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Benthic Foraminifera of the Peruvian & Ecuadorian Continental Margin

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Benthic Foraminifera of the Peruvian & Ecuadorian Continental Margin Benthic Foraminifera of the Peruvian & Ecuadorian Continental Margin DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr. rer. nat. an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel vorgelegt von Dipl.-Geol. JÜRGEN MALLON Kiel, 2011 Referent: Prof. Dr. Martin Frank Korreferent: PD Dr. Petra Heinz Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 18.01.2012 Zum Druck genehmigt: 30.01.2012 Erklärung gem. § 10 Absatz 2 der PO der Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät Ich versichere hiermit an Eides statt, dass ich erstmalig an einem Promotionsverfahren teilnehme. Der Inhalt und die Form der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde, außer den von mir angegeben Quellen und Hilfsmitteln und der Beratung durch meine akademischen Berater, von mir verfasst. Weiterhin erkläre ich, dass ein Teil meiner Dissertation veröffentlicht wurde. Außerdem erkläre ich hiermit, dass diese Dissertation unter Einhaltung der Regeln guter wissenschaftlicher Praxis entstanden ist. Ort/Datum:_________________ Unterschrift:_________________ Kurzfassung Der tropische und subtropische Ostpazifik vor der Nordwestküste Südamerikas ist geprägt vom windgetriebenen Auftrieb kalter und nährstoffreicher Wassermassen. Das große Nährstoffangebot führt zur massenhaften Produktion von Phyto- und Zooplankton. Die mikrobielle Zersetzung von toten Lebewesen führt zur Verarmung an Sauerstoff in flachen bis mittleren Wassertiefen (~50-500 m) und in den angrenzenden Sedimenten. Die Ausbildung einer Sauerstoffminimumzone (OMZ) ist die Folge. Die resultierenden Sauerstoffgradienten in den Oberflächensedimenten beeinflussen direkt die Verteilung und Artzusammensetzung der in ihnen lebenden benthischen Foraminiferen. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat zum einen das Ziel, die Verbreitung lebender benthischer Foraminiferen im Bereich des nordwestlichen Kontinentalrands Südamerikas, mit besonderem Schwerpunkt auf die in der OMZ vorkommenden Arten, zu untersuchen. Da spezielle Literatur über die Taxonomie und Verbreitung lebender Benthosforaminiferen für dieses Gebiet fehlt, soll diese Arbeit einen entsprechenden Beitrag leisten. Zum anderen soll ein auf benthischen Foraminiferen basierender Proxy für Sauerstoffkonzentrationen im Bodenwasser mit Hilfe einiger ausgewählter Arten entwickelt werden. An einem Sedimentkern (SO147-106KL) aus der peruanischen OMZ soll dieser Proxy angewendet und Schwankungen in der Sauerstoffkonzentration im Bodenwasser vom letzten Glazial bis ins späte Holozän rekonstruiert werden. In dieser Arbeit wurden insgesamt 170 lebende Benthosforaminiferen-Arten identifiziert. Den größten Anteil bilden die 101 Kalkschaler, gefolgt von 63 agglutinierten und 6 miliolinen Arten. Nur 7 Arten wurden ausschließlich im langen Sedimentkern gefunden. Die Untersuchung der Lebendfauna in den Oberflächensedimenten zeigt einen deutlichen Trend mit geringer Diversität und gleichzeitig hoher Populationsdichte in Sedimenten mit geringen Sauerstoffkonzentrationen und zunehmender Diversität in Verbindung mit abnehmender Populationsdichte bei höheren Sauerstoff- konzentrationen. Im Kern der OMZ erreicht die Populationsdichte der Lebendfauna bis zu 1045 Individuen/ccm. Innerhalb der OMZ besteht eine deutliche Dominanz an flach-endobenthischen Arten der Gattung Bolivina. Diese erreichen dort einen Anteil von 76-95%. Epibenthische Arten, z.B. aus den Gattungen Planulina oder Cibicidoides, sind vergleichsweise selten. Vertreter der tief-infaunalen Gattung Globobulimina, welche typisch für sehr niedrige Sauerstoffkonzentrationen ist, wurden nur in wenigen Proben innerhalb der OMZ angetroffen und dort nur in geringer Häufigkeit. Zwölf kalkschalige Spezies zeigten einen deutlichen Trend in ihrer Häufigkeitsverteilung