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Characterization of Surface-Water U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Characterization of Surface-Water Quality Based on Real-Time Monitoring and Regression Analysis, Quivira National Wildlife Refuge, South-Central Kansas, December 1998 Through June 2001 By VICTORIA G. CHRISTENSEN Water-Resources Investigations Report 01–4248 Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Lawrence, Kansas 2001 U.S. Department of the Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: U.S. Geological Survey District Chief Information Services U.S. Geological Survey Building 810, Federal Center 4821 Quail Crest Place Box 25286 Lawrence, KS 66049–3839 Denver, CO 80225–0286 CONTENTS Abstract.................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Purpose and Scope....................................................................................................................................................... 4 Description of Study Area ........................................................................................................................................... 4 Methods ................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Data Collection and Analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 5 Development of Regression Equations........................................................................................................................ 6 Calculation of Measured and Estimated Chemical Loads and Yields ........................................................................ 7 Chemical Concentrations, Loads, Yields, and Variability..................................................................................................... 7 Measured Concentrations ............................................................................................................................................ 7 Regression-Estimated Concentrations Using Real-Time Water-Quality Monitoring.................................................. 13 Physical Properties, Solids, and Sediment......................................................................................................... 17 Major Ions.......................................................................................................................................................... 18 Nutrients ............................................................................................................................................................ 20 Fecal Coliform Bacteria..................................................................................................................................... 21 Estimated Loads, Yields, and Variability..................................................................................................................... 22 Uncertainty Associated with Regression-Based Estimates ......................................................................................... 24 Summary................................................................................................................................................................................ 24 References Cited.................................................................................................................................................................... 26 FIGURES 1. Maps showing location of Rattlesnake Creek Basin and marshes, ponds, and canals at Quivira National Wildlife Refuge, south-central Kansas ................................................................................................................... 3 2. Photograph of in-stream water-quality monitor used to continuously measure and record specific conductance, pH, water temperature, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen......................................................................................... 5 3–5. Graphs showing: 3. Comparison of mean daily streamflow and long-term mean monthly streamflow for Rattlesnake Creek near Zenith......................................................................................................................................................... 13 4. Comparison of 1999 and 2000 monthly precipitation at Rattlesnake Creek near Zenith gaging station .......... 14 5. Percentage change in median concentrations of selected water-quality chemicals between 1999 and 2000 for Rattlesnake Creek near Zenith ..................................................................................................................... 14 6–11. Graphs showing comparison of measured and regression-estimated: 6. Alkalinity, dissolved solids, total suspended solids, and suspended sediment concentrations in water from Rattlesnake Creek near Zenith, December 1998 through June 2001................................................................. 17 7. Major ion concentrations in water from Rattlesnake Creek near Zenith, December 1998 through June 2001........................................................................................................................................................... 19 8. Nutrient concentrations in water from Rattlesnake Creek near Zenith, December 1998 through June 2001........................................................................................................................................................... 20 9. Fecal coliform bacteria densities in water from Rattlesnake Creek near Zenith, December 1998 through June 2001........................................................................................................................................................... 21 10. Fecal coliform bacteria densities in water from Rattlesnake Creek near Zenith, April 1 through October 31, 2000 ............................................................................................................................................... 22 11. Total organic nitrogen and total phosphorus loads in water from Rattlesnake Creek near Zenith, 2000.......... 24 Contents III TABLES 1. Statistical summary of water-quality data collected from Rattlesnake Creek near Zenith, Kansas, December 1998 through June 2001 ................................................................................................................................................. 8 2. Linear regression equations for estimation of physical properties, solids, sediment, major ions, nutrients, and bacteria in Rattlesnake Creek near Zenith, Kansas, December 1998 through June 2001 ...................................... 15 3. Estimated loads and yields of selected chemicals in water from Rattlesnake Creek near Zenith, Kansas, 1999 and 2000 ................................................................................................................................................................. 23 CONVERSION FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND DEFINITIONS Multiply By To obtain acre 4,047 square meter cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter microgram per liter (µg/L) 0.00539 pound per day mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer milligram per liter (mg/L) 5.39 pound per day milliliter (mL) 0.0338 ounce, fluid pound (lb) 453.6 gram pound per acre (lb/acre) 1.121 kilogram per hectare pound per acre per year [(lb/acre)/yr] 1.121 kilogram per hectare per year pound per day (lb/d) 453.6 gram per day pound per year (lb/yr) 453.6 gram per year square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer ton (short) 0.9072 megagram Temperature can be converted to degrees Celsius (oC) or degrees Fahrenheit (oF) by the equations: oC=5/9 (oF - 32) oF=9/5 (oC) + 32. IV Characterization of Surface-Water Quality Based on Real-Time Monitoring and Regression Analysis, Quivira National Wildlife Refuge, South-Central Kansas, December 1998 Through June 2001 Characterization of Surface-Water Quality Based on Real- Time Monitoring and Regression Analysis, Quivira National Wildlife Refuge, South-Central Kansas, December 1998 Through June 2001 By Victoria G. Christensen Abstract turbidity, and dissolved oxygen. A continuous record of estimated chemical concentrations was Because of the considerable wildlife benefits developed from continuously recorded in-stream offered by the Quivira National Wildlife Refuge measurements. in south-central Kansas, there is a desire to ensure Annual variation in water quality was evalu- suitable water quality. To assess the quality of ated by comparing 1999 and 2000 sample data— water flowing from Rattlesnake Creek into the the 2 years for which complete data sets were refuge, the U.S. Geological Survey collected peri- available. Median concentrations of alkalinity, odic water samples from December 1998 through fluoride, nitrate, and fecal coliform bacteria were June 2001 and analyzed the samples for physical smaller or did not change from 1999 to 2000. Dis- properties, dissolved solids, total suspended sol- solved solids, total suspended solids, sodium, ids, suspended sediment, major ions, nutrients, chloride, sulfate,
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