The Palgrave International Handbook of Mixed Racial and Ethnic Classification

The Palgrave International Handbook of Mixed Racial and Ethnic Classification “This volume is an impressive intellectual feat, bringing together, for the first time, detailed examinations of the varying ways multiracial populations are classified and categorized around the world. Aspinall and Rocha offer a comprehensive guide to the history of classifying mixed-race people and contemporary approaches to measuring mixed identities, paying specific attention to the political consequences that fol- low the creation and legitimation of racial schemas in the census. This timely and important work adds empirical depth and comparative scope to a subject that will only grow in importance in coming years.” —Debra Thompson, Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Oregon, USA Zarine L. Rocha • Peter J. Aspinall Editors The Palgrave International Handbook of Mixed Racial and Ethnic Classification Editors Zarine L. Rocha Peter J. Aspinall Department of Sociology Centre for Health Services Studies National University of Singapore University of Kent Singapore Canterbury, UK ISBN 978-3-030-22873-6 ISBN 978-3-030-22874-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22874-3 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: © Kseniya Zvereva / Alamy Stock Photo This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland To Gabriel, for your patience and support. ZLR To my mother, for her innumerable kindnesses, and to my friend Şenay for her interest. PJA Acknowledgements This book developed out of a desire to take the study of mixedness to a more international level. There are excellent books and articles in the field of critical mixed race studies, and research on classification forms a part of this—but to date, there has been little attempt to look at measuring mixed identities on a global scale. Having started with a small list of countries, the project grew dramatically, and with the encouragement of the publisher we tried to cover as much of the world as possible, with varying degrees of success. We are grateful to all those whom we contacted along the way, for their suggestions and encouragement. We express our indebtedness to all the authors who contributed their scholarly chapters to this volume, both for their writing and for the efficient way they navigated the various administrative processes and complied with our publication timetable. We acknowledge the help provided by university libraries in providing full- text access to journals and the books of selected publishers. At Palgrave Macmillan, we thank our initial contact, Tamsine O’Riordan, Editorial Director, Social Science, for her support of our project. We also thank Sharla Plant, as Publisher on the Sociology and Social Policy list, for her expert guidance throughout the preparation of the book. We thank the three anonymous reviewers who recommended our proposal. Many thanks also go to Poppy Hull, our editorial contact prior to submission, and to Divya Anish, Springer’s Production Editor for our volume, and all those involved in the production of our manuscript. ZLR would firstly like to thank Peter Aspinall, for responding so quickly and positively to the idea of bringing together country case studies on classifying mixedness around the world. He is a leading expert in the field, and it has vii viii Acknowledgements been a pleasure and a privilege to work with him. Zarine would also like to thank Farida Fozdar for her encouragement and advice in developing the idea for this book, and her chapter co-authors, Robert Didham and Brenda S.A. Yeoh, for their always insightful and scholarly work. A special thanks to Hamada Eleleimy for his Arabic translations. She would also like to thank her family, who have very gracefully put up with deadlines and distractions, and who provide much inspiration. PJA is particularly grateful to Zarine Rocha, whose inspired idea it was to produce a volume on mixed racial and ethnic classification across the world, and for inviting me to be co-editor at the beginning of 2018. He would also like to thank academic colleagues who have supported his contributions to this volume through discussions and identification of relevant literature. Special thanks are extended to those officials at the Office for National Statistics (ONS) involved in the 2001, 2011, and 2021 Census Development Programmes on the ethnic group question for enabling me to participate in these groups and meet their wider membership. ONS nominated me as National Convenor for the ethnic group question in the 2001 Programme that agreed categorization for the ‘Mixed’ group. I would like to thank my mother, Kathleen Mary Aspinall, for her many kindnesses and inspiration over the years and Şenay for her encouragement, generosity, and the interest she has shown in the book. Contents 1 Introduction: Measuring Mixedness Around the World 1 Zarine L. Rocha and Peter J. Aspinall 2 Race and Ethnicity Classification in British Colonial and Early Commonwealth Censuses 27 Anthony J. Christopher Part I The Americas 47 3 Introduction: North and South America 49 Peter J. Aspinall and Zarine L. Rocha 4 The Canadian Census and Mixed Race: Tracking Mixed Race Through Ancestry, Visible Minority Status, and Métis Population Groups in Canada 75 Danielle Kwan-Lafond and Shannon Winterstein 5 Methods of Measuring Multiracial Americans 95 Melissa R. Herman ix x Contents 6 Mixed Race in Brazil: Classification, Quantification, and Identification 113 G. Reginald Daniel and Rafael J. Hernández 7 Mexico: Creating Mixed Ethnicity Citizens for the Mestizo Nation 137 Pablo Mateos 8 Boundless Heterogeneity: ‘Callaloo’ Complexity and the Measurement of Mixedness in Trinidad and Tobago 163 Sue Ann Barratt 9 Mixed race in Argentina: Concealing Mixture in the ‘White’ Nation 179 Lea Natalia Geler and Mariela Eva Rodríguez 10 Colombia: The Meaning and Measuring of Mixedness 195 Peter Wade Part II Europe and the UK 209 11 Introduction: Europe and the United Kingdom 211 Peter J. Aspinall and Zarine L. Rocha 12 The Path to Official Recognition of ‘Mixedness’ in the United Kingdom 229 Peter J. Aspinall 13 Measuring Mixedness in Ireland: Constructing Sameness and Difference 249 Elaine Moriarty 14 The Identification of Mixed People in France: National Myth and Recognition of Family Migration Paths 267 Anne Unterreiner Contents xi 15 Controversial Approaches to Measuring Mixed-Race in Belgium: The (In)Visibility of the Mixed-Race Population 279 Laura Odasso 16 The Weight of German History: Racial Blindness and Identification of People with a Migration Background 301 Anne Unterreiner 17 Mixed, Merged, and Split Ethnic Identities in the Russian Federation 315 Sergei V. Sokolovskiy 18 Mixedness as a Non-Existent Category in Slovenia 335 Mateja Sedmak 19 Mixed Identities in Italy: A Country in Denial 349 Angelica Pesarini and Guido Tintori 20 (Not) Measuring Mixedness in the Netherlands 367 Guno Jones and Betty de Hart 21 Mixed Race and Ethnicity in Sweden: A Sociological Analysis 389 Ioanna Blasko and Nikolay Zakharov Part III Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia and the Caucasus 405 22 Introduction: Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia and the Caucasus 407 Zarine L. Rocha and Peter J. Aspinall 23 The Classification of South Africa’s Mixed-Heritage Peoples 1910–2011: A Century of Conflation, Contradiction, Containment, and Contention 425 George T. H. Ellison and Thea de Wet xii Contents 24 The Immeasurability of Racial and Mixed Identity in Mauritius 457 Rosabelle Boswell 25 Neither/Nor: The Complex Attachments of Zimbabwe’s Coloureds 479 Kelly M. Nims 26 Measuring Mixedness in Zambia: Creating and Erasing Coloureds in Zambia’s Colonial and Post-colonial Census, 1921 to 2010 495 Juliette Milner-Thornton 27 Racial and Ethnic Mobilization and Classification in Kenya 517 Babere Kerata Chacha, Wanjiku Chiuri, and Kenneth O. Nyangena 28 Making the Invisible Visible: Experiences of Mixedness for Binational People in Morocco 535 Gwendolyn Gilliéron 29 Measuring Mixedness: A Case Study of the Kyrgyz Republic 549 Asel Myrzabekova Part IV Asia and the Pacific 569 30 Introduction:

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