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Environmental Impact of Aquaculture Challenges for Sustainable Production

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Environmental Impact of Aquaculture Challenges for Sustainable Production His Majesty Sultan Qaboos bin Said 2 SULTANATESULTANATE OFOF OMANOMAN - -MINISTRY MINISTRY OF OF FISHERIES FISHERIES WEALTH WEALTH - AQUACULTURE- Aquaculture CENTRECentre ATLAS OF SUITABLE SITES FOR AQUACULTURE PROJECTS IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN Foreword Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food production systems in the world and has gained considerable attention as a significant contributor to socio-economic well-being of developing nations (FAO 1997). With particular reference to developing countries, aquaculture development has been predicted as one of the major structural shifts in outlook for fisheries in 2020. With the adoption of sophisticated technologies and science-based policies, and under the effective regulatory mechanisms the development of aquaculture industry in the Sultanate of Oman has the potential to make significant contribution to the socio-economic well-being of the community including food security. Complementary to its present position as net exporter of fish products, the responsible development and management of aquaculture could provide the Sultanate with a distinct competitive edge in the international and regional markets. Realizing the socio-economic potentials, the Ministry of Fisheries Wealth has developed this Atlas which is intended to be a future reference work on the development of aquaculture industry. The present Atlas is also expected to be of practical use to the scientific and educational communities, policy and decision-makers, and commercial enterprises. The Atlas comprises comprehensive information on various key themes along with satellite images essential to the development of aquaculture industry in the Sultanate. Among these themes are: a) importance of aquaculture site selection, b) oceanographic and environmental descriptions of the nation’s coastline using satellite imagery, c) brief history of aquaculture production, d) identification of potential constraints, e) types of aquaculture and species suitable for Oman, and f) region-specific oceanographic features, environmental characteristics and constraints, and survey results of various factors. The successful development of a sustainable and competitive aquaculture industry in the Sultanate of Oman will depend on a number of critical factors including, amongst others: a) government commitment and support, b) adoption of effective regulatory guidelines, c) coordination and partnerships among key stakeholders, d) adequate investment in high priority aquaculture research, education and training programs, and e) public awareness. Finally, it is hoped that the Atlas will help identifying information and data gaps so that additional research and appropriate planning for resources could be done in the future to close the gaps. Ministry of Fisheries Wealth 3 SULTANATESULTANATE OF OMAN - MINISTRYOF OMAN OF- MINISTRY FISHERIES OF WEALTH FISHERIES - AQUACULTURE WEALTH - Aquaculture CENTRE Centre ATLAS OF SUITABLE SITES FOR AQUACULTURE PROJECTS IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN SULTANATE OF OMAN MINISTRY OF FISHERIES WEALTH Atlas of Suitable Sites for Aquaculture Projects in the Sultanate of Oman Disclaimer Unless otherwise stated specifically, the Oman National Hydrographic office does not assume any legal liability from any entity whatsoever for any data or hydrographic information have been included and disclosed in this Atlas. This Atlas was examined and approved and it is not recommended to be used for navigation and not an authority on international boundaries. The Atlas project was envisaged and funded by the Ministry of Fisheries Wealth. The Atlas document was prepared by Middle East Scientific Equipment Corporation LLC (MESEC), Sultanate of Oman and their consulting partners IDDE, France and CREOCEAN, France. 2010 Registration No. 123/2010 SULTANATE OF OMAN - MINISTRY OF FISHERIES WEALTH - Aquaculture Centre Objectives 8 Introduction 9 - 11 The importance of the site selection 12 Oceanographic and environmental description of the coast of Oman 13 Meteorology 13 Precipitation 13 Temperatures 14 Solar radiation and clearness index 15 Wind conditions 16 Physical Oceanography 20 General characteristics of the north-western Indian ocean 20 Hydrodynamics 22 Hydrology of coastal waters 29 Synthesis on hydrodynamics and hydrology of coastal waters 44 Waves 45 Biological Oceanography 50 Turbidity, nutrients and phytoplankton 50 Seagrasses and algae 55 Mangroves 56 Corals and other marine invertebrates 56 Marine turtles 58 Coastal and marine birds 60 Coastal protected areas 60 Aquaculture Production In Oman 62 Methodology 64 Identification Of The Constraints 66 Physical and environmental constraints 66 Biological constraints 69 Logistical constraints 71 5 SULTANATE OF OMAN - MINISTRY OF FISHERIES WEALTH - AQUACULTURE CENTRE ATLAS OF SUITABLE SITES FOR AQUACULTURE PROJECTS IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN Different Types Of Aquaculture Suitable For Oman 72 Cage Farming 72 Site selection 73 Traditional cage farming 73 Immersed cage farming 74 Cages supplemented with aeration/oxygenation 74 Land - Based Aquaculture 76 Pumping systems 76 Earthen ponds 78 Raceways 80 Recirculating aquaculture system 81 Restocking Programmes 82 Physical And Environmental Atlas 84 Region I: Rakhyut To Sawqrah 85 Oceanographic characteristics 86 Environmental constraints 88 Seawater survey results 89 Soil survey results 91 Regional ports, public and investment services 91 Aquaculture survey 92 Cartographic illustrations 94 Region Ii: Sawqrah To Madrakah 116 Oceanographic characteristics 117 Environmental constraints 119 Seawater survey results 120 Soil survey results 122 Regional ports, public and investment services 122 Aquaculture survey 123 Cartographic illustrations 124 Region Iii: Gulf Of Masirah 132 Oceanographic characteristics 133 Environmental constraints 135 Seawater survey results 136 Soil survey results 138 Regional ports, public and investment services 139 Aquaculture survey 140 Cartographic illustrations 142 SULTANATE OF OMAN - MINISTRY OF FISHERIES WEALTH - AQUACULTURE CENTRE ATLAS OF SUITABLE SITES FOR AQUACULTURE PROJECTS IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN Region Iv: From Masirah To Ras Al Had 156 Oceanographic characteristics 157 Environmental constraints 159 Seawater survey results 160 Regional ports, public and investment services 162 Aquaculture survey 163 Cartographic illustrations 164 Region V: Ras Al Had To Muscat 172 Oceanographic characteristics 173 Environmental constraints 175 Seawater survey results 176 Soil survey results 178 Regional ports, public and investment services 178 Aquaculture survey 179 Cartographic illustrations 180 Region Vi: Muscat To Shinas 186 Oceanographic characteristics 187 Environmental constraints 189 Seawater survey results 190 Soil survey results 192 Regional ports, public and investment services 192 Aquaculture survey 193 Cartographic illustrations 194 Region Vii: Musandam 208 Oceanographic characteristics 209 Environmental constraints 211 Seawater survey results 212 Regional ports, public and investment services 216 Aquaculture survey 217 Cartographic illustrations 218 Recommendations 224 References 230-234 7 SULTANATE OF OMAN - MINISTRY OF FISHERIES WEALTH - AQUACULTURE CENTRE ATLAS OF SUITABLE SITES FOR AQUACULTURE PROJECTS IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN Objectives The principal objective of this Atlas is to facilitate the implementation of new aquaculture projects in the Sultanate of Oman with due consideration to the suitability of specific environmental conditions and sustainability. Aquaculture in Oman can take advantage of the nation’s 3,165 km of coastline. This Atlas focuses on identifying potential sites and describing possible aquaculture systems that can be deployed along the Omani coastline. The key development factor for aquaculture is the recognition and development of suitable sites for aquaculture system to be implemented. Aquaculture development should take into consideration the biological requirements of candidate species to be cultured and their appropriate match to prevailing environmental conditions. Secondly the typology of the recommended aquaculture system should provide the optimum solution for establishing aquaculture at a suitable site or area either at sea or on land. The Atlas offers an overview of different types of aquaculture system suited to various marine environments. The selected production systems are considered to have least environmental impact when better management practices are employed. Also a survey was carried out along Oman’s coast in order to identify key problems to development of sea-based aquaculture (cage farming), namely the occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs). HABs have been reported along the coast of Oman for many years but their recurrence had caused massive losses from existing facilities in recent years. This phenomenon may also have an adverse impact on the land-based farms if not taken seriously into account during the design and planning phases of production systems. Some of the aquaculture systems presented in the Atlas aims at providing solutions to the HAB problem, offering a more sustainable approach to sector development. Finally, the potential for aquaculture production in the Sultanate is estimated on a regional and per species basis. Tables incorporated into the text provide an indication of possible production capacity following full development of the sector. This goal may be achieved in a few years under strong financial support from both public and private sectors, acting individually or in unison. 8 SULTANATE OF OMAN - MINISTRY OF FISHERIES WEALTH
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