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Evaluación Del Programa De Manejo De La Reserva De La Biosfera Pantanos De Centla En Tabasco, México

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Evaluación Del Programa De Manejo De La Reserva De La Biosfera Pantanos De Centla En Tabasco, México www.ujat.mx/publicaciones/uciencia 24(2):135-146,2008 EVALUACIÓN DEL PROGRAMA DE MANEJO DE LA RESERVA DE LA BIOSFERA PANTANOS DE CENTLA EN TABASCO, MÉXICO Evaluation of the management program of the Pantanos de Centla Biosphere Reserve in Tabasco, Mexico V Guerra-Martínez, S Ochoa-Gaona (VGM) Comisión Nacional Forestal (SOG) El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Departamento de Agroecología. [email protected] Artículo recibido: 5 de junio de 2007, aceptado: 27 de mayo de 2008 RESUMEN. Con el objetivo de evaluar las diferencias en la dinámica de cambio de uso de suelo en las dos zonas núcleo con relación a la zona de amortiguamiento de la Reserva de la Biosfera Pantanos de Centla, Tabasco, se cuantificaron los cambios registrados de 1990 al 2000 de los tipos de vegetación y usos del suelo utilizando un sistema de información geográfica. Apoyados en información georeferenciada en campo se procesaron imágenes de satélite de los sensores Landsat MSS y Landsat ETM para producir mapas de vegetación y uso del suelo para cada año evaluado. Se calcularon las tasas de cambio para cada tipo de vegetación y uso del suelo en cada una de las zonas de manejo. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la dinámica de cambio de uso del suelo entre las zonas núcleo y la zona de amortiguamiento. Las selvas de puckté (Bucida buceras) y selva de tinto (Haematoxylum campechianum) presentaron tasas de cambio negativas en todas las zonas de manejo. Las comunidades de hidrófitas en la zona núcleo I y el manglar en la zona núcleo II también mostraron tasas negativas. En las clases restantes se presentó un incremento anual de superficie, entre ellas predominó el incremento de las áreas de pastizales. Los cambios encontrados en las zonas núcleo pueden ser resultado de la presencia de canales, caminos, poblados, así como de la expansión agrícola-ganadera, los incendios y la actividad petrolera. Palabras clave: Cambio de uso del suelo, humedales, percepción remota, reservas naturales, sistemas de información geográfica. ABSTRACT. The changes recorded from 1990 to 2000 in the type of vegetation and land use were quantified using a geographic information system, in order to evaluate the differences in the dynamics of land-use change in the two core areas with respect to the buffer zone of the Pantanos de Centla Biosphere Reserve, Tabasco. Landsat MSS and ETM satelite images were processed to produce vegetation and land-use maps for each evaluated year using georeferenced information collected in the field. The rate of change for each land-use and type of vegetation in each management area was calculated. No significant differences were found for the dynamics of land-use change between the core areas and the buffer zone. The tropical forest associations of Bucida buceras (puckteal) and Haematoxylum campechianum (tintal) decreased in area in all the management zones. The wetland vegetation communities in core area I and the mangrove forest in core area II also presented negative rates. The other land cover categories presented an annual increase in area, particularly the areas with pasture land. The changes observed in the core areas may be the result of the presence of canals, roads and towns, as well as of the expansion of pastures and agricultural areas, fires and oil extraction activities. Key words: Land-use change, wetlands, remote sensing, biosphere reserves, geographic information systems. INTRODUCCIÓN cia de agua, la cual juega un papel fundamental en el desarrollo del suelo, y en la estructura y fun- Los humedales se caracterizan por la presen- ciones ecológicas del sistema. Son definidos por la 135 Guerra-Martínez, Ochoa-Gaona 24(2):135-146,2008 Convención sobre los Humedales como extensiones incendios y la falta de personal de vigilancia (Anó- de pantanos o superficies cubiertas de agua, ya sea nimo 2003; Vega Moro 2005). La situación de riesgo naturales o artificiales, permanentes o temporales, debido al deterioro de la RBPC justifica la necesidad dulces, salobres o saladas (Bergkamp & Orlando de realizar trabajos de investigación que apoyen la 1999). Entre sus funciones mas importantes, se pue- actualización del plan de manejo existente (Anóni- den mencionar: el almacenamiento de agua, la re- mo 2000c), en este sentido, los estudios de dinámica carga de acuíferos, la protección y mitigación con- espacial son útiles en la generación de información tra tormentas, el control de la erosión y la reten- acerca de los cambios de uso de suelo y de la cu- ción de carbono, nutrientes, sedimentos y agentes bierta vegetal, los cuales sirven de base en la toma contaminantes. Los humedales son reconocidos por de decisiones y manejo de recursos. sus beneficios sociales, económicos y ambientales. Es importante desde luego conocer los cam- Los humedales producen bienes de valor económico bios de cubierta