cards): t~iiguiq come apart: kiigarlluni club (for hitting): piqrutaq come ashore: culurlluni coal: qetek come back: angilluni come by boat: aywiluni coat: atkuk or atkuut come down: aciwarluni put it inside one's coat or jacket: qumigluku come to an end: iqukllilluni hold it inside one's coat or come in: iterluni jacket: qumiaqlluku come into sight: igw'arluni cock it (a gun): cuglluku come to life: unguirluni cockle: taugtaaq, also gasqaq come off: yuugaarlluni come on: kital cod: amutaq come out: anluni tomcod: saakelaq come out of water: suarluni coffee: kuugiaq come out to sea: aterluni cohoe: qakiiyaq come up: tagluni ask him to come over, invite cold him over: nuqlluku cold (disease): quiq, also keep asking him to come over: piciruaq nuuqaurluku have a cold: quirluni, also piciruarluni tide comes in: tung'irluni

(person) is cold: quyarlluku comfortable (person) feels cold: quyarcugluku be comfortable, feel good: (weather) is cold: paceshnarluni aturnirluni (feet) are cold: itgaayarluku live comfortably: tukiluni

(hands) are cold: aigaayarluku communion: augtuq have communion: augturluni collapse: nanerluni collapse flat: pasiq'arluni company (visitor): allanertaq collide compass: kampaasaq they collide: puukaullutek collide with him: puukaulluku

47 complain: aperwiklluni cousin: iluwaq keep complaining: aperwikurluni his cousin: iluraa complete it: qaqilluku cover, lid: patuq cover it: patuluku be complete: naaluni complete it: naalluku tide covers it: tungiulluku be completed, done: taqlluni v cow: kuruwaq concern be concerned, anxious: amikaulluni crab: sakuuq (OR), iwalrayak (Afog.) confess (to a priest): apqaurluni crack: quparneq container: qantaq crack, make a cracking noise: contents: imaq or imat esteraulluni convulsions cracker: sug'afiq have convulsions: qislluni cramps cook it: uuceslluku have cramps: qeluiluni get cooked: uulluku be cooked: uumaluni (uumasqaq) cranberry highbush cranberry: amaryaq cook house: kenirwik lowbush cranberry: kenegtaq lowbush cranberry bush: cookie: paanikaaq kenegtaqutaq copper: kanuyaq cranberry soup: qayusaak; (Afog.) igiiyaq copy him: picirtaaqlluku cranky Cordova: Arwartuliq be cranky, in a bad mood: kigyangayagluni

~orner: qipayaq crater: canganaq correct be correct, right: picuuluni crawl: pangalegluni (picuusqaq) crazy cotton: waataaq be crazy: uswiirluni or qayuguarluni cottonwood: ciquq creek: kuik couch: aqumwik deep hole in creek: qanglluk cough: quirluni critical be critical: alang'uyugluni count: naaqiluni be critical (all the time): count it: naqlluku alang'utarluni be critical of it: alang'uklluku couple married couple: tamallkuk court take him to court: sutiryaulluku 48 crooked be crooked, uneven: nallqianani, curly also qawirqumaluni get curly, also curl one's hair: qiuglluni get crooked, out of shape: cangurlluni curl it (hair): qiuglluku cross: k~istaq current: carwaq make sign of cross: malisaarluni cuss: qanerluni cross something: arwirluni cut cross it: arwirluku cut it (crosswise): keplluku cross one's eyes: nikiluni cut some (crosswise): kepulluni be cross-eyed: nikingaluni cut it (lengthwise, by splitting or dividing it): crow: qalngaa'aq or qarua'aq quplluku crowbar: kiiyutaq cut some (lengthwise): qupulluni cruel cut oneself (surface wound): be cruel, mean to someone: kilirluni metqiluni cut him (surface wound): be cruel to him: meteqlluku kilirluku crumble: urqelluni cut it (tree) down: iqulluku crumble it: urqelluku cut fish for drying: segluni cut it for drying: segluku crunchy fish eggs get crunchy when soaked cut his hair: susngarluku in water: peqllilluki or nuusngar luku get a haircut: susngarluni cry: qialuni cut a piece off: yuulluni keep crying: qiyaurluni cut it, tear it to pieces: cry out: qal'irluni urqelluku keep crying out: qalriurluni cut it (cloth) with scissors: nuusngarluku cup: caskaq cut it (sea mammal) up: cupboard: skaapaq pilagluku curious cute be curious: kangiilyugluni, be cute: ineqsunarluni also papsaaluni be curious (all the time): kangiilltarluni, also papsaatarluni be curious about it: kangiilkelluku, also papsaaklluku curl up: imegluni

49 daylight get daylight: erlluni o get daylight on him: erulluku deacon: tiakanaq daddy-long-legs: sukunuuk dead be dead: tuqumaluni damp dead body, dead person: tuquneq place is damp: sukuu1uni dead alder, dead limb: tuqu1ineq object is damp: sukutar11uku deaf dance: agnguar1uni be deaf, hard of hearing: isllugluni dance native style: 11ii1er1uni deal them (cards): akaglluki dandruff: uutut death: tuquq

dangerous (see also scare) deceive him: usuillqiluku be dangerous: uluryanar1uni, deep feel it is dangerous: u1uryak11uku be deep: et'uluni (et'usqaq) do something dangerous: uluryaniurluni be deep-bottomed: ilutuluni have a deep voice: qersatuluni dark be dark: tamleg1uni defecate: anarluni coffee or tea is dark, strong: have to defecate: anaqsugluni curluni (cusqaq) delicious darn it!: ayaayaa look delicious: ekllinar1uni darn you!: e1lraaq! feel it looks delicious: ek1liklluku daughter: paniyaq den, cave: legta (her daughter: panigaa) baby daughter: panikcunguaq or dent it: ciikarl1uku paniyangcuk dentist: guutai'ista dawn: tanqigya'arluni (see also daylight) deny an accusation: meciyarluni deny his accusation: day: erneq mecirau11uku every day: ertii spend the day: erni1uni desk: igarwik (be there or do something) for deuce (card): ma1'uq so many days: tamaaten qawartarluni day before yesterday: yaatiini devil: iiyaq, plural iiraat day after tomorrow: yaatiiku devil's club: cukilanarpak a few days ago: iciwaq

5~ diamond (cards): puup'niq disappear, go out of sight: ta1urlluni diarrhea: anaruaq (sun) disappears: talilluni have diarrhea: anaruarluni disgraceful die: tuquluni be disgraceful: qikinarluni die instantly: egmilluni disgust be disgusted: imasuugluni diet go on a diet: mayangcarluni dish: qantaq

different dishpan: taasiq a different one: allakaq be different: allangaluni dive: angllurluni or allauluni dizzy difficult be dizzy: iiwaculngu1uni be difficult: kayagnarluni do dig: lagluni do: arigniarluni dig it (up): lagluku do this: gwaten pi1uni dig around (in something), get do this to it: gwaten piluku into someone's things: do that: tawaten pi1uni ariglluni do that to it: tawaten piluku dig around in it, get into it: ariglluku do something, also do what: caliluni dim do something for him, also do be dim: akianani, also tanqianani what for him: calilluku have something to do with him, dime: qupa (dimes: qupet) bother him: cakl1uku something done: caliaq dinner: neryaq something to be done: caliarkaq dip dock: pristanaq" dip it out, also dip it in (into dock a boat: mamilegluni something): qaluluku dock it: mamilgulluku dip some out: qalulluni doctor: tuugtaraqv dipper: qalutaq doctor him: sungcarluku

dipnet: qalusuun dog: piugta, also aikuq

direction dog salmon: alima(q) the direction of it: tungii doll: suaruaq give directions to him: picirkiur­ luku dollar bill: tallimaq dirt done particle of dirt: iqaq be done, process gets done: dirt: iqat taqlluni be dirty (thing): iqaluku get done (with what one is be dirty (person): iqatuluni doing): taqulluni piece of dirt, trash: llernaq get it done: taqlluku dirt, trash: llernat get done with it: taquyulluku not want to 'touch it because it is dirty: lleqlluku 51 get done: elgarluni drill, auger: napaaliaq get done, ready, assume final state: piurlluni drill a hole in it: ukilluku door: amiik drink: piturluni drink it: piturluku door jamb: pulukaq drink water: taangarluni doorknob: ruuckaaq, also drip: kucirluni amiim agaa keep on dripping: kUciyaluni dough: kuashniaq drizzle: qitepllungluni make dough: kuashniarluni drool: nauglliluni doughnut: alaciq drop: kuciq down down (heading downward): acitmen drop it: katagiiluku go, come down: aciwarluni drown: nerileglluku put, set, move it down: aciwarlluku go down to the beach: atrarluni drum push it down to the beach: oil drum: taangkaaq atrarlluku drunk put down one's head, look down: be drunk: taangiqlluni ciklluni dry doze off: qawa'aluni get dry: kinerluni (he is dozing off: qawarauq) be dry: kinerlluku dry it: kinercirluku something dry: kinertaq draft: rarneq there is a draft: rarnirluni get dry on outside: paterluku dragonfly: cilrayuk be dry, thirsty: patrirluku drawer: kamuutaq dry fish: tamuuq dream: qawanguq dream, have a dream: qawangurtua­ duck: saqulaaq luni oldsquaw duck: aarangiiq dress: taqmak dugout, open boat-like canoe: dress, get dressed: qungalluni angyaq or atkugluni dress him: qungalluku or dull atkugceslluku be dull: ipgianani drift, be carried by water: aterlluku dump: qanitaq dump it out: kugluku driftwood: pukilaaq, also tep'aq keep dumping it out: kug'urluku get driftwood: pukilaarluni dunk it: kaluglluku

52 dust: peluq edible be edible: pituuluni

Egegik: Igya'iq

egg E bird egg: manik bird sits on eggs: waaluni fish eggs: sisut aged fish eggs: piginaq fish lays eggs: qaryaluni eagle: kum'agyak maggot eggs: sasat ear: cuuteq tomcod eggs: arhmasut eight: inglulgen earn money: akingluni eight (card): inglulek earring: kulunguaq elbow: ikuwik earth: nuna elder, councilman: angnertaq earthquake there is an earthquake: nuna elderberry: tuuciik aulaluni embarrass east, east wind: ungalaq be embarrassed: picingarlluni Easter: Paaskaaq ember: auma'aq Easter bread: kulic'aaq emerge out of water (seal): easy suarluni be easy: kayagnainani be easy to get, simple: empty piarainani be empty: imainani think it's easy: aleklluku end the end of it: iqua eat end, come to the end: eat something: nerluni iqukllilluni eat it: nerluku eat uncooked food: qasarluni engine, motor: masiinaq eat it raw: qasarluku engineer: mas'in{staaq be unable to get enough to eat: mecegngaluni enjoy enjoy oneself: nunaniqsagluni echo: akiurneq echo: akiurnirluni edge its edge, bank: cenii

53 excrement: anaq enough exert strength, use muscles: be enough, be sufficient: tumlagluni naamaluni that's enough: pirpak exhausted be exhausted: sakaarlluni be unable to get enough to eat: or mernurluni mecegngaluni expect someone or something: enslave, oppress: metqiluni igwarsurluni enslave him: meteqlluku expect him: igwarsurluku enter: iterluni expensive enter it: iterluku be expensive: akituluni v envelope: kanwiirtaaq explode, blow up, go off (gun): qup'arlluni envy envy him: ciknaklluku extra: lisnaaq be envious: ciknaluni be envious (all the time): eye: iingalaq ciknatarluni close one's eyes: cikmirluni erosion: ushneq get something in one's eye: werlluni escape: anagluni open one's eyes: wiilluni eve have one's eyes open: wiitaluni the eve of it: maqinra get soap (or other irritant) even in one's eyes: qakegcilukek be even (straight): nalqigluni keep an eye on it: (nalqisqaq) tangerhniqlluku evening: akgua'aq eyebrow: qaugluq at evening: akgua'armi eyebrows: qaugluk every evening: akgua'anra this evening: akgua'aqu eyeglasses: ackiik get to be evening: akgua'arluni eyelashes (both sides): qemeryat every every (thing): tamiin eyesight everywhere: tamiini have bad eyesight: takgwianani every day: ertii have good eyesight: takgwigluni (takgwisqaq) evil be evil: asiinani evil, sin: asiilnguq except that ..• : kesiin excite be excited, worried: amikaulluni

54 fall overboard: aq'alarluni trip and fall: paluq'arluni, also paluqsagluni hair falls out: meqlluni

fancy F try to be fancy, be conceited: ulcuugngaluni

far face: giinaq far away, far off: yaqgwani face it, turn to face it: be far: yaqsigluni cauluku get so far: tamaa'ut pitaluni make a face: cangurlluni, also cangurqelluni fart: leq make faces: cangurtaa'iluni fart: lerluni fart on it, at him: lerluku fade: qesuirluni fast (abstain from food): yagluni faint: nalluq'arluni, also mayuriiluni fast (quick) be fast: cukaluni faith: ukgeq have faith: ukgeryugluni be a fast runner or worker: have faith (all the time): matngaluni ukgertarluni be fast, adept at doing a job: have faith in him: pawigluni (pawisqaq) ukgeqlluku go fast, speed: pirarluni fall (season): uksuaq every fall: uksuanra fasten it: tupirluku in the fall: uksuarmi fat: uquq next fall: uksuaqu this fall: uksuarpak hard fat: raluq be fall: uksuarluni be fat (person): quililuni spend the fall: uksualiluni be fat, fatty (food): uquuluni early fall: uksuarya'aq in early fall: uksuarya'armi father: ata(q) or taataq be early fall: uksuarya'arluni fear him: aliklluku fall: katagluni fall apart: naug'arlluni fearful be fearful, always afraid: fall apart (from getting old alingtarluni and threadbare): usuq'arluni fearsome fall in: ek'arlluni be fearsome, to be feared: fallon it: niikarluku alingnarluni fall over backwards: feather: culuk nuq'allagluni

55 February: Nanica'aq fidd1ehead fern: qaataqutaq feed him: neregkwarluku fifty cents: kakangautaq feel fight: all'uni feel it, sense it: fight him: al1'uku ellpeklluku (he is fighting him: al1taa) have a feeling: ellpegyugluni· (they) fight over something: always have a feeling: allurtarauyullutek ellpegtar1uni fight him over something: allurtarauyulluku feel it (by touching inten­ tionally): caugtaarluku or dogs fight: wiirulluteng caugtuurluku fight him by yelling or barking: wiirulluku feel cold (Kar.): maluqnar1uni (object) feels good, is comfortable: fight back: akiluni fight him back: akiwiklluku aturnir1uni ask for a fight: picestaarluni feel it is good: asik11uku not feel it is good, not like it: asiil1ke1luku figure out what to do: picingluni figure out what to do with it: feel bad, in a bad mood: picingulluku qilukicug1uni ,. not feel right: 1ing'ayug1uni file: napiilkaaq feel underneath or inside fill something (someplace one can't fill it (put something in it): see): kauturluni imirluku feel underneath or inside for fill it (by repeated actions): it: kautur1uku imirturluku fill up (with water): imang1uni feel weak (OH): maluqnar1uni fill it full: tatar1luku feelings have hurt feelings: qaisuug1uni find hurt his feelings: qaisuug11uku find it: ikugluku find some: ikuul1uni fell it (a tree): iqu11uku find it out: nallun'irluku female (human): arnaq find something good to use for female (animal): arnaqiitak later: mallungluni

fence: ak~aataq, also fine sapuutaq or sapuutet be fine, good: asirluni (asisqaq) be fine (not coarse): egainani fern: qaataq finger: sua'aq few they are few: ikeghnateng index finger: tekeq little finger: iqellquq feverish be feverish: qepeqsugluni middle finger: akulimaq ring finger: qilimaq

56 fingernail: 'stuk fish, go fishing: iqallugsur1uni my fingernail: stuuka his fingernail: stua fish with hook: iqsagluni fish with fishing pole: finicky iqsaguarluni be finicky: 11ertarluni fish with spear through ice: finish anl1uarluni get finished: elgarlluni fish spear: kapsuun, also ayaquq (see also done) fist: teng1uk fire: keneq build a fire: kenliluni hit him with one's fist: firewood: kenerkaq teng1ug1uku they fist-fight: tengluullutek fireweed: cillqaq fit first have it fit one: agluku at first, the first time: cuumi five: tal1iman be first: cuunguuluni five (card): tallimaq the first one: cuqllirpaaq the first time: cuqllirpaamek fix it: asircarluku now for the first time: nutaan flag: gulak fish: iqalluk flap its wings: saqiurluni fish backbone: suniq flashlight: tanqiguaq, also fish eggs: qaryat naniruaq aged fish eggs: sisuq flat boiled fish: kinuwaq be flat: nallqigluni boiled half-dry fish: uumatak get flat: pasiluni flatten it: pasilluku fish cut for drying: seg'aq get flat and spread out: ciiluni dry fish: tamuuq smash it flat, flatten it: gutted halved fish hung up: ciilluku kac'amaasaq flavorful two fish hung by by string be flavorful: cacugnirluni notched on tail: kanartaq be flavorless: cacugniinani old fish: aakanaq flinch (once): awic'arluni salt fish: sulunaq flinch (repeatedly): awic'araluni salted smoked fish: palek'aq flint: sumaq fish pie: pi~uk fish rack: initaq flip over (once): ullpe1luni flip over (repeatedly): ullpetaqu1uni

57 float: pugtaluni fond a float: pugtaqutaq be fond of it, like it: pingaklluku float plane: at'alaq fondle his hair: cangigluku flood, overflow: ul'uni fontanel: anerteqgwik floor: nateq food: neqa or neqet flounder: wau'uq food for a trip: taquaq or ka'isquq -­ flour: mukaaq take food along on a trip: taquirluni or ka'isqirluni flow: maqlluni have food stuck between one's teeth: kumkiluni flower: suitkaaq flower top: kangkaaq fool be a fool, not know what one is flu doing: ellainani have the flu: piciruarluni fool around with it, fiddle with it: unaplluglluku fly (insect): ciiwak blue fly: ciryaqsak foot: itgaq (his feet: itgai) fly (front opening of pants): aqullcuqaq footprint: tuma (plural tumet) fly (away), take off: force him: talrulluku tengluni fly around: tengaurluni forehead: cugyuq; tatek (Afo"g.) ~ fly through the air (by being forever: cilla struck): petgerluni send it flying: petgerlluku forget: nalluyaulluni forget it: nalluyaulluku fog: umneq be forgetful: nalluyautarluni be foggy: umnerluni, also tumanarluni forgive him: p~astiirluku

there is ice fog~ puirpagluni fork: wiilkaaq fold forward: cutmen fold it up: imegluku go forward: pakigluni fold up (especially by doubling over): tapluni be forward, bold: qallnganarluni fold it up, double it over: taplluku four: staaman (Are you folding it?: taptan-qaa?) four (card): staamaq

follow it: maliglluku

following: see behind

58 fox: usguq frown: putuluni

small fox: qaugcicia'aq frozen red fox: qaticaq get frozen: kumlalluku something frozen: kumlaneq small red fox: kaugya'aq silver-gray fox: tan'icak fruit: f~uuktaaq dark cross fox: tan'icaguaq f ry: sarvk uuyar I'un~ or saar~.J'l· un~ fry it: sa~kuuyarluku or frail saattiluku - be frail, be a weakling: agakilluni frying pan: skuurutaq01 free full get free, escape: anagluni get full: tatarlluni get full (of food): aqiturlluni freeze: kumlaluni freeze some: kumlaciluni fun freeze it: kumlalluku be fun: nunanirluni freezer: kumlaciwik be no fun: nunan~~nani be freezing: nenglengluni have fun, enjoy oneself: nunaniqsagluni Friday: Tallimiin not have fun, get depressed: it is Friday: Tallimiiyut nunaniicugluni make fun, ridicule: temciyugluni, friendly be always making fun, ridiculing be friendly, smiling: people: temcitarluni sugnirluni make fun of him: temciklluku, also anglanasiiklluku frighten him, startle him: tupaglluku (see also scare) fungus be frightening: alingnarluni bracket fungus (used for making snuff): qamngialnguq; (Afog.) front uqmaq front of body: tema or caiq front of my body: temka or funny caika be funny (something to smile or front of his body: temii or laugh about): englarnarluni cainga be funny (something to make fun of, front of it: cuunga ridiculous): temcinarluni the one in front of it: cuqllia find it funny: temciklluku go by in front of it: cuungirluku fur: amiq be way out in front: cuqsigluni fuss around: picilinguarluni in front of him, in his sight: takua fussy be fussy: picuunarluni, also frost: kaneq silugngaluni frosty be frosty: nenglirluni (Afog.)

59 get along with him: ugayuulluku (they) get along together: ugayuullutek get driftwood: pukilaarluni get firewood: qugtarluni G get away, move aside: aw'arluni get to be like that: tawaten llirluni gall bladder: cungaq get down: aciwarluni garbage can, garbage dump: get even with him, get him back: kug'iwik akiwiklluku get something in one's eye: garden: uk'ulutaq werlluni gasoline: kaasalinaq get out of hand: ana'ulluni get an idea, figure out what to do: gas picingluni gas in stomach: qertuneq have gas in one's stomach: get in: eklluni qertunirluku get in the way: awiraulluni get in way: awiyarluku gate, barrier, dam: saputaq his get on top of it: uglluni gather get out (of boat, vehicle) : yuuluni they gather: katurlluteng gather them: katurlluki get a splinter, quill, thorn: cukilluni or unarsagluni generous get there, arrive: tekilluni be generous, kind: ugauluni get to it (place): tekilluku gentle get there in time, get to the right be gentle: unglayugluni place, get the right one: nallaulluku be gentle (all the time): get there after him, miss him: unglatarluni kLingutrulluku be gentle with it: unglaklluku get there ahead of him, miss him: cutrulluku (also used in shooting, get netting) get some: aqgwalluni get into trouble, make a mistake: get it: aqgwalluku piruyagluni or ka'ugllugluni get some: pingluni get up: maklluni get it, obtain it: piksaulluku get used to it: liiyulluku get some for him: pikarlluku go to get it: aqgwalluku get some (fish or animal), go to get some: aqgwalluni catch some: pill'uni get it, catch it: pitaqlluku ghost: tanraq

gill: pacik

60 girl: arya'aq (plural go around visiting: pulaarluni, also aryagaat) it'anguarluni, also kula'irluni ---- go ashore: culurlluni give give some to him: minarluku go back: angilluni give it away, give it back: go towards back of bay: iluwarluni tunluku go backwards, in reverse: utqiarluni, give it away (with repeated acts also kingutmiarluni of giving): tunturluku go to the bathroom (urinate): give it here, bring it: tailluku qursaturluni give him a hand: tas'uqlluku go to the bathroom (defecate): give him something as a present: anaqsaturluni pikilluku go to the beach to get seafood: give up: nengaqarluni atrarluni give up on it: nengaqaulluku go to bed: inarlluni or inarqurluni glass (substance): stikluuq, go by boat: aywiluni also cikunguaq (he is going by boat: ayugiuq) go in a circle: wigluni glass, drinking glass: stakaanaq (he is going around: wig'uq) go around it in a circle: wigluku glasses, eyeglasses: ackiik go down: aciwarluni, also glove: arin esgwarluni go forward: pakigluni glue: nepyutaq, also keli'iq go go to get some: aqwalluni or go (away): agluni iwaulluni go the length of it, go along or go to get it: aqwalluku or through it: agluku iwarluku go to get seafood: atrarluni go to him, go near him: ullagluku go home: angilluni go across (to the other side): go in: iterluni arwirluni go by land: nunakuarluni go across overland, portage: go off (gun): mengquriiluni aimqarluni, also tugca'arluni or tegcu'arluni---- go out: anluni go out to sea: aterluni go ahead, let's go: kita go over (to another town to the south): al'arluni go along: maliglluni go along with him: maliglluku go over (to another town toward north): itrarluni go along with him, agree with go past: kiturluni him: ullaklluku go past it: kiturluku be willing to go along, agreeable: ugatarluni go to see it, go to check on it: takuluku go along beach by boat: ceniluni

go around an obstacle: awilluni go around it: awilluku 61 go straight to a place: have a good time, enjoy oneself: egmirluni nunaniqsagluni go right through it, get look good, be beautiful: through to it: peturlluku tangerhnirluni go to shore: culurlluni look good, delicious: ekllinarluni feel it looks good, delicious: go overland, through a eklliklluku portage: tugca'arluni or tegcua'arluni smell good: tepkeglluni go up on top: uglluni sound good: nitnirluni go to visit: kula'irluni taste good: piturnirluni go to visit him: kula'irluku weather is good for going out, go with him: maliglluku sea is calm: pinarlluni ask someone to go with one, be good-hearted: ugauluni get someone to go with one: ilangcarluni goose ask him to go with one, get Canada goose: lagiq him to go with one: ilang­ carluku gray beach goose: neqleq let go of it: peglluku gospel: iw&n'gilaq tide goes out: kenlluni gossip: niuguarluni ££ yuuguarluni want to go along: nacigluni want to go along with him: government: kasnaaq nacigluku grab grab it with claws: qecugluku God: Agayun grab it repeatedly with claws: qecuwaluku gold: suulutaaq grandchild: elltuwaq gone (his grandchild: ellturaa) be all gone: nangluni grandfather: apaa good (my grandfather: apaaqa) be good, nice: asirluni (asisqaq) grandmother: emaa weather is good, nice: (my grandmother: emaaqa) asimaluni grass: weg'et be good at it: ugalluku one blade of grass: wek be good at hunting or get grass for insulation: fishing: piculuni (picusqaq) wegtarluni good thing, lucky thing that basket grass that grows on beach: something happened: anirta tapernat (object) feels good, is sea grass: nuya'it comfortable: aturnirluni dried grass roots used as switch have good eyesight: in banya: taariq, also wainiik takgwigluni dried grass roots used as scrubbers: sugsuutet

62 grateful gulp: igemyarluni be grateful: quyaluni gulp continuously: igemya'aluni be grateful for it: quyaklluku gum (chewing gum): angruaq be grateful to him: quyawiklluku gums (of teeth): ingkiat or engkiat grave: qunguq (his gums: ingkiarai) gravel: tuwapak gun: nutgutaq or nutek BB gun: nutguaq gray be gray: qikurngaluni gusty be gusty weather: kayungluni greasy be greasy: uquuluni guts: qilut greedy gut raincoat: kanaglluk be greedy: anglanarluni green be green: cungagluni (cungasqaq) grind: miililuni grinder: miiliwik gristle (in fish nose): tatangquq groggy' be groggy: qawiqlluni grouse: qategyuk grow plant grows: nauluni grow it (get it to grow): naugkwarluku grow plants: naucestaarluni grow it (try to get it to grow): naucestaarluku grow up, get big: angliluni grunt: qenerlluni guard it: auluklluku guest, stranger: allanertaq gull (see seagull): qatayaq small gull: egyaaq

63 handle curved handle fastened at both ends, as of a pot: agaq

hang hang it up: iniluku hang some up: ini'iluni or H iniiluni happy get happy: ciriluni hail: kaugtaq be happy: cirimaluni, also hail: kaugtangluni nunanirluni hair (on head): nuyat hard one hair (on head): nuyaq be hard (not soft): tegluni hair (on body): culuut (tegesqaq) one hair (on body): culuk be hard (difficult): kayagnarluni, gray hair: qiiret also cakugnarluni one gray hair: qiq have a hard time: kayagniurluni, have gray hair: qirluku also cakugluni lose hair, hair falls out: be hard pressed: ngayaluni meqlluni fall hard: qatngalluni hair net: nacaq drop it hard: qatngalluku haircut hardwood (like hickory): tupuwaq, give him a haircut: also auksuliq susngar luku nuusngarluku harlequin duck: qainiaq half harpoon: ayaquq half of it: qupii share half of something with hat: saapek him: qupkuiluku hat with brim: slaapaq cut it in half, in the middle: qukatrulluku hate him: kigyaklluku halibut: sagiq hateful be hateful, grouchy: ham of animal: qugtuqaq kigyagyugluni be hateful (all the time): hammer: mulut'uuk, also kigyagtarluni kau'utaq have hand: aigaq have some: pingqerlluni shake his hand: aigarturluku would like to have some: aya'iluni have cold hands: aigaayarluku would like to have it: aya'iluku get out of hand: ana'ulluni have had enough, be full: give him a hand: tas'uqlluku aqiturlluni handle its handle: puunga

64 hemorrhage: augqe11uni hawk: aaru1ik here he (himself), him, his: here (restricted): gwaa'i elliin (located) here: gwani over here: gut head: nasquq from here: gwaken lift one's head: cuglluni (by way of) here: gun this one here: una lower one's head: cik1luni of this one here: um head of bay, river: qitga to this one here, for this one stink heads: arinanguaq here: uumen these here: ukut heal here (extended), around here: wound heals: mam1uni maa'i (located) here: maani hear: niilluni (heading) here: maa'ut hear it: nii11uku from here: maaken (by way of) here: maagun hearing go by here: maaguir11uni be hard of hearing: is11ug1uni this one here: man'a hear well: iskegl1uni of this one here: mat'um these here: makut heart: unguan herring: iqa11uarpak heart (card): unguatruaq herring roe: qarayat heartburn have heartburn: kan'irl1ug11uku hi! : cama' i !

heat hiccup heat it up: maqangcarluku have the hiccups: nigig1uni or ni'igluni, also it'uqar1uni heaven: qilak hide: nuuya1uni heavy hide it: nuuya1uku be heavy: artunar1uni hide (all the time): nuuyaur1uni hide some: nuuyai1uni heel: kitngiq hide from him: nuuya11uku

help high (see above, raise) help him: ikayur1uku be high, elevated: qertu1uni, ask for help: ikayungcar1uni also qus'ig1uni ask him for help: have a high voice: qersakinani ikayungcarluku go higher: qu1war1uni helpless be left helpless: kinikuar11uni hill: penguq

hem hinge: ca'fniik its hem: akua hip: qangillquq hem it: taplluku

65 hit hole: ukineq hit him with one's fist: it gets a hole in it: ukiluni tenglugluku make a hole in it: ukilluku hit him with one's fist hole made by digging: laakaq repeatedly: tenglugturluku hole in river, fishing hole: hit it with object held in qanglluq one's hand: piqerluku keep hitting it with object holler at him: qayaluku held in one's hand: piqerturluku hit him by running into him: hollow puukarluku be hollow: raamaluni hit it by throwing something at holy it: milurluku be holy, a saint: tanqigluni keep hitting it by throwing (tanqisqaq) something at it: milurquulluku hit it in the right spot: home: nuniinun kakiluku his home: nunii hit it when shooting: aga'agluku home brew: makuulaq hit the bull's-eye: kanagluku home town: kinguneq or kahnagluku homely hog: sitiinkaaq be homely, plain, ugly: ineqsunainani or ineqsugnainani hold hold it: ang'alluku or homesick ang'ataqlluku -- be homesick: kusuluni

hold it in one's hands, have a honest hold on it: tuumiaqlluku be honest: picuuluni (picuusqaq) something held: tuumiaq honest!: yaiyai! hold it under one's arm: unermiaqlluku honeybucket: qaaluq something held under one's arm: unermiaq hook: iqsak hold it inside one's coat or small hook: iqsaguaq jacket: qumiaqlluku hook it: iqsagluku, also something held inside one's kakiluku coat: qumiaq hop (once): qetgerluni hold it in one's teeth: hop along: qetga'aluni kegruniaqlluku (he is hopping: qetgerauq) something held in one's teeth: kegruniaq hop (over something), leap: mecegluni hold oneself up with it: hop along: mecgaluni ayaperluku ££ ayapeqlluku hospital: qenawik

hot be hot or warm (a person or a place): maqarluni get hot: maqa'iluni

66 hot be hot (to the touch, such as an object, banya, etc.): uqnarluni feel hot (person): uqniluku hotcake: haatkik hour: casaaq spend an hour: casaarlluni house: engluq how?: castun? how about that!: na-aa'i! how are you?: Qai-mi pit? or Qayu-mi pit? how many?: qaugcin? huckleberry: cuawak hug hug him goodbye: meluwarluku humpy: luuqaanak hungry be hungry: kaigluni hunt: pisurluni hunt it: pisurluku hunting place: pisurwik hurry, rush patagturluni, also kagwagluni be in a hurry, have urgent busi­ ness: nayaluni hurt get hurt, be in pain (body part hurts): angqerlluni get hurt (suddenly): angqiarlluni hurt, cause pain, be hurtful: angqerhnarluni have hurt feelings: qaisuugluni hurt his feelings: qaisuuglluku husband her husband: wiinga or angutii

67 in go, come in: iterluni carry, take, bring it in: itrulluku put it in (something having a door or small opening): iterlluku get in: eklluni carry, take, bring it in (an open I container, boat, or other vehicle): ekulluku I, me, mine: gwi put it in (an open container, boat, to me, for me: gwimnun or other vehicle): eklluku ice: cikuq incense: laatanaq be icy: cikuluku Indian rice, Kamchatka lily: laagaq ick!: ii' i! (something disgusting or inexpensive bad): ikii! be inexpensive, cheap: akikinani inflate: rurluni idea inflate it: rurluku get an idea as to what to do: (inflate it!: rur'u) picingluni, also umiangluni get an idea as to what to do inhale: mugluku with it: picingulluku get good ideas: umiaqeglluni inner part of it: iluqllia idle insec t : kinguk be idle, sit around doing nothing: callaluni inside it: ilua the one inside it, its inside imagine part: iluqllia I imagine, maybe: allrak or go through the inside of it: all'ak iluirluku be farther inside: iluqsigluni imitate imitate it: picirtaaqlluku turn inside out: ull'uni turn it inside out: ull'uku immediately: egmian insolent in be insolent, talk back: in it, inside it: ilua kium'aluni be insolent to him, talk back in there: qama'i to him: kium'aluku, also tukllirluku (located) in there: qamani keep being insolent with him: (heading) in there, into tukllialuku there: qama'ut from in there: qamaken instruct him: picirkirluku (by way of) in there: qamaagun keep instructing him: picirkiurluku that one in there: qamna of that one in there: qam'um intelligent those in there: qamkut be intelligent, smart, bright: puqigluni (puqisqaq) be intelligent, wise: uswituluni

68 interest be interested, want to see: papsaaluni be interested (all the time): papsaatarluni be interested in it, want to see it: papsaaklluku be interesting: papsaanarluni intestines: qilut braided seal intestines: qiluryat into: see in get into someone else's things: kumkiluni invite him: nuqlluku keep inviting him: nuuqaurluku involve get involved: ilagaulluni inwards: ilutmen iron (metal): cawik iron (for ironing): utiuk, also kelatirsuun iron it: kelatirluku irritate eyes are irritated (by soap, etc.): qakegcilukek one's eyes are irritated: qakegciluku island: qikertaq rock island: nagaayuk itch, have a· rash: paumniqlluni be itchy: paumniqnarluni

69 jump jump in water or out of water and back in (as a fish): aq'alarluni jump in water repeatedly or J continuously: aq'ala'aluni junk piece of junk, dirt, trash: jacket: atkuk llernaq jail: palicesaaq just put him in jail: just now: nutaan palicesaarluku jam, jelly: wa~iniaq

~ jar: putiilkaaq jealous be jealous: ciknaluni be jealous (all the time): ciknatarluni jell: igurlluku jellyfish: iraluruaq jerky, dried meat: kinertaq

Jesus: Isuusaq jiggle, shake, rustle: petagluni jiggle it, shake it: petagluku job, work to do: pektaaq

Jo~n him, go with him: ila'arluku jump: qetgerluni jump (repeatedly): qetga'aluni jump (from being startled): tupagluni make him jump: tupaglluku be jumpy: tupagyugluni be jumpy (all the time): tupagtarluni

70 king (checkers): us'utaliq

K king salmon: iiliksak

kiss respectful kiss (especially on kayak: see baidarka the face): cingaq kiss him: cingarluku keel: kii~aq (they) kiss: cingar1utek kiss on the mouth: pucuuq keep kiss him on the mouth: pucuurluku keep it, have it around: (they) kiss: pucuur1utek ang'a11uku keep it with one: kiss it (an icon): meluwarluku ang'ata11uku something kept with one: kitchen: kenirwik ang'ataq kleenex: kakeg11uiyutaq keep an eye on it: tangerhniqlluku knee: cisquq

kelp: nuya'ik kneel: cisqumig11uni bull kelp: nasqu1uk knife: nuusiq long end of bull kelp: nemeryaq table knife: stuuluwaq or stu1uwiq or estaluwiq kerosene: kaasaq old-time knife with curved blade fitted into handle: u1ukaq kettle cast iron kettle: cukunaq, knit, crochet: qi1ag1uni also araaq knit it, crochet it: qilagluku tea kettle: cainiik knock (once): kaugluni key: ke1ucaq knock on it: kaugluku knock (repeatedly): kaugtur1uni kick: tuker1uni knock on it (repeatedly): kick repeatedly: tukra1uku kaugtur1uku knock it over, down: iqu11uku kidney: tartuq knot in tree: awayaq kill it: tuqu11uku kill it outright: egmi11uku know: na11ugkunani know it, know about it: na11ugkunaku killer whale: ar1luk not know: na11u1uni not know it, not know about it: kind na11u1uku be kind: ugauluni know a lot: na1lunrainani know what one is doing: kindling 11atuuma1uni piece of kindling: ekqun kindling: ekqutet, also aminiuwat, also arast6upkaat

71 later: atakuu

laugh laugh once, smile: englarluni keep on laughing: englartarluni laugh or smile at him: L englaklluku laxative: anacestaaq y v ladder: traapaq or traapat lay lay an egg: manigluni ladle: qalun ladle it: qaluluku lazy lady slipper (large chiton): be lazy (for the moment): qesaluni be lazy (all the time): qesatarluni uriitarpak lead (metal): imarkaq lagoon: nanwarnaq leader, ·chief: angnertaq or lake: nanwaq kasa'inaq lamp: laampaaq leaf: cuyaq land: nuna leak: ellngarluni (bird or airplane) lands: (boat) leaks: imangluni mill 'uni landing strip: migwik or miswik -- lean lean on it, put weight on it: land ·(on the shore): nigluku culurlluni lean on it (for example, a cane), land otter: aaquya(q) use it to hold oneself up, steady oneself): ayaperluku or ayapeqlluku language: niuwaciq or lean to one side, tilt: irirlluni yuuwaciq lean over: ikiglluni lantern: fanaruqv leap (see hop) lard: mantiikaq, also saaluq learn: liilluni learn it: liilluku last be learned, smart (one who has the last one (of them): learned much): lisngaluni kinguqlliat have not learned one's lesson, do the last one or the last the same thing again: anuciinani time: kinguqllirpaamek least late at least: pirpak (person) is late: kaukaulluku (the hour) is (too) late: leather: itegkaq anqia'ulluni

72 leave, go away: agluni lick (once): a1ungluni (he is going: ag'uq) lick it (once): a1ungluku leave for good, go away for lick (repeatedly): a1ungturluni a long time: agqurluni lick it (repeatedly): alungturluku leave, go out: anluni lid: patuq leave it (behind): unilluku lie leave (some food): ilakuiluni a lie: iqlluq leave (some food) for him: tell a lie: iqlluluni ilakuiluku lie to him, tell him a lie: left-over, remnant: ilakuaq, iqllu1uku also kinuwaq keep on lying, tell lies: leave him alone: casuutekegkunaku iql1uur1uni keep lying to him, tell him lies: leave it alone, not touch it: cakegkunaku iqlluurluku lie down: inarlluni (soul) leaves one's body: petengluni lie on one's back: nurlluni lie on one's belly: palurlluni left be left over, remain: llirluni lie on one's side: kukuglluni left hand: angiqiq lie sideways, at an incline: igaglluni leg: iruq (heavy person or object) lies on top my leg: iruka of it: nigmiaqlluku lemon: limuunaq life: unguwaq come (back) to life: unguirluni lend something to him: bring him (back) to life: naug'illuku or narwilluku unguirlluku Lent: Pustaaq way of life: luumaciq let Iii t (see raise) let go of it, let it loose: lift up: kwegluni. peglluku lift it up: kweg1uku lift up (continuously): kwegtar1uni let off (steam, etc.): lift it up (continuously): ell'uni kwegtarluku (it is letting off steam: elltuq) can lift it (it's not too heavy for him to lift): unakl1uku lethargic lift one's head: cug1luni be lethargic: qesangsi1uni light (moveable): naniq letter (mail): (one sheet) ka1ikaq, (more than one sheet) kalikat light (permanent): tanqik liar: iq11ungaq be a liar: iql1ungar1uni

73 light little be light (not heavy): a little (bit): cangcugmek artunainani or uqeghnani a little, slightly: ellma be light in color: be little, small: miklluni or puyak'egianani miknani (mikelnguq) light it: kuarlluku live, be alive: unguwaluni living being: unguwallriaq lightning: kalliq lightning: kallirluni live comfortably, make a good living: tukiluni like live, stay with him: egwiklluku like it, feel it is good: asiklluku liver: aarit like it, be fond of it: pingaklluku load a load: kiwek not like it: asiillkelluku load: kiwegluni not like something: load it: kiwegluku qingaryugluni keep not like things: qingartarluni loading: kiwegturluni keep not like it: qingaqlluku loading it: kiwegturluku look like it, be like it: log ayuqlluku drift log: tep'aq just like it: tawarpiaq lonely be lonely (miss people's company): limb, branch: cuyaq aliayugluni (place or situation) is lonely: limp: irumtagluni alianarluni get limp: unaiqsiluni be lonely for him: aliaklluku lion long sea lion: wiinaq be long: taklluni (takesqaq) long ago, for a long time: lip: qerlluq qangiq since long ago: qanginek liquid its liquid, juice: emra happen or do it for a long time: mululuni liquor: taangaq look listen, listen in, try to look at it: tangrulluku hear: niicugniluni look at it, look it over: listen to it, for it: ulutegluku niicugniluku take a look: ulutegluni listen to him, pay attention to him: nitniqlluku look around: kiarlluni listen to it, listen in on it, look around (through things, to try to hear it: nic'ugluku see what is there): ariglluni look through it: ariglluku

74 look lots: angli look back, turn to look: kingyarluni there are a lot of people: look back at it: kingyarluku sugyagluteng look down (moving head): loud ciklluni be loud (vo"ice): emtuluni look for it: iwa'aluku be loud (noise): migluni look for some: iwa'alluni look good: tangerhnirluni louse: neresta look like it: ayuqlluku louse egg: ingqiq or irniaq look (in) through something love (e.g. a window): qinerlluni love him: qunuklluku look (in) through something at it: qinerlluku be loving: qunutarluni look in the mirror: tanriurluni be loveable: qununarluni look it over, look at it, low examine it: tangerturluku be low (in stature): qerkinani look or peer under one's eye­ be low (in stature or position): brows (for example, when an ackinani or atsigluni older person is admonishing one): qigcigluni lower one's head: ciklluni look under one's eyebrows (repeatedly): qigcialuni lucky take a look: ulutegluni be lucky: nakerluni look delicious: ekllinarluni lump: tumaq'aneq loose get lumpy: tumaq'arluni come loose, undone, untied: petengluni lung: kemagnaq pull it loose, undo it, untie it: petenglluku lynx: kuskarpak lose lose it: tamarluku get lost: tamarluni lose it (by having it escape from one): ana'iluku lose one's hair, lose its fur: meqlluni lose one's way, get lose: talapaaluni loss be at a loss: piciinani be suddenly at a loss: piciiyarlluni

75 man, male human: nukallpiaq old man: angun

mandolin: mantalinaq, also balalaikaaq

many M they are many: amlerluteng many: amlesqat there are many people: machine: masiinaq sugyagluteng mad: see angry mark: ceteq mark it: ceterluku magazine: kasitaq or kasitat marmot: quiriq maggot: qepel'uq marrow: pateq maggot eggs: sasaq marry magic: kalla'aq get married: kasuulluni use magic: kalla'arluni marry him: kasuulluku use magic on him: kalla'arluku mask: maaskaaq magnet: makniitaq masquerade: maskarataqv masquerade: maska¥atarluni magpie: qallqayaq, also uguusiq massage it, rub i~: ulugluku make match: spiickaaq make it: canaluku match them together: tumarlluki make something for him: pililuku matter make it there, arrive there: (it) matters: canarluni tekilluni (it) matters to one: canaqlluku make it to it, arrive at (it) doesn't matter: canailluni it: tekilluku mattress: pi¥inaq or alliqaq make it (through difficulty or sickness): allpaulluni maybe, I imagine: all'ak make it through it (to his goal): allpagluku mean make a mistake: alarlluni be mean, cruel to him: meteqlluku male (animal): anguteqiitak meaSure it: usperluku male (human): nukallpiaq meat: kemek mallard: nillqitaaq

76 ".. mechanic: mas'inistaaq midwife: paapuskaaq medicine: sungcaun milk: muluk'uuq meet mind: umyaaq meet him (unexpectedly), run (his mind: umyagaa) into him: pairlluku (my mind: umyaaqa) (your mind: umya'an) meet him, get to know him: nallun'irluku mind, be bothered: canaryugluni mind it: canaqlluku go to meet him: akiryarluku mind, be obedient: niiculuni meeting not mind, be disobedient: (they) have a meeting: niicuinani katuriiluteng use one's mind: llan'i aturluku melt: u'uglluni mindful be mindful, aware, have one's memorial service: panag'uitaq wits about one: llatuumaluni (also, rice dish with sugar and raisins used in it) mine: see I memory, mind minute: minutaq his memory: umyugaa mirror: tanriu'un, also tanriu'utaq mess (place) is a mess, has things mischievous strewn allover: lukagluni be mischievous: qapignarluni mess it (area) up: lukaglluku make a mess, strew things miss around: lukagciluni miss it (by throwing, shooting, be messy, sloppy: uragluni etc.): uniurlluku mess it up: uraglluku miss him, be lonesome for him: be messy: mequuluni kusuluku make a mess (by leaving things miss him, get there after him: around after doing a project): kipuarlluku calliluni miss it, let it get away from one: ana'iluku message give him a message: nillgarlluku missing tooth: ingliq metal: cawik mistake make a mistake: alarlluni middle the middle of it: qukaa make a (serious) mistake: the one in the middle of it: piruyagluni ££ ka'ugllugluni qukaqllia go through the middle of it: mix it together, mix it in: qukairluku akulrulluku or akuulluku (hit it) in the middle, (cut it) in half: qukatrulluku

77 mold: qalleq most be moldy: qallerluku most of it: amlenra molt, lose hair or feathers: mother: maama or aanaq meqlluni motor, outboard motor: masiinaq Monday: Pekyun it is Monday: Pektut mountain: ing'iq or ingriq money: akiq mouse: apllengaq, also ugnaq; (Afog.) ugna' aq monk: managaaq mouth: qaneq monkey: makaakaq space in mouth between lower lip and gums: iqeq month: iraluq spend a month: iralurlluni put it between lower lip and gums: iqmigluku (see snuff) mood have it between lower lip and be in a bad mood, feel bad: gums: iqmiaqlluku nunaniicugluni mouth of it (a river): painga be in a good mood, have fun: nunaniqsagluni move move (aside): aw'arluni moon: iraluq move it (aside): aw'arlluku moon is shining: iralirluni move!: aw' a ! moose: tunturpak move (oneself), stir: petagluni move it (without changing its mop, mop pail: suuwin location), cause it to stir, shake mop the floor: suuwiluni it: petaglluku mop it: sugluku move (to a new location or residence): nugtarlluni more move it (to a new location) : more than that: amlenra nugtarlluku some more: cali move (go to a place and stay have some more: calirluni there): agqurluni (do something or be some way) more than him: ciplluku much (see also lot) be too much: ang'ulluni or morning: unuaq ana'ulluni every morning: unuanra in the morning: unuami mud: siqat'ak this morning: unuqrpak early in the mornihg: muktuk: kiimaq unuaka'armi early this morning: murky unuaka'arpak be murky: curluni (cusqaq) mosquito: mengquiluq moss: uruq

78 muscle contract muscles~ tense up: eqmerluni use one's muscles, exert strength: tumlagluni mush, hot cereal: muusaq music: cauyat N musical instrument: cauyaun mussel: qapilaq mustard: ka~tiitsaaq myth. legend: unigkuaq nail: ucukcaq fingernail: stuk fingernail clippers: estui'isuun

naked: matarmi//mataan become naked: matarlluni

name: ateq name it, give it a name: acirluku

namesake: aalukaq

nap take a nap: qawamlinguarluni

narrow be narrow: lurkinani

native native food, native-made: sugtaq

navel: qallaciq

near near it, by it: cania near him: caniani be near: yaagianani

neck: uyaquq

necklace: pinguan, also pinguaq

necktie: kaarstuuk 79 need nightmare need something: nuryugluni have a nightmare: need it: rturyugluku temliluni or uqamaiyaluni

get as much as one needs: nine: qulnguyan narlluni nine (card): qulnguyaq get as much as one needs of it: narlluku nit: ingqiq needle: mingqun no: qang'a tree needle: cukiq no-see-fum, gnat: ilrayuk Negro: Alap'aaq nobody nephew (man's sister's son): usguq there is nobody: suinani (my nephew: usguka) none nest of bird: ungluq there is none, nothing, no more: piinani net seine net: kugyasiq or noise: nepa kug'asiq make a noise, talk noisily: gill net: kugyaq nepllirluni make noises: nepllialuni nettle: uuqaayanaq make a lot of noise, make a racket or fuss: migluni new new one: nuta'aq not make a noise: mellkiir­ tegkunani New Year's Day: Nuuwikuutaq banging, clicking, or whirring newspaper: kasitaq or kasitat noise: mengquq make a banging, clicking, or next whirring noise: mengqurlluni next to it: cania make a sharp noise: the one next to it: caniqllia mengqullagluni go by next to it: caniirluku continually make a sharp next to you: canigpeni noise: mengqulla'aluni buzzing, roaring, or humming nickel (coin): estfiutaak; (Afog.) noise: meglluk citwiirtaak make a buzzing, roaring, or humming noise: meglluglluni nickname make a sudden buzzing noise: give it a nickname: megllullagluni acicilinguarluku make a continuous buzzing night: unuk noise: megllulla'aluni be night: unugluni make a crunching, cracking, at night: unugmi crackling or grating noise: erteraulluni last night: unugpak or unuk later tonight: unuku sloshing noise: cerhmak every night: ununra make a sloshing noise: cerhmaglluni make a sudden sloshing noise: spend the night, stay overnight: cerhmallagluni . qawartarluni make a continuous sloshing noise: cerhmalla'aluni 80 noise make a smacking or slapping noise: mecarlluni northern lights: qiugyat northern lights are out: o qiug'irluni nose: qengaq have a runny nose: kakeglluni oak: tepuwaq blow one's nose: kakeglluirluni fish nose cartilage: tatanquq oar: caqiyun not, nothing: see no oarlock: akluucana'q now, already: awa'i obedient be obedient: niiculuni just now, right now, now for the first time: nutaan obey obey him: nitniqlluku numb get numb: awaluni ocean: imaq number: nuumi¥aq octopus: amikuq or utguiq nurse it (baby): amaarluku odd be odd: kangiilnarluni feel it is odd: kangiillkelluku

off come off: yuuluni come off suddenly: yuugarlluni take, pick, cut it off: yuuluku take, pick, cut it off suddenly: yuugarlluku take, pick, cut them off (with repeated actions): yuularluki take some off, cut some off: yuulluni

oil: uquq oil slick: uquaq it is oily: uquarluni oil it: uquiluku linseed oil: atiguaq Wesson oil: pafawanskaaq oil drum: taangkaaq

ointment: maasaq 81 old old one: qangirllaq opportunity be old: qangirllau1uni have the opportunity, time, be relatively old, of age, or chance for something: elderly: uksurtu1uni pakiulluni or tekiu1luni have the opportunity, time, old lady: kaiwiq chance for it: pakigluku (female) is old: kayugiuluni £!. tekilluku old man: anguteq (male) is old: angutngu1uni opponent: akiliq old fish: aakanaq oppose him: akiliqlluku (fish) is old: aakanau1uni old-time person, ancient native opposite (see also across, people: cuu1iraq other) on oppress him, enslave him: put it on top of one: qaimigluku meteqlluku have it on top of one: qaimiaq11uku oppress, enslave people: metqiluni (heavy object or person) leans, rolls, sits, etc. on top of it orange: aplisiinaq (so as to put weight on it): ngig1uku order something (for example, fallon it: ngiikar1uku food, clothes): igarluni have it resting, etc., on top of order it: igarluku one: ngiikiaq11uku other one: al1ri1uq or al1'i1uq another one, a different one: one of them: na1iat al1a anyone of them: na1inginaat the other one: aipaa one of a pair: akikuaq the other one (of a pair): otter akikua'a land otter: aaquyaq one •.. , the other one: sea otter: arhnaq aipaa .•. , aipaa out onion: 1uk out there: qakroa (onions: 1uuget) (located) out there: qakroani (heading) out there: only: kiimi//kesiin qakmaut from out there: qakmaken open (by way of) out there: open it: ikirl1uku qakmaagun open the door for him, receive that one out there: qakemna him into one's home: ikiyu11uku those out there: qakemkut open up: ampar11uni out there (extended), out the open it (something sealed): bay or out the inlet, in the ampar11uku open water: un'ga (located) out there: un'gani open one's eyes: wii11uni (heading) out there: un'gaut have one's eyes open: wiitaluni from out there: un'gaken open one's mouth: aitarl1uni (by way of) out there: open it (mouth): aitarlluku un'gaagun 82 out outside: lla that one out there: unegna (located) outside: llaami of that one out there: un'gum outside of it: llaatii those out there: unegkut the one outside it, its outside part: llaqllia out there (along the sea): cakma go by outside it: llatair­ luku (located) out there: cakmani be (farther) outside: (heading) out there: cakmaut llaqsigluni from out there: cakmaken (by way of) out there: cakmaagun over that one out there: cakemna over there (restricted): of that one out there: cakem'um ika'i those out there: cakemkut (located) over there: ikani out from it (down slope or out in (heading) over there: ika'ut open sea or open area, or toward from over there: ikaken middle of room): ketii (by way of) over there: that one out from it: ketllia ikaagun go by out from it: ketairluku that one over there: ikna be out in the open: ketsigluni of that one over there: ik'um move it out: ketgwarlluku those over there: ikegkut far out in the open: ketgwani over there (extended): aaga bring it out (especially, so that (located) over there: aagani everyone can see it): maniluku (heading) over there: aagaut keep on bringing it out: maniurluku from over there: aagaken (by way of) over there: go, come out: anluni aagaagun carry, take, bring it out: anlluni that one over there: agna take it out (of something having of that one over there: ag'um an opening or door): anlluku those over there: agkut take some out: anyulluni over it: qulii get out: yuuluni the one over it: quleqllia take it out (of moveable container boat or vehicle): yuuluku ~ qull'ia go by over it: qulairluku take some out: yuuwiluni take them out (repeatedly): overboard yuularluki go overboard (do it up big): take things out (repeatedly): palartegkunani yuula'iluni go overboard on it: go, come out (from shore toward palartegkunaku open water, or out to a boat): aterluni overcast tide goes out: kenlluni be overcast: taluluni tide goes out on it: kenulluku overcoat: paltuuk or partuukv outboard motor: masiinaq overflow: ul'uni (it overflows: ul'uq) outdo him: ciplluku overshoe: anuckiiq, also outhouse: anarwik or nuushiik qaliruaq

own it: pik11uku

83 pan p shallow pan: listaq pants: ul'uk or ulruk

paper piece of paper: kalikaq pieces of paper: kalikat pack pack, backpack: atmak or parka: kutuunaq atmautaq pack some on one's back: part atmagluni part of it: ilii pack it on one's back: part of it comes off, gets lost, atmagluku etc.: ilairluni pack some (continuously): take away part of it: ilairluku atmagturluni take away parts of it: pack it (continuously): ilairturluku atmagturluku pack some on one's shoulders: particular amarluni or maqegluni be particular, fussy: silugngaluni pack it oU-one's shoulders: or ullcugngaluni amarluku or maqegluku pack some-on shoulders (con­ partner: angayuk tinuously): amarturluni or maqegturluni pass pack it on shoulders (con­ pass, go past: kiturluni tinuously): amarturluku pass it, go past it: kiturluku or maqegturluku carry, take, bring some past (also pass by, skip some): pack it (into box or suit­ kituulluni case): qungalluku carry, take, bring it past: pack things: qungaciluni kituulluku pack water: taangarqiurluni pass each other going opposite pack wood: qugtarluni directions: kipuyullutek pass him going in the opposite padlock: samuuk direction: kipuyulluku pass out: mayuriiluni pail: wii duuq pass out (especially from pain drinking): nalluq'arluni be in pain, hurt: angqerlluku be painful: angqerhnarluni past in the past, at first: cuumi get a sharp stabbing pain: kapqerlluni patch: callmak patch it: callmagluku paint: k~aaskaaq patch some: callma'iluni paint it: k~asiirluku path: aprun pale get pale: mecuirluni be pale: mecuinani be pale in color: qateryugluni 84 pay him, pay for it: pie: paayaq nall'irluku keep paying him, keep piece paying for it: nallialuku a piece of it: ilii a piece of it comes off, gets peek in, peer in, look lost: ilairluni through something: take away a piece of it: qinerlluni ilairluku peek in at it: qinerlluku take away pieces of it: ilairturluku peel it: qelltairluku a piece broken or cut off: kepii peeling: qellteq a piece of it, half of it: qupii pencil: karantaasaaq;v tear or cut it to pieces: (Afog.) ster'utaq urqelluku penny, cent: siintaaq pierce it: ukilluku people: suuget or suu'ut pig: sitiinkaaq pepper: pii~itsaaq pile them up: qaligialluki peppery pill: piluliq be peppery, hot, spicy: qatllinarluni pillow: putuskaq have it be too peppery for one: qatlliklluku pilot (of airplane): nunalek perfume: tepkegcaun pilot bread: sug'aliq or sug'a~iq pilot house: aruwik perhaps: see maybe pimple: pupiguaq person: suk people: suuget or suu'ut pin: mingqun pet: qungutu'aq clothes pin: spiilkaaq (his pet: qunguturaa) safety pin: pul~.rgkaaq pick pinch it (once): puksugluku pick some up, gather some pinch it (repeatedly): up: a'urluni puksugturluku pick them up, gather them up: a'urluki pink salmon: amartuq pick on him: inglunguarluku pintail: pamyurtuliq, also pick it up: tuuluku kanarautusqat pick berries: nunaquluni ., pipe (for smoking): truupkaaq, picky also paipaq be picky, finicky: masayugluni stove pipe: t~upaq be picky, finicky (all the time): masatarluni I pistol: pistilitaq be picky about it: masaklluku picture: patr11taqv •• 85 holy picture: malisaaq or agayutet pitch pliers: puksuutak tree pitch: angeq pluck it: meqlluku pitcher: murusniik,v/ also pluck birds: meqciluni kugsiinaq plug some up: mellarluni pity plug it up: mellarluku have pity: nakllegyugluni get plugged up: mellaq'arluni pity him: naklleklluku be pitiful: nakllegnarluni pneumonia be pitiable, lonely: ilasugnarluni have pneumonia: awarnirluku or pac'aqarluku place place where it is located, pocket: ka¥maanaq or kalmaanaq place where he lives: enwia pocket-knife: nuusingcuut place one comes from, one's home town: kinguneq put one's hands in one's pockets: kauluni plane reach in one's pockets for wood plane: st~uusaq it: kauluku plane it: st¥uusarluku plane (airplane): tengauqaq point (of land): cingiyaq long sandy point: qangirnaq plant: nauq or naucestaaq point (of object) plate: qantaq its point, tip: iqua, also kakngaa play play: wamluni point at it: kenirluku (he is playing: waamuq) play with it: wamqutaqlluku poison: yaataq play tricks on him: poke anglanasiiklluku poke it, stab it: kaplluku playa musical instrument: poke it repeatedly: kapurluku cauyarluni take a poke: kapsarluni play checkers: makarluni poke oneself with something sharp: unagsagluni play dolls: suaruarluni poke one's head (or part of play the guitar: body) out of water: pugluni kitaa~arluni keep poking one's head out of water: pug'urluni playful be playful: talanghnagluni pole long pole: ayagta ayaun please ££ please him, make him happy or pole to hold something up: naparta willing to do something: pole for hanging fish: initaq ugayaglluku fishing pole: iqsaguaq (do it) any way one pleases: piugcicini aturluku pole a boat: ayagluni pole it: ayagluku

86 policeman: palic~uskiiq pregnant be pregnant: imluumaluni polish it, shine it: also aqsalililuni (lit. "make a rircarluku belly"), also allakarluni (lit. "be different"), also qumigluni poor (lit. "have something under clothing") poor thing!: naklegna present: pikiyun pop, soda: taangaruaq give him a present: pikilluku

porch, calidor: siinaq ££ press siinat press it: keneglluku press it (repeatedly): porcupine: nuuniq kenegtarluku press it flat, squash it: porpoise: mangaq ciilluku keep pressing it flat: portage: tugca'aq or tegcu'aq ciitarluku go by portage: tugca'arluni, tegcu'arluni, or aimqarluni pretty be pretty: cucunarluni post: napataq or naparta priest: kas'aq pot: asuq cast iron pot: cukunaq promise: akqiluni promise him: akqelluku cold water pot: paceshnirwik hot water pot: uqniwik prostrate oneself: cikqaqlluni tea pot: cainiiguaq proud pot holder: tuullitaq be proud (of oneself): silugluni be proud of it: siluuteklluku potato: ka~tuugaaq be proud, conceited: ullcugngaluni ££ angeklluni pound (weight): uspeq pry it apart: kiilluku pound it (once): kaugluku pound it (repeatedly): prying instrument, hand spike: kaugturluku aanspuuk pour puchki (plant): ugyuun (it) pours: kugluni pour it: kugluku dead puchki stem: cuplluqaq or pour it out (repeatedly): cuplluryaq ££ cuplluaq kugturluku puddle, pond: mecaguaq pour some (coffee) for him: imilluku puffin: qagiyaq pou t : pu tuluni

powder: peluruaq

pray: agayuluni. also malitguarluni prayer: malitguaq 87 pull (see also stretch) put pull (on) it: cayugluku put it in (a moveable object, boat or nuqlluku or vehicle): eklluku keep pulling on it: put them in (with repeated acts): cayugtarluku or nuqtarluku ekurluki pull it off: qecugluku put it (clothing) on: all'uku pull it out: amuluku put it on backwards: mumiglluku keep pulling it out: put him to bed: qawangcarluku amuurluku pull them out (repeatedly): put it on top (of oneself): amularluki qaimigluku pull some out: amulluni put it out: anlluku punch, awl: siilaq put it out (fire): qamlluku put it through an opening, punish thread it through: nugluku punish him: anucicarluku put it under oneself: acimigluku punish him (to make him under­ stand proper behavior): put it under one's coat: llangcarluku qumigluku put it up: taglluku puppy: piugka'angcuk put it (fish) up (by cutting purpose and drying): segluku (do it) on purpose): put some (fish) up: seg'iluni pingnaqpiarluni putty: samaaskaaq push push it (once): cingluku push it aside: cingaq'arluku (wind)pushes smoke down stovepipe: ken'garlluku Q (wind) pushes smoke down stovepipe (repeatedly): ken'garqaaluku put quake put it (there), put it down, earth is quaking: aulaluni up, away: lliiluku put some away, etc.: llii'iluni quill: cukiq put them away (with repeated acts): lliilarluki quit, stop: aulairluni or put some away (with repeated arulairluni, also taq'iluni acts): lliila'iluni put it away: malleglluku put it in (something having a door or small opening): iterlluku

88 raven: qalnga'aq

raw raw fish or meat: qasaq eat raw fish or meat: qasarluni eat it raw: qasarluku

R reach reach it (by extending part of the body): uyaqlluku rabbit: kuskanaq or reach some: uyaqulluni uskaanaq or cuutertuliq reach one's destination: tekilluni race (they) race: ingyartaraullutek reach it (a place): tekilluku race him: ingyartaraulluku reach the top: kangeqllilluni reach under or inside something rack for hanging fish: iniwik for it: kauluku or initaq be able to reach it: pakigluku rag: lumaraq read: naaqiluni floor rag: suuwin read it: naqlluku rain: qiteq ready rain: qitengluni be ready: taqumaluni start raining: qitrurlluku stop raining: qitriulluni get ready (to do something): lliiqurluni or elgarlluni be rainy: llaqcangluni rain barrel or drip catcher: really, very much: maallurpiaq kuciyutaq really, actually: cunang rainbow: agluryaq or irluryaq recall it: enqarluku raincoat: taasawik recognize it: liitaqlluku .J' rain hat: sut~staaq recognizable raise be recognizable: nallunainani raise it (higher in ele­ vation): qulwarlluku recorded music (tape, record, radio): cauyat raisin: isumaq ., recover, get well: ilangarlluni rake: kraapit, also or surlluni pakin'aguat red rancid be red: kawirluni (kawisqaq) be rancid: cuplluku (it is rancid): cupaa) reef: qalmiaq

rare relative, part of a family: ila be rare: nurnarluni

89 relax: et'aa'allqegciluni rib: raatan religion ribbon: lintaq belong to a certain religion: tawaten agayumaluni rice: kl-upaaq reluctant rich be reluctant or lazy to do be rich: akilguluni something: kayagyugluni be reluctant (all the time): ridicule him: temciklluku kayagtarluni be reluctant to do it, balk rifle: ynute~ or nutgutaq, at it: kayaklluku also raifiryaq remain (see also leave, stay) right remain: llir1u~ be right, correct: picuuluni not feel right: ling'ayugluni remember it: umyaaqlluku remember?: naama? right arm, hand, right side: tallirpik to the right: ta11irpitmen remind him: enqa'illuku right away: egmian, also pianeq remove it, take it off, away: yuu1uku ring: ku1un remove them (with repeated acts): yuularluki ring it (bell--once): kaugluku ring it (repeatedly): kaugtur1uku repeat rinse it: murqelluku repeatedly do or say it: rinse something: murqi1uni tawaten pitaarluni repeatedly do or say it rip it: caql1uku to him: tawaten pitaarluku (he ripped it: caqtaa) rip it (with repeated acts): rescue him: anirtur1uku caqtar1uku resemble it: ayuq11uku ripe get ripe, ripen: qiuluni respect be respectful: ling'ayugluni rise be respectful (all the time): rise (to a higher elevation): 1ing'atarluni qu1war1uni respect him, venerate him: 1ing'aklluku bread rises: pugluni sun rises: suarluni rest: sakairturluni or mernuirturluni river: kuik river banks: kui'im awatek restrict him: anucicarluku road: aprun return: angilluni roast split fish in oven: reverse asgir1uku, also cikiarluku go in reverse: utqiarluni

90 .., rock: yaamaq rubber boots: arapak rock standing up: nagaayuq rudder: alulaq rocks on top of banya: gaatet rug, mat: alliqaruaq roe, fish eggs: sisut ruin it: asiiyarlluku aged fish roe: piginaq get ruined: asiiyarlluni herring roe: qarayat rummage around: ariglluni roll rump: kinguqaq roll: akagluni roll it: akaglluku run run, start off running: roll it up: imegluku roll some up: imgiluni qecengluni run (continuously): qec'ngallualuni rolling pin: skaalaq (machine) runs: agluni roof of mouth: qila'aq (water) runs: maqlluni (water is running: maq'uq) roof tar roof: angeqcuk run it (water): maqlluku (he runs it: maqtaa) room run around (doing things): make room for it: kellagluni enengcarluku run away (from someone or there is room: enengqerlluni there is no room: enailluni something): qimagluni run away (especially from· home): root: nukek aularlluni or arularlluni run one's hand along it: rope: ifufkuq or mi~afkuq cipeglluku rope swing: wigtaaq run into it, bump it: puukarluku rot run into something: puukarluni rot (so that it gets soft, as wood): aruluni (water) runs over, overflows: ul'uni rot, or fall apart: urluni (it is running over: ul'uq) rough runny be rough (surface): gagluni have a runny nose: kakegllugluku (gasqaq) or kakeglliqlluni be rough (land): kuinggwigniinani rush, hurry: nayaluni be rough (water): tumniinani rush him: talrulluku row: anguarluni rush around, hurry: kagwagluni rub it: ulugluku rustle, jiggle, shake: petagluni rub him with liniment: rustle it: petaglluku maasarluku Russian: Kasaakaq 91 salt: taryuq be salty: taryuuluni salt fish: sultinaq

same 5 at the same time: pianeq it's the same: tawarpiaq in the same place: tawanirpiaq to the same place: tawa'uterpiaq from the same place: tawakenerpiaq sack: misuuk by the same way: tawaagunerpiaq in the same way: tawaterpiaq- sad be sad: imasuugluni sand: qaugyaq also nunaniicugluni sand flea: kumitgaq have a sad face: putuluni sandpaper: qaacaq sail: raa'utaq go sailing: raa'ucirluni Satan: Sat'anaq sailboat: skuunaq satisfied be satisfied: ugayugluni sailor: matruusaqv be satisfied (all the time): ugatarluni saliva: nauglluk be satisfied with it: salivate: nauglliluni ugaklluku salmon:iqalluk Saturday: Maqineq it is Saturday: Maqiyut dog salmon: alimaq king salmon, chinook: saucer: pelucesaaq iiliksak save large king salmon: save him: anirturluku aamasuuk save it for later: qungluglluku pink salmon, humpie: amaqaayak; (Karluk) saw: pilaq luuqaanak saw: pilarluni red salmon, sockeye: niklliq saw it: pilarluku red salmon that has come up­ sawbill duck: pairpak stream and turned red: amartuq silver salmon: qakiiyaq say say (a word or utterance) out smoked salmon: kupcuunaq, loud, pronounce: aperluni also palek or palik say it, pronounce it: aperluku salmonberry: alagnaq say it: tawaten piluni say it to him: tawaten piluku green salmonberry: urungilek what did you say?: qayu?

92 scales of fish: riqtat scow: skaawaq (Afog.) sis'uyat scrape it (off): keligluku scarce keep scraping it: keligturluku be scarce: nurnarluni scratch scare scratch it (an itch): paumluku scare him: alinglluku or scratch it (with something sharp): alingteqlluku qelluugluku scare him. try to scare him: scratch it (repeatedly): alingcaarluku qelluuwarluku be scared: alingluni be scared of it: aliklluku scratch it (leaving a mark): ceterluku scare him, startle him: tupaglluku scratch his head softly, fondle his hair: cangigluku scare it away, scare it off: keep on scratching his head: qimaglluku cangigturluku feel scared. jumpy, apprehensive: uluryayugluni scream, yell (once): qal'irluni feel scared (all the time): scream repeatedly: qalriurluni uluryatarluni feel scared of it. not want to screw: wintaq get near it: uluryaklluku scrounge: pukugluni be scared, spooked (especially of scrounge it: pukugluku the unknown or unusual): qumsuugyugluni scrubbers (dried grass roots): be scared, spooked (all the time): (Afog.) sugsuutet qumsuugtaarluni be scared, spooked by it: sculpin: kala'aq qumsuuklluku be scary, spooky: sea: imaq qumsuugnarluni sea b ass: clrpuu:'" k scarf: pelatuuk go to get sea food at low tide: atrarluni scavenge: mallungsaarluni or mallungqusaagluni, also sea lion: wiinaq pakugluni sea otter: arhnaq scavenge it: malluklluku sea parrot: tunngaq school: skuuluq sea urchin: uutuk have school: skuulurluni go to school: skuuluryarluni seagull: qatayaq schooner: skuunaq small seagull: egyaaq

scissors: nuusicuak or seal: isuwiq nuusicaak baby seal: qaigya'aq scold him, admonish him: fur seal: aataak allerqurluku

93 settle search: iwa1luni get settled: tusmigl1uni search for it: iwaluku seven: mal1ruungin seasick seven (card): mallruungiq be seasick: imiqlluni sew it: mingqelluku seaweed: nuya'it sew: mingqelluni sewing needle: mingqun see sewing kit: kakiwik see it: tangerlluku go to see it: takuluku shadow: tanraq or tangenraq; (Afog.) taaneq go out and see: naslluni go out and see it: nasl1uku shag (a bird): agasuuq seed: sim'inaq shake , shake it (out): ugcuu1luku self want to be by oneself: shake, jiggle: petagluni awaryug1uni shake it, jiggle it: petaglluku want to be by oneself (all (earth or house) shakes: au1aluni the time): awartarluni (person or body part) shakes, sell it: akicaqlluku trembles: uuleglluni sell something to him: start shaking: uuleng1uni akicarwikl1uku shake his hand: aigarturluku send it: tuyuqlluku shallow send something to him: be shallow: ek'inani or tuyurluku imarkinani sense be shallow-bottomed: ilukinani sense something: e11pegyugluni sense it: ellpekl1uku shaman: kalla'alek, also samanaq sense someone's presence: sung'uyugluni shaman with power to kill sea mammals, "whaler": arwarsulek use one's common sense: llan'i aturluku shame (see ashamed) be shameful: qikinarluni sensitive be sensitive to heat: shampoo: quliyutaq uuqetar1uni shape separate get out of shape: cangurlluni (they) separate): augyullutek get it out of shape: cangurlluku separate it: aug1luku share set share (some) with him, leave some set it (net or ttap): cuglluku food for him: ilakuiluku set the table: stuululir1uni share half with him: qupkuiluku or stuu1iurluni sun sets: kal'u1uni 94 shark: iraluruaq, also shoe: pashmakiiq melugyaq dress shoe: patiinkaaq sharp tennis shoe: aqriicestaaq be sharp (not dull): ipegluni (ipesqaq) shoelace: tupiq shave: ungairluni shoot shave him: ungairluku shoot with a gun: nutegluni ££ nutgaluni shavings: cananguat shoot it with a gun: nutegluku or nutgaluku shawl: saaliq shoot a gun: nutegyarluni ., shoot with an arrow: shed: sarayaq piteglluni shoot it with an arrow: shed hair, also (hair) sheds: piteglluku meqlluni shoot an arrow: pitegcarluni sheep: paranaq " shore its shore: cenii shelf: skaapaq short shell (for gun): patfuunaq be short: naninani shell (of sea creature): (person) is short: kanagkinani salaq shorts: pactaniik shine (light) shines: akirluni ~ . shot, BBs: truup~t (light) shines on it: akirluku shotgun: truupaw~v 'k shining light: akirneq shine (with reflected light): shoulder: tuik or tuwik rirluni (risqaq) shine it, polish it: rircarluku shovel: lapaatkaaq'" sun is shining: macarluni show it to someone: tangerceslluku moon is shining: iralirluni show off: pimasqiluni bring it out and show it: shingle: sifip'iitsaaq or maniluku ci~ipiitsaaq -- bring it out and show it to him: maniwiklluku ship: skuunaq shrimp: qumitgarpak shirt: qaliyaq or qaliyaruaq, also paarkaaq,y - also tiuplaaq shut it: patuluku shut him up: patulluku shiver, shake: uuleglluni shy be shy: qikiluni be shy (all the time): qikitarluni be shy of him: qikiklluku

95 sin: k~isiirluni sick be sick: qenaluni sinew: qikarlluk start to get sick: qenangluni sing: aturluni side sing it: aturluku side of body: caniqaq sing or talk to it (baby): turn sideways: canirlluni inqelluku on one's side: canirmi// canian singe it: panirluku to the side of it, beside it: nallii sink sink (in water): kill'uni the other side, across from it: akia sinker: kicautaq sink (in mud or snow): muruluni lie or turn on one's side: sink (continuously, in mud or kukuglluni snow): murualuni on one's side: kukugmi// kukuan sip it (something hot): yurlluku its side (as the side of a building): cenii sister right to the side of it: older sister: alqaq or aakaa cenkaraa younger sister: uyuwaq tip it sideways: illuglluni sister-in-law: aiq sideways: illugmi//illuan (his sister-in-law: ainga) sigh, exhale: aneryarluni sit be sitting (in sitting position): sight (a gun): qinrulluni aqum'aluni or aqumgaluni sight at it: qinrulluku sit down: aqumluni gun sights: anacl'uk sit on eggs: waaluni come into sight: igwarluni six: arwinlen or arwilgen signal with one's hand: six (card): arwinlek lliicaarluni signal to him with one's hand: size lliicaa'ulluku its size: pitatii sill: puhkaq skate: kankiiq skate: kankiirluni silly be silly: llang'ayagluni or skeleton of fish, also dry fish ellaingayagluni made from fish skeleton: suniq silver salmon: qakiiyaq skid sideways: carilluni skid from side to side: carialuni simple be simple: piarainani skiff: skiigwaq or tuuraq" double-ended skiff: palayaq

96 skillet: skuurutaq" slightly: ellma skillful be skillful at making things, slingshot: peluquq a neat worker: munarluni slip (garment): yuupkaaq skin, hide: amiq skin it: amiirluku slip: wasqilluni ££ llur'arlluni be slippery: wasqinarluni or skinny llur'anarluni (person) is skinny: mayarluni slipper: cuuglliiq, also selipaaq (pole, etc.) is skinny, small or selip'aq, also ac'iqaq and in diameter: aminani at'alaq ------skip (over) it: kiturluku sliver: cukiq, also unarsak skip some: kituwiluni get a sliver: cukilluni, also unarsagluni sky, heaven: qilak

slam something on part of one's slobber: nauglluluni body: patuq'aulluni sloppy slant, tilt: illuqlluni be sloppy: mequuluni, also slanted: illuqmi/illuan uragluni slough: kapegyallquq slap him: qacarlluku slow slave: metqaq be slow (in speed): cukainani sled: saaniik be slow at doing a job: pawianani sled line: tupiutaq go slowly: pirainani

sleep: qawarluni slug him: tenglugluku keep dozing off: qawa'aluni be sleepy: qawarniluni smack be groggy after sleeping: make a smacking noise: mecarlluni qawiqlluni small "sleep" in eyes: qunik small of one's back: quuyaq sleep-walk: temliluni be small: miklluni or miknani (mikelnguq) sleeping bag: qawarsuun smart slick be smart, clever: puqigluni be slick: llur'anarluni, (puqisqaq) also wasqinarluni not be smart: puqianani slide be smart, intelligent: slide (down): llurluni uswituluni slide (down, continuously): lluuwarluni smash it flat: ciilluku (earth) slides down, there is a landslide: uslluni 97 smear some on it: mingugluku snail: ipuk, also ac'aruaq smell: narluni snake: smiiyaq smell it (the odor reaches one): narluku snare: negaq smell it, sniff it: snare it: negarluku naryaurluku snare some: nega'iluni smell it by sniffing: narsuurluku sneak up on him: teriklluku, its smell: tepii also nill'arlluku smell bad: tepllugluni smell good: tepkeglluni sneeze (once): eqeshngarluni be smelly: tepllirluni sneeze (repeatedly): eqesnga'aluni smell like urine or sewage: etqilluni sniff, smell (with nose right around something): naryaurluni smile sniff it: naryaurluku smile or laugh: englaryugluni always be smiling: englartarluni snipe: kulickiiq smile or laugh at him: el1glarnaklluku snore: qutugluni smile in a happy way, look keep on snoring: qutualuni happy: sugnirluni snot: kakeglluk smoke: puyuq (fire) smokes: pu'irluni snow smoke a cigarette: puyuruarluni falling snow: qaniq smoke it (a cigarette): snow, be snowing: qaningluni puyuruarluku start snowing: qaniurlluku smoke it (a fish, etc.): stop snowing: qaniiyulluni puyuqlluku snow on ground: aniuq smoke (fish, etc.): puyuqlluni wet snow: mecaliqaq keep on smoking (fish, etc.): wet snow is falling: mecaliqangluni puyuqetarluni keep on smoking it (fish, etc.): snowshoe: tangluq puyuqetarluku snuff: iqmik smokehouse: ciqlluaq chew snuff: iqmigluni snuff box: .., iqmiutaq or peluskaun smokestack: trupaq soak it: kenilluku smooth soak some: keniciluni be smooth, even: nallqigluni get soaking wet: keniq'arluni (nallqisqaq), also werluni soap: miilaq be smooth (land): kuinggwignirluni be smooth (water): tumnirluni sober up: surlluni snag sock: cuukiiq get snagged, caught on some­ thing: naglluni, also sockeye: niklliq as'arlluni 98 sod: (Afog.) nikiiq sound, noise: nepa soda pop: taangaruaq sound good: nitnirluni soda cracker: sug'atiq soup: suupaq soft sour be soft: unainani be sour: quuhnarluni (quuhnasqaq) have a sour taste in one's mouth: (sound) is soft: emkinani quuhniyugluni or mekinani be soured: quuleglluku solar plexus: maksaq or southeast: kiakeq patlouskaaq spacious solder: paya'irluni be spacious:nunatuluni or solder it: paya'irluku entuluni soldier: saltaataq spade (card): piikiiq some spank some more: cali give him a spank: piqerluku somebody, someone: kinaq spank him (repeatedly): some people: kinkut piqerturluku something: caqiq spanker, switch made of bundle of sometime: cami leaves used to bring hot air in contact with body in banya: taarin some other time: or taaritet qakunguaqu spank oneself with bundle of sometimes: allrani or leaves in banya: taariluni iliini spank him with bundle of leaves: taariluku son: awaqutaq spark: kallkiq son-in-law: nengauq shower sparks: kallkirlluni (my son-in-law: nengauka) sparkle: riiyarqaaluni song: atuun or atunguaq sparrow: ikuwitiiq· soon, in a while: gwanirpak spawn: qaryaluni soot: saasaq speak: niuglluni ££ yuglluni sore: pupik speak continuously: niuwaluni (body part) is sore: angqerlluku or yuuwaluni speak to him: niu'ulluku or sorry yuu 'ulluku - feel sorry for him: speak about it: niuklluku or naklleklluku yuklluku speak about it continuously: feel sorry for oneself: niuwateklluku or yuuwateklluku ilasugyugluni

99 split spear: kepsuun spli t: quplluni fish spear: panaq split it: quplluku split it (continuously): qupurluku fish spear with detachable barb: (OH) maalik; (Afog.) split open, come apart: apak'aangaaq kiiyarlluni be easy to split: qugcigluni spell cast a spell: kalla'arluni (qugcisqaq) be hard to split: qugcialluni or camanirluni ~ samanirluni (qugcialnguq) cast a spell on him: kalla'arluku or camanirluku (they) split up: augyullutek or samanirluku split it up: auglluku split fish: segluku spicy be spicy, hot: qatllinarluni spoil get spoiled: aSiiyulluni spider white spider: atmaayak spoon: luuskaaq spill spot it (see it suddenly): (it) spills: kugluni spill it (on purpose): kugluku tangqaarlluku spill it (by accident): sprain one's ankle: nikiq'eriluni kug'iluku spirit: anerneq spread spread it out: saglluku spit: qecirluni spread one's legs: aurlerlluni spit at it: qecirluku spread it (butter): mingugluku spit repeatedly: qeciyarluni spit at it repeatedly: spring (season): ugnerkaq qeciyarluku in the spring: ugnerkami spit it out: qecuulluku be spring: ugnerkarluni last spring: ugnekarpak splash: ciqilluni next spring: ugnerkaqu splash it: ciqiluku every spring: ugnerkanra splash continuously: ciqiurluni early spring: ugnerkaryuwaq splash it continuously: in early spring: ugnerkaryuwarmi ciqiurluku be early spring: ugnerkaryuwarluni hot spring: maqallaq splatter: ciqnerlluni (metal) spring: ptusinaq splice them: usguullukek or uyuullukuk spruce: see tree splinter: cukiq spyglass: qinrutak get a splinter: cukilluni squash it: ciilluku

100 squeamish. startle him: tupaglluku be squeamish (about something get startled: tupagluni dirty): lleryugluni be easily startled: tupagtarluni give a start (when startled): squeeze it: eqlluku tupagyarluni squeeze contents out by running fingers along it, stay stay (there): ell'uni (elnguq) strip it: cipeglluku stay with him: el'ulluku squint: ircuglluni stay awake, stay up: maktaluni keep squinting: ircualuni stay overnight: qawartarluni squirrel: qanganaq stay for a while, get stuck: (due to weather): tepauluni stab it, poke it: kaplluku keep on stabbing it: stay up late: akguuliluni kapurluku stay with him (to take care of him), babysit him: nayurluku stack them up: qaligialluki steam: arillaq stagger: agualuni steam: arillirluni stain steambath: see banya be stained: puyaluni stain it: puyalluku steamer: pa¥ag'uusinaq stairs: traapatv steel: cawik stamp one's foot: tuc'arluni steelhead (trout): mayuwartaq stand steep stand up: nangarlluni be steep: werngaluni (plant, etc.) stands up: steer: aquluni or aruluni naparlluni steer it: aquluku or aruluku stand it up: naparlluku steering wheel: aqusuun or aquwik, staple it: nutguarluku also arusuun or aruwik staple gun: nutguaq

star: agyaq; (Karluk) mit'aq stem its stem: puunga north star: qukaun step go starring (carolling with step on it (once): tull'uku Christmas star): slaawirluni step on it (repeatedly): tutmarluku start start, begin: aularnirluni step back: kingutmiarluni start it (machine): aglluku take a step: amllirluni (machine) gets started: agluni step along: amllialuni start it (fire, banya): steps, stairs: mayu'utet or kuarlluku v traaparuat

101 stern store: 1aafkaaq ££ 1augkaaq~A its stern: kingua in the stern: kingumi story: qu1iyanguaq tell a story: qu1iyanguar1uni stick (piece of wood): tell (a story) about it: ' qupuraq quliyanguaqlluku walking stick: aya'uq tell a story to him: quliyanguilluku stick, adhere: neplluni stick to it: neplluku stout be stout: lleg1uni (llegesqaq) be sticky: nepcanarluni stick, get stuck: kapuc'arluni stove stick in it: kapulluku cooking stove: pelit'aaq stick up: napaq'arluni heating stove: kaminaq v stick up for him: igurluku stove pipe: trupat stove cover lifter: ugaatkaaq stiff be stiff, hard: tegluni straight (body part or dead body) gets be straight: na1lqigluni stiff: igurlluku straighten it: nallqigcarluku

still, yet: cali strain, exert effort: cakugluni

sting stranded (body part) stings, smarts: be stranded, stuck: anak'arluni qatlliluni cause one to sting: stranger: allanertaq qatllinarluni strangle it: qemi11uku stingy be stingy: alayugluni stretch be stingy (all the time): stretch out: neng1uni alatarluni stretch it: nengl1uku be stingy with it: alaklluku stretch it out: nengug11uku or nuq11uku stink: arinarlluku stretch it out continuouslu: nengugtar1uku or nuqtar1uku stir it: pekaglluku stretch oneself: nenguniurluni stretch one's legs: stur11uni stomach: suqaq have a stomach-ache: strike aqsiqlluni strike by rapping or knocking (once): kaug1uni stone: see rock strike it (once): kaugluku strike repeatedly: kaugturluni stop strike it repeatedly: kaugturluku stop (doing something), quit: strike it, hit it (once): aulairluni or arulairluni piqerluku stop (going): naglluni strike it, hit it (repeatedly): piqerturluku stop it up, plug it: mellarluku or mellaquurluku 102

• y sweater: su~taraq sweep: kagiluni sweep it: kagiluku sweet be sweet: neqnirluni swell swell up, puff up: pugluni or pugkarluni swell (waves): qaugyaak there are swells: ~ qaugyaangluni swim: kuimarluni (fish) swims against current: asgurluni swing: kacuulaq swing (on a swing): kacuularluni rope swing: wigtaaq swing (on a rope swing): wigtaarluni switch: see spank

104 take take care of him: auluklluku stay and take care of him: nayurluku take it down to the beach (e.g. a boat): atrarlluni T take some down: aciwaulluni take it down: aciwaulluku take some in: itrulluni take it in: itrulluku table: stuuluq take it off, out: yuuluku set the table: stuuliurluni take them off, remove them: or stuululirluni yuularluki take some off, out, remove tablet some: yuuwiluni writing tablet: igarwik take things off, out: yuula'iluni take take it: tuuluku take some out (of something having take them (repeatedly): a door or small opening): anyulluni tuularluki take it out: anlluku take some: tuulluni take some out to sea: atrulluni take some aboard: ekulluni take it out to sea: atrulluku take it aboard: ekulluku take over for him: igurluku take some across (to the take some over (toward the other side): arwiulluni south side): alraulluni take it across: arwiulluku take it over: alraulluku take some along: ilakulluni take some over (toward the take it along: ilaklluku north side): itraulluni take it along (continuously): take it over: itraulluku ilakurluku take a picture: pat~iitai'iluni take it apart: nauglluku take a picture of it: take something away from pat~iitairluku him: allurlluku take a step: amllirluni take away at take off part take steps: amllialuni of it: ilairluku take as a member of the church: keep on taking away part of ilaksa'ulluku it: ilairturluku (they) take turns: take some back (home): kipullegtaraulluteng angiyulluni take it back (home): take some up: tagulluni angiyulluku take it up: tagulluku take a banya, take a bath: maqiluni take some by boat: aiwilluni take it by boat: aiwilluku

105 tarp, canvas: palus'iinaq take take some up on top: ugyulluni taste take it up on top: taste some: sur'irluni or ugyulluku surwirluni taste it: sur'irluku or take some up (climb with surwirluku it): mayuulluni take it up: mayuulluku taste good: piturnirluni talk tea: caayuq talk: niuglluni or have tea: sarsaluni yuglluni want tea: sarsayugluni talk continuously: niuwaluni or yuuwaluni tea kettle: cainiik talk to him: niu'ulluku tea pot: cainiiguaq or yuu'ulluku talk to him continuously: teach: litnauwiluni niu'uqurluku or yuu'uqurluku teach him: litnaurluku talk about it: niuklluku or yuklluku teacher: uciitilaq or talk about it continuously: litnauwista niuwateklluku or yuuwateklluku tear talk back: kium'aluni a tear, rip: caqneq talk back to him: kium'aluku (it) tears: caqlluni he is talking back: kiumgauq (it tore: caqtuq) talk or sing to it (baby), tear it: caqlluku pay attention to it: inqelluku tear it (up) (with repeated acts): caqtarluku tall tear it or cut it.to pieces: be tall: kanagtuluni urqelluku tan tear it down: nauglluku get a tan, be suntanned: tungulluku tears: aluwik

Tanaina Athabaskan, Kenaitze: tease: agqacestaarluni or Kenaiyuq agagsaa'iluni tease him: agqacestaarluku tangle or agagsaagluku get tangled up: ilagluni tease him, play tricks on him: tangle it up: ilaglluku anglanasiiklluku tangled underbrush: ilagneq teat, breast: muk tank: taangkaaq her teat, breast: muuwa tape, glue: nepyutaq tee-'shirt: tiilnaaq, also lamatkaaq" tar: esmalaq teen-ager: ayaneraq target: napataq

106 tell (see also talk) that tell him: quliraulluku that one (by you; also, in ge­ tell him about it: neral, at the place referred to quliyanguilluku previously--extended): tamaana tell on him: quliyarluku of that one: tamaatum tell on someone: quliyarluni those: tamaakut tell him to do something: that kind; tamaakuciq lliimerluku that much, that many: tamaaten tell him the right thing to do, advise him, scold him: thaw out: u'uglluni allerqurluku or u'uglluku tell him off: situugluku thaw it out: urungcirluku ££ tell him off (continuously): urugceslluku situugturluku then, at that time: taumi ten: qulen ten (card): qula there (see also back, behind, down in, out, over, ~) tend to it: tuniulluku there (by you; also, in general, at the place referred to pre­ tendon: nukek viously--restricted): tawa'i (located) there: tawani tense up: eqmerluni (heading) there: tawa'ut from there: tawaken tent: palatkaaqI (by way of) there: tawaagun around there (by you; also, in test it: takuluku general, at the place referred keep testing it: takuurluku to previously--extended): tamaa'i (located) around there: tamaani thank (heading) around there: tamaa'ut thank you: quyanaa from around there: tamaaken thank you very much: (by way of) around there: quyanaasinaq tamaagun be thankful: quyaluni be thankful for it or to they, themselves, them, theirs: him: quyaklluku ellaita be thankful to him: to them, for them: ellaitnun quyawiklluku to themselves, for themselves: ellmegtenun that they two (themselves), those that one (by you; also, in two, them two, theirs: ellaigta general, at the place referred to them two, for them two: to previously--restricted): ellaignun taugna or tauna to themselves (two), for them­ of that-one: taug'um or taum selves (two): ellmegtegnun those: taugkut that's all: tawa'i thick that way, like that: tawaten be thick: martuluni, also can'uluni (fog) is thick: umcigluni; (Afog.) umceslluni

107 thimble: tekruaq throat: igmaun or igya'aq thin through be thin: markinani. get through it (an obstacle), also caneglluni or make it through it: allpagluku can'ginani go through it, penetrate it: be thin in diameter: peturlluku or pulalluku aminani put it through an opening, thread thing: caqiq it through: nugluku soak through it: taplluku think think: umyaarteqlluni or throw umyaarturluni throw things: milurquuciluni think, ponder: umyaalinguar­ throw things at him: milurquulluku luni throw it (away): eglluku think of it, recall it: throw some (away): egciluni enqarluku throw water on it, splash it: thirsty ciqiluku be thirsty: taangayugluni keep throwing water on it: ciqiurluku be thirst from dehydration: throw water on something, splash patrirluku something (especially rocks in banya): ciqilluni this keep throwing water on something: this (restricted): una ciqiu'ulluni of this: um to this, for this: uumen thunder: kalliq these: ukut thunder: kallirluni, also like this, this way: gwaten minrarluni this (extended): man'a of this: mat'um Thursday: Staamiin these: makut it is Thursday: Staamiriut this kind: makuciq about this time of the year: thus: see way maatermi tickle him: qumcaayutaarluku thorn: cukiq be ticklish: qumcaayugluni get a thorn: cukilluni be ticklish (all the time): thorny plant: cukilanaq qumcaatarluni thousand: tiiscaaq tide tide goes out: kenlluni thread: kelugkaq tide goes out on it: kenulluku low tide: ken'aq thread it through something, also thread something through tide comes in: tung'irluni it: nugluku tide covers it: tungiulluku high tide: tung'iq three: pingayun three (card): pingayuq tie third: pingayuat tie it: nemerluku tie it together: nemrulluku tie it up (to something): napyuulluku 108 tie something up: napyuuciluni today: ernerpak tie later on today: ernequ tie them together: usgulluki toe big toe: putukuq or tilt, list, lean (to where angenquyuk it is not upright): irirlluni toenail: estuk (my toenail: stuuka) tilt, slant, tip sideways: (his toenail: cetua) illuglluni together time (they) get together: katurlluteng what time is it?: qaugcinek get them together: katurlluki kaugtau'u? for the first time: nutaan toilet: anarwik ££ nuusniik the last time: kingukun toilet paper: siquu'utaq for a long time, since long tomcod: saakelaq ago: qanginek tomcod egg: arhmasuk have the time, opportunity to (tomcod eggs: arhmasut) do something: tekiulluni or pakiulluni tomorrow: unuaqu have the time, opportunity for until tomorrow: unuaqunun it: tekilluku or pakigluku day after tomorrow: yaatiiku this time: mat'umi about this time of the year: tongs: tuulautek maatermi tongue: uluq tingle (my tongue): uluka (body part) tingles after blood flow has been cut off for some tonight (this evening): akgua'arpak time: kakilacagiiluku later on tonight: akgua'aqu tip tonight (at night): unugpak its tip, point: iqua later on tonight: unuku

tip over, capsize: kitnguluni too, also: cali tip it over or tip over in it: kitngulluku be too much: ana'ulluni

tip sideways: illuglluni tooth: gun or guuteq tip it sideways: illuglluku tooth aches: guuciqlluni tip up: irirlluni tip it up: irirlluku pick it up with one's teeth: kegmigluku tired hold it in one's teeth: kegmiaqlluku be tired: sakaarlluni or something held in the teeth: mernurluni kegmiaq

be tired of waiting: qatgaarlluni toothpick: kumkiutaq Tlingit: Kulusuq

109 top treat him (with medicine): top of it, tip of it: kangra sungcarluku

get to the top: kangeqllilluku tree (especially spruce): napaq on top of it (a surface): qainga trim it: cakilluku put it on top of one: trim something: cakiciluni qaimigluku have it on top of one: trip and fall: angqulluni qaimiaqlluku trouble touch have trouble, have a hard time: touch it (once): agturluku kayagniurluni or cakugluni touch it (repeatedly): get into trouble: piruyagluni agtualuku or ka'ugllugluni touch it, feel it: unaluku trout: saaguayaq, also anciq touch it, have something to do with it: caklluku hooked nose trout: curlluk don't touch itl: caken'illgul lake trout, Dolly Varden: nanwam ancia tough be tough: tegluni (tegesqaq) true (person) is tough, not a be true: picuuluni weakling: agatuluni try tow: qamurluni try it out, try it on: tow it: qamurluku takuluku try it out (repeatedly): towel: ermiutaq takuurluku dish towel: traapkaaq tub: saikaaq

toy: wamqu taq tuber sweet swamp tuber: mayuruaq track: tuma (tracks: tumet) tuberculosis: ciguutkaaq make tracks: tumiluni have tuberculosis: cig~utkaarluku track it: tumaarlluku Tuesday: Aipiin trail, path: aprun it is Tuesday: Aipiiyut

translate for him: tundra: cailnguq qanercirluku turn trap: kapkaanaq turn to face it: cauluku trap it: kapkaanarluku turn back: tunulluni trash: llernat turn back to him: tunulluku turn it down (light. radio, etc.): travel: ang'asiigluni qamcugluku

no turn turn inside out: ull'uni turn it inside out: ull'uku turn and look at it: kingyarluku turn it off (light, gas, radio, etc.): qamlluku turn it on (light, gas, radio, etc.): kuarlluku turn it on (radio): aglluku turn over, around: mumiglluni turn it over, around: mumiglluku turn on one's side: canirlluni turn it on its side: canirlluku turn it up (light, radio, etc.): uyangulluku turn upside down: kanarlluni turn it upside down: kanarlluku (they) take turns: kipullegtaraulluteng twenty: suinaq twins: malrik or mal'ik twist twist it: qiplluku twist it (continuously): qipurluku twitch: petagluni two: mal'uk second of two: malruak second of three or more: malruat

III undo come undone (for example, some­ thing woven or knitted): itemluni undo it: itemlluku come undone, unbuttoned, unlaced, u unzipped: tupiirluni undo, unbutton, unlace, unzip it: tupiirluku ugly undress: qungatairluni, also be ugly: tangerhniinani, matarlluni, also atkuirluni also asiilngunarluni, also undress him:~ngatairluku, cucunainani also matarlluku, also atkuirluku uncle unhappy (mother's brother): angaa or be unhappy: imasuugluni angaq (father's brother): ataa or unload it: kiwgirluku ataataq unpack: qungatairluni unclean unpack it: qungatairluku be unclean: llernarluni feel it is unclean, be unplug squeamish about it: lieqiluku get unplugged: mellairluni unplug it (something blocked uncomfortable off): mellairluku feel uncomfortable, uneasy: aturniiI1iqIluni unrecognizable be unrecognizable: nallunarluni unconscious become unconscious, pass out: untie mayuriiluni get untied, come loose: itemluni or petengluni under untie it, take it loose: under it, underneath it: itemlluku or petenglluku acaa under you: acigpeni up the one under it: aciqIIia up there (restricted): pia'i or atilia (located) up there: piani go by under it: aciirluku (heading) up there: pia'ut from up there: piaken underwear: iIuqIIiit (by way of ) up there: piyaagun that one up there: pingna piece of underwear: tiiInaaq of that one up there: ping'um those up there: pingkut understand: kangirciluni understand (continuously): up there (extended): paaga kangirciurluni (located) up there: paagani understand it: kangirciluku (heading) up there: paaguut understand it (continuously): (by way of) up there: paagaagun kangirciurluku from up there: paagaken that one up there: pagna undertow: ikuak of that one up there: pag'um there is an undertow: ikualluni those up there: pagkut

112 up upside down: kanarmi//kanaan up there (obscured), up at the turn upside down: kanarlluni lakes, up in the woods: pama'i turn it upside down: kanarlluku (located) up there: pamani (heading) up there: pama'ut upstairs: qall'iq from up there: pamaken upstairs (there): pakna (by way of) up there: (located) upstairs: pakmani pamaagun (heading) upstairs: pakmaut that one up there: pamna of that one up there: pam'um from upstairs: pakmaken those up there: pamkut (by way of) upstairs: pakmaagun the one upstairs: pakemna up the inlet: qawa'i of the one upstairs: pakem'um (located) up the inlet: qawani those upstairs: pakemkut (heading) up the inlet: qawa'ut from up the inlet: qawaken urchin (by way of) up the inlet: sea urchin: uutuk qawaagun that one up the inlet: qaugna urgent (see hurry) of that one up the inlet: have urgent business, be in a qaug'um hurry: nayaluni those up the inlet: qaugkut go up the inlet: qawa'irlluni urinate: qurlluni have to urinate: qursugluni go, come up: tagluni carry, take, bring it up: urine: etquq tagulluku put, pull it up: taglluku use get up: maklluni use it: aturluku get up (on top of something): be usable: atuuluni uglluni get used up: nangluni take, bring it up on top: use it up: nangluku ug'ulluku get used to it: liiyulluku or go, come up (by climbing): liiyarlluku mayurluni pick up something one can use carry, take, bring it up: later: aklluurluku mayuulluku something one picks up for later lift up one's head, look up: use: aklluuq cuglluni uvula: uluruaq upper the upper part of it: qullia ££ quleqllia

upset get upset, one's feelings get hurt: qaisuugluni upset him, hurt his feelings: qaisuuglluku

113 v w vertebrae: iiwaq or wiiwaq wade: nalugluni wade around, wade along: vest: si1in or si1itaq naluwar1uni vinegar: uksuusaaq waist: qukaq violin: sk~iipkaaq wait: utaqaluni wait for him: utaqaluku visible wait a minute!: atakuul be visible: tangenru1uni wake up: esgarluni visit: ku1a'ir1uni wake him up: esgarlluku visit him: ku1a'irwik11uku walk: kuinglluni voice: erinaq take a walk: kula'irluni volcano: puyulek walk back and forth: angitaaruarluni vomit (once): miryarluni vomit on it (once): miryarluku walk on the beach: vomit (repeatedly): qutirluni mirya'aluni walk in a hurry: vomit on it (repeatedly): kagwagluni mirya'aluku walk overland: nunakuarluni

walking stick: aya'utaq

wall: estinaq

wallet: akiun

wallpaper: iluliyaq wallpaper it: iluli'irluku

waltz: waalicaaq

want want to get (some): aya'ilun! want to get it: aya'iklluku want some, ask for some: piicagluni want it, ask for it: 114 piicagluku wash want wash (oneself): urturluni want to do something, ask to do wash it (for example, dish, something: piugciluni person, or body part): want to have something, covet: urturluku eklliyugluni wash dishes: urtuwiluni want to have it, covet it: wash clothes: iqai'iluni eklliklluku wash it (clothing): iqairluku be covetous all the time: washing machine: iqai'isuun ekllitarluni washboard: iqai'isuun or want to go along: nacigluni iqai'isuutet - want to go along with him: wash one's face: ermigluni nacigluku wash it (face) or wash his want some more, ask for more: face: ermigluku ilaiturluni wash basin: ermigwik want to take someone along: wash one's hair: qulilluni ilangcarluni wash it (hair) or wash his want to take him along, want hair: qulilluk~ him to go with one: ilangcarluku wash one's hands: uuriluni not want to have people around, wash them (hands): uuriluku want to be alone: awaryugluni want to be alone (all the time): was hb oar:d pr1ac""k aat awartarluni not want to have him around: washtub: saikaaq awaqlluku (wave) washes over it: war qagerluku (they) have a war, (they) fight: anguyagluteng wasp: taiyaq warden ..., watch, wristwatch: casaat church warden: staarastaaq watch v warehouse: sarayaq watch, look: tangerhniqlluni watch it, look at it: warm tangerhniqlluku be warm: maqaruarluni watch out: llaasurluni (person or place) is warm: maqarluni watch over him, take care of warm it up: maqarcarluku him: auluklluku

warn him, admonish him: water: taangaq allerqurluku get water: taangarlluni pack water: taangarqiurluni wart: utnguq pot of hot water: uqnarwik or uqniwik

115 waterfall: qurllurta weasel: amitatuk watermelon berry: muuguaq (Afog.) weather the weather, outdoors: lla wave: qangyuk have trouble with the weather: there are waves: qangyungluni llaaculnguluni wave it: magaa'iruteklluku be weathered in: sapurluku wave (one's hands): magaa'irluni wave at him: magaa'irluku Wednesday: Pingayiin it is Wednesday: pingayiiyut wax in one's ear: tekiq week: maq ineq way be in the way, get in the way: weigh it, measure it: usperluku awiraulluni weight, measure: uspeq be in his way, get in his way: weight to hold it down: awiyarluku usperutaq do it one's own way: picini put weight on it: ngigluku aturluku weight it down with something heavy: ngigcirluku that way, thus: tawaten this way, thus: gwaten welcome you're welcome: quyanaituq (by) which way: natgun well we, us, ours: gwangkuta get well, recover: surlluni to us, for us: gwangkumtenun we two, us two: gwangkunuk westerly wind: kanakeq to us two, for us two: gwangkumtegnun wet like us, the way we do: be wet: mecuuluni gwangkumcicestun get wet: mecuurlluni weak get soaking wet: keniq'arluni be weak: tuknianani whale: arwaq or ar'uq feel weak: (OR) maluqnarluni or maluqnarnani killer whale: arlluk

(coffe or tea) is weak: ecuilluni what: caqiq be a weakling, fraii: agakinani what did you say?: a1..• ? , also qayu? weapon: pisuutaq do what: caliluni weapon for hitting: anuu'utaq hit with a weapon: anuurluku wheel: aka'utaq (Afog.) anaurluku wheelbarrow: taackaaq wear: aturluni wear it: aturluku when (in the future): qaku wear out: usuq'arluni when (in the past): qangwaq when (in general): cami

116 where: nani willing where to: nat'en or natmen be willing: ugayugluni where from: naken be willing (all the time): which way: natgun ugatarluni where is (it): naama be willing to go along with go where: natgwirluni him, willing to do it: ugaklluku whetstone: minguutaq willow: nimruyaq or which nimruryaq which of them: naliat which of two: naliak win: qakgwa'iluni which part of it: natii wince (once): awic'arluni while wince (repeatedly): a little while ago: gwanirpak awic'a'aluni

whisk for banya (see spank): wind: aqllaq taarin or taaritet wind blows: aqllangluni wind starts blowing: whisker: ungak aqllaurlluku wind stops blowing: whistle: kukumyarluni aqllaiyulluni keep whistling: kukumya'aluni wind blows from where: white nakerluni be white: qaterluni (qatesqaq) wind blows into bay: white man, American: ilumuqarluni Mi~ikaansaaq or Mi1ikaancaaq wind blows out of bay: anqerlluni who: kina(q) who (plural): kinkut go along with wind: uqumigluni whose: kinam, kitum, or kia go into wind: asguurluni whole east wind: ungalaq the whole thing: luucirmi// luucian north wind: waasaaq north-northeast wind: kiakeq why: qai-cali northeast wind: waasaaruaq wick (of a lamp): kumaq or west wind: llaaniq kumAtkaaq south wind: waakeq wide· northwest wind: nunameq be wide: lurtuluni southwest wind: nakirsariiq wife: nuliq southeast wind: saniikiaq his wife: nulira or nulia wind off hills: pamakeq wild variable wind, wind from wild thing: nunallaq different directions: wild celery: ugyuun; (Afog.) qalii'iq ugsuun wild man, Bigfoot: arula'aq 117 wild spinach, nettle: uuqaayanaq windbreak: llaqlliq wood, firewood: kenerkaq window: gaaleq ££ raaleq piece of wood, stick: wine: winuq qupuraq chop wood: i.qiurluni, also wineberry: puyurniq kenerkiurluni chopped wood: iqiuwat wing: saquq word: niugneq or yugneq winter: uksuq be winter: uksurluni work: peklluni in winter: uksumi work on it: pektaaql1uku this winter, last winter: uksurpak work, job: pektaaq this coming winter, next winter: uksuqu world, outside: lla every winter: uksunra spend the winter: uksiluni worm: kinguk wipe worry: peng'ar11uni wipe (once): allegluni worry about it: peng'ar11uku wipe (continuously): allgurluni or be worried: pengegyug1uni allegturluku . be worried about it: wipe one's bottom: siquurluni pengeklluku wipe his bottom: siquurluku be worrisome: pengegnarluni

wire: pruurukaaq., " worse get worse, go from bad to wise worse, get to be too much: be wise: aswituluni ana'u1luni get bad or worse: asiiyullun1 wish wish one had some: aya'iluni worthy wish one had it, or one like be worthy of thanks: quyanar1uni it: aya'iklluku wound it: piner11uglluku witch, shaman: kalla'alek wrap wolf: kaganaq wrap it (package): qantar1uku wolverine: macarualek wrap it by winding something around it: uma'ir1uku woman: arnaq wreck old woman: kaiwiq get wrecked: asiiyar11uni be an old woman: kayugiuluni wreck it: asiiyarlluku young woman, girl: arya'aq wrestle: akurluni wonder about it: kang1ilyuglun1 wrestle with him: akurluku I wonder if ..• : ima, or ima'i wrinkle: qacuq or ima-mi, also qa1-kiq get wrinkled (skin): qacu1uku get wrinkled by water: maruyaglluku wrinkle it up (cloth, etc.): imeg1urqelluku 118 wrist: tayarneq yell (once): qayagaurluni yell (once) at him: write: igarluni qayagaurluku write it: igarluku yell (repeatedly): write to him (also write on it): qayagauwaluni igarwiklluku writing (something written): yell (repeatedly) at him: qayagauwaluku igaq yell, scream (once): wrong qal'irluni be wrong: picuugkunani yell, scream (repeatedly): qalrialuni the wrong place, the wrong one: usaun'ilnguq yellow-jacket: taiyaq the wrong way, on the wrong side: kenglucestun; (Afog.) kenlucestun yes: aa'a

yesterday: akgua'aq day before yesterday: yaatiini

you (singular): ellpet to you, for you: ellpenun you folks (plural): ellpeci to you, for you: ellpecesnun you two: ellpetek to you two, for you two: y ellpetegnun young young person: sun'a'aq be young: sun'arauluni young man: tan'uraq, also ukisqaq yardage, fabric: siitsaaq young woman: arya'aq yarrow: qangananguaq; (Afog., young of animal: carliaq Kar.) qanganaruaq

yawn (once): aitaurluni yawn (repeatedly): aitauwarluni or aitauwaluni

year: uksuq z last year: cuuliak or zipper: sipaaq cuuliagpak next year: cuuliaku

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