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Home , Silicate mineral

: low density rocks

Mantle: high density rocks

Core: very high density metal

core mechanical) layering

mechanical layers chemical layers lithosphere: rigid & strong crust: low density asthenosphere: plastic & mantle: medium density weak silicate mesosphere: plastic but core: -nickel metal stronger Mineral Rocks Rock What is a mineral? What is a mineral?

A component of a rock.

What is a rock?

An aggregate of minerals. What is a mineral?

A NATURALLY OCCURRING INORGANIC CRYSTALLINE SUBSTANCE WITH A DEFINABLE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND SPECIFIC PHYSICAL PROPERTIES A NATURALLY OCCURRING INORGANIC CRYSTALLINE SOLID SUBSTANCE WITH A DEFINABLE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND SPECIFIC PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CRYSTALLINE SOLID THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST by by weight volume THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST hydrogen (H) 0.1% 0.16% THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST by by weight volume THE NUMBER NINE ATOM IN THE CRUST (Ti) 0.4% 0.03%

THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST hydrogen (H) 0.1% 0.16% THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST by by weight volume THE NUMBER EIGHT ATOM IN THE CRUST magnesium (Mg) 2.1% 0.29%

THE NUMBER NINE ATOM IN THE CRUST titanium (Ti) 0.4% 0.03%

THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST hydrogen (H) 0.1% 0.16% THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST by by weight volume THE NUMBER SEVEN ATOM IN THE CRUST (K) 2.6% 1.83%

THE NUMBER EIGHT ATOM IN THE CRUST magnesium (Mg) 2.1% 0.29%

THE NUMBER NINE ATOM IN THE CRUST titanium (Ti) 0.4% 0.03%

THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST hydrogen (H) 0.1% 0.16% THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST by by weight volume THE NUMBER SIX ATOM IN THE CRUST sodium (Na) 2.8% 1.32%

THE NUMBER SEVEN ATOM IN THE CRUST potassium (K) 2.6% 1.83%

THE NUMBER EIGHT ATOM IN THE CRUST magnesium (Mg) 2.1% 0.29%

THE NUMBER NINE ATOM IN THE CRUST titanium (Ti) 0.4% 0.03%

THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST hydrogen (H) 0.1% 0.16% THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST by by weight volume THE NUMBER FIVE ATOM IN THE CRUST calcium (Ca) 3.6% 1.03%

THE NUMBER SIX ATOM IN THE CRUST sodium (Na) 2.8% 1.32%

THE NUMBER SEVEN ATOM IN THE CRUST potassium (K) 2.6% 1.83%

THE NUMBER EIGHT ATOM IN THE CRUST magnesium (Mg) 2.1% 0.29%

THE NUMBER NINE ATOM IN THE CRUST titanium (Ti) 0.4% 0.03%

THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST hydrogen (H) 0.1% 0.16% THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST by by weight volume THE NUMBER FOUR ATOM IN THE CRUST iron (Fe) 5.0% 0.42%

THE NUMBER FIVE ATOM IN THE CRUST calcium (Ca) 3.6% 1.03%

THE NUMBER SIX ATOM IN THE CRUST sodium (Na) 2.8% 1.32%

THE NUMBER SEVEN ATOM IN THE CRUST potassium (K) 2.6% 1.83%

THE NUMBER EIGHT ATOM IN THE CRUST magnesium (Mg) 2.1% 0.29%

THE NUMBER NINE ATOM IN THE CRUST titanium (Ti) 0.4% 0.03%

THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST hydrogen (H) 0.1% 0.16% THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST by by weight volume THE NUMBER THREE ATOM IN THE CRUST aluminum (Al) 8.1% 0.47%

THE NUMBER FOUR ATOM IN THE CRUST iron (Fe) 5.0% 0.42%

THE NUMBER FIVE ATOM IN THE CRUST calcium (Ca) 3.6% 1.03%

THE NUMBER SIX ATOM IN THE CRUST sodium (Na) 2.8% 1.32%

THE NUMBER SEVEN ATOM IN THE CRUST potassium (K) 2.6% 1.83%

THE NUMBER EIGHT ATOM IN THE CRUST magnesium (Mg) 2.1% 0.29%

THE NUMBER NINE ATOM IN THE CRUST titanium (Ti) 0.4% 0.03%

THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST hydrogen (H) 0.1% 0.16% THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST by by weight volume THE NUMBER TWO ATOM IN THE CRUST (Si) 27.7 % 0.86%

THE NUMBER THREE ATOM IN THE CRUST aluminum (Al) 8.1% 0.47%

THE NUMBER FOUR ATOM IN THE CRUST iron (Fe) 5.0% 0.42%

THE NUMBER FIVE ATOM IN THE CRUST calcium (Ca) 3.6% 1.03%

THE NUMBER SIX ATOM IN THE CRUST sodium (Na) 2.8% 1.32%

THE NUMBER SEVEN ATOM IN THE CRUST potassium (K) 2.6% 1.83%

THE NUMBER EIGHT ATOM IN THE CRUST magnesium (Mg) 2.1% 0.29%

THE NUMBER NINE ATOM IN THE CRUST titanium (Ti) 0.4% 0.03%

THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST hydrogen (H) 0.1% 0.16% THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST by by weight volume THE NUMBER ONE ATOM IN THE CRUST (O) 46.6% 93.6%

THE NUMBER TWO ATOM IN THE CRUST silicon (Si) 27.7 % 0.86%

THE NUMBER THREE ATOM IN THE CRUST aluminum (Al) 8.1% 0.47%

THE NUMBER FOUR ATOM IN THE CRUST iron (Fe) 5.0% 0.42%

THE NUMBER FIVE ATOM IN THE CRUST calcium (Ca) 3.6% 1.03%

THE NUMBER SIX ATOM IN THE CRUST sodium (Na) 2.8% 1.32%

THE NUMBER SEVEN ATOM IN THE CRUST potassium (K) 2.6% 1.83%

THE NUMBER EIGHT ATOM IN THE CRUST magnesium (Mg) 2.1% 0.29%

THE NUMBER NINE ATOM IN THE CRUST titanium (Ti) 0.4% 0.03%

THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST hydrogen (H) 0.1% 0.16% THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST by by weight volume THE NUMBER ONE ATOM IN THE CRUST oxygen (O) 46.6% 93.6%

THE NUMBER TWO ATOM IN THE CRUST silicon (Si) 27.7 % 0.86%

THE NUMBER THREE ATOM IN THE CRUST aluminum (Al) 8.1% 0.47%

THE NUMBER FOUR ATOM IN THE CRUST iron (Fe) 5.0% 0.42%

THE NUMBER FIVE ATOM IN THE CRUST calcium (Ca) 3.6% 1.03%

THE NUMBER SIX ATOM IN THE CRUST sodium (Na) 2.8% 1.32%

THE NUMBER SEVEN ATOM IN THE CRUST potassium (K) 2.6% 1.83%

THE NUMBER EIGHT ATOM IN THE CRUST magnesium (Mg) 2.1% 0.29%

THE NUMBER NINE ATOM IN THE CRUST titanium (Ti) 0.4% 0.03%

THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST hydrogen (H) 0.1% 0.16% THE TOP TWO ATOMS IN THE CRUST by volume NUMBER ONE oxygen (O) 93.6%

NUMBER TWO silicon (Si) 0.86%

THE TOP TWO ATOMS IN THE ATMOSPHERE by volume NUMBER ONE nitrogen (N) 78%

NUMBER TWO oxygen (O) 21% O-2

Si+4 silica tetrahedron composed of silicon and oxygen Silica tetrahedron O-2

Si+4 -4 SiO4

Each oxygen can bond to another atom island silicate: all O’s bond to other atoms

Each oxygen bonds to a magnesium atom chain

Si tetrahedra link to form chains bridging oxygen link Si tetrahedra apical oxygen bonds to other elements island silicate

all are apical oxygens chain silicates apical oxygens link chains to other elements sheet silicates

Si tetrahedra link to form sheets apical oxygen bridging oxygen sheet silicates

apical oxygens link sheets to other elements framework silicates

Si tetrahedra link to form 3d framework all oxygens are bridging oxygens Igneous rocks form from the crystallization of magma: on the surface as flows or beneath the in magma chambers

Igneous rocks are composed of interlocking mineral grains igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks form from weathered from pre-existing rocks Sedimentary rocks are well layered Flow and recrystallization in the solid state

Metamorphic rocks form from pre-existing igneous or sedimentary rocks