vegetal ocurridos en un área apreciable, como agua, recursos ictiológicos, made- considerándola como un todo (Guerra-Martínez & ra, turba y un gran potencial turístico. Ochoa-Gaona 2006). Sin embargo, también es fun- Son varios los factores que están acelerando la damental conocer la dinámica de cambios de co- degradación y pérdida de humedales. La progresiva bertura vegetal ocurridos en las zonas núcleo y la demanda de áreas agrícolas y ganaderas, así como el zona de amortiguamiento, para evaluar la efectivi- crecimiento poblacional son dos causas importantes dad de la aplicación del plan de manejo conforme el en la pérdida de humedales (Anónimo 2000a). El Decreto Federal (Anónimo 2000c). Es por esto, que desarrollo de infraestructura, la contaminación por este trabajo se planteó con el objetivo de cuantificar agroquímicos, la contaminación urbana, la construc- y comparar los cambios de cobertura ocurridos de ción de presas hidroeléctricas y la regulación del cau- 1990 a 2000 en las zonas núcleo y zona de amorti- dal de los ríos también contribuyen en la degrada- guamiento de la Reserva de la Biosfera Pantanos de ción de los humedales (Anónimo 2000a; Maimone- Centla para evaluar si el plan de manejo de la RBPC Celorio et al. 2006). está teniendo el efecto esperado de conservación de La superficie aproximada de humedales en sus recursos naturales. México es de 167 millones de hectáreas y pueden encontrarse en Sinaloa, la Península de Yucatán, en MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS los desiertos de Baja California, Sonora y Chihuahua y en los Pantanos de Centla, Tabasco (Cervantes Área de estudio 1999). La Reserva de la Biosfera Pantanos de Centla La Reserva de la Biosfera Pantanos de Centla (RBPC) es considerada como uno de los humedales (RBPC) se localiza en la delta de los ríos Usuma- de importancia internacional por parte de la Conven- cinta y Grijalva, al noreste del estado de Tabasco. ción Ramsar (Anónimo 2000b). El Sistema Nacio- Abarca 302 706 ha, que representan el 12.27 % de nal de Áreas Naturales Protegidas los ubica dentro la superficie total de la entidad. La Reserva se ubica de las 58 regiones terrestres prioritarias de México entre las coordenadas geográficas 17◦ 57’ 53” y 18◦ (Anónimo s/f a) y es una de las regiones prioritarias 39’ 03” N y 92◦ 06’ 39” y 92◦ 47’ 58” O. Inclu- terrestres por parte de la CONABIO (Arriaga et al. ye parte de los municipios de Centla con 225 108 2000). ha, Jonuta con 65 651 ha y Macuspana con 6 280 Las actividades productivas que se realizan en ha (Romero et al. 2000; Anónimo s/f b). Presenta la RBPC son: ganadería, industria del petróleo, pes- cuatro sistemas geomórficos: llanura aluvial, llanura ca y agricultura (Anónimo 2000c). Las amenazas palustre y lagunar de agua dulce, llanura de cordón mas importantes son la deforestación, cambios de litoral y llanura lagunar costera, formándose así un uso del suelo para la ganadería, agricultura y asen- complejo sistema hidrológico de ríos, lagunas, pan- tamientos humanos, actividad petrolera, la conta- tanos y marismas (Romero et al. 2000). Su clima es minación de ríos, la cacería y pesca desordenada, subhúmedo con lluvias en verano y dos épocas de 136 Evaluación del plan de manejo de la Reserva de Centla 24(2):135-146,2008 secas (en invierno y verano). La temperatura anual iguana), mono aullador (Allouatta palliata) y jaguar es de 25 ◦C y la precipitación anual de 1 600 mm. (Felis onca) entre otros (Anónimo s/f c). Otras po- Los suelos son predominantemente gleysoles y fluvi- blaciones de especies de animales que han sido seria- soles (Anónimo s/f c). mente disminuidas, local, nacional y mundialmente, En la RBPC se han diferenciado las siguien- a tal grado que algunas de ellas se encuentran en tes asociaciones vegetales: pukteal o selva mediana peligro de extinción son el manatí (Trichechus ma- subperennifolia de puckté (Bucida buceras); tintal o natus), tortuga blanca (Dermatemys mawii), halcón selva baja subperennifolia de tinto (Haematoxylum peregrino (Falco peregrinus), cigüeña caribú (Jabiru campechianum); manglar (Rhizophora mangle); mycteria) y águila pescadora (Pandion haliaetus; mucal o matorral de Dalbergia brownii; tasistal o Anónimo 2005). palmar de Acoelorraphe wrightii; guanal o palmar de La Reserva de la Biosfera Pantanos de Centla Sabal mexicana y asociaciones de vegetación hidró- acorde al decreto del 6 de agosto de 1992 (Anónimo fila (Guadarrama-Olivera & Ortiz-Gil 2000; Romero 2000d) contiene dos zonas Núcleo y una de Amor- et al. 2000; Anónimo s/f c). En el conjunto de estas tiguamiento. La zona núcleo I se ubica al sur del asociaciones se han identificado 737 especies vege- área ocupando una superficie de 57 738 ha, la zona tales, de la que 637 son silvestres las cuales están núcleo II al norte de la reserva, mantiene una su- agrupadas en 110 familias botánicas (Guadarrama- perficie de 75 857 ha y la zona de amortiguamiento Olivera & Ortiz-Gil 2000). ciento noventa y ocho rodea a las dos zonas núcleo manteniendo una su- especies de plantas son de uso tradicional entre los perficie de 169 111 ha (Anónimo s/f b; Figura 1).
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