in Abhängigkeit zur Sauerstoffkonzentration im Bodenwasser und wurden als Grundlage der Entwicklung eines Proxies für Sauerstoffkonzentrationen im Bodenwasser ausgewählt. Über die Änderungen der prozentualen Häufigkeiten zwischen den ausgewählten Spezies und in den Proben aus verschiedenen Wassertiefen, wurden fünf Zonen von Sauerstoffkonzentrationen definiert, welche einen Bereich von 2.5-27 µmol/kg abdecken. Die Rekonstruktion der spätpleistozänen und holozänen Sauerstoffvariabilität am Kern SO 147-106KL aus 184 m Tiefe mit Hilfe des oben beschriebenen Proxies zeigte unerwartet geringe Schwankungen innerhalb von 2,5 bis 6,7 µmol/kg während der letzten 20.000 Jahre. Aufgrund des kompletten Fehlens an Gehäusen benthischer Foraminiferen in größeren Abschnitten des Kerns konnten keine Schwankungen während der späten Termination I und des frühen Holozäns zwischen 5 und 14 ky BP nachgewiesen werden. Allerdings zeigte sich eine Intensivierung der Schwankungen in den letzten 5000 Jahren, welche sich mit Schwankungen im Opalgehalt decken und wahrscheinlich mit Variationen im Auftriebsgeschehen und einer langfristigen Intensivierung der El Niño-Aktivität zusammenhängen. Abstract The tropical and subtropical East Pacific off South America is characterized by wind driven upwelling of cold and nutrient rich water masses. The very high nutrient supply leads to enhanced productivity of phyto- and zooplankton. The decay of dead organisms and organic matter is responsible for an extensive depletion of oxygen in shallow and midwater depths (~50-500 m) and in the underlying sediments. Consequently, an oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) develops. Steep gradients of oxygen concentrations in the surface sediments directly influence the distribution and composition of the inhabiting benthic foraminifera. This study investigated the distribution of living (Rose Bengal stained) benthic foraminifera of the northwestern continental margin of South America with focus on the OMZ inhabiting species. This study should give an extensive contribution to the taxonomy of benthic foraminifera. Further, a new proxy for bottom water oxygen concentrations based on benthic foraminifera has been developed. On sediment core SO147-106KL from the Peruvian OMZ which comprises the last 20 kys the new proxy was applied to reconstruct the variability of bottom water oxygen concentrations during the past 19.6 kys. A total of 170 living benthic foraminiferal species were identified. The majority of 101 species are rotaliids, followed by 63 agglutinated and 6 miliolid species. Additionally, 7 species from fossil assemblages of the sediment core were identified. These species were also described. The investigation of the living fauna in surface sediments shows a conspicuous trend of low diversities coupled with high population densities within the OMZ and increased diversity with decreased population density at increased bottom water oxygen concentrations. A maximum of 1045 living individuals/cm³ was found in the OMZ core. Within the OMZ an explicit dominance of species belonging to the genus Bolivina was found. Members of this genus account for 76-95% at stations within the OMZ. The proportion of epibenthic genera, e.g. Planulina and Cibicidoides, is low in general. Species of the deep-infaunal genus Globobulimina, which are typical for very low oxygen concentrations, were rarely found in just few samples within the OMZ. Twelve calcareous species which showed a conspicuous trend in their commonness in respect to the ambient bottom water oxygen concentration were chose for the benthic foraminiferal proxy for bottom water oxygen concentration. By determining the changes in percentaged values of commonness among each species and in samples from different water depths, we defined five zones of oxygen concentrations which comprise a range of 2.5-27 µmol/kg. Concentrations of 2.5 µmol/kg are characterized by the dominance of Bolivina seminude, followed by B. plicata and B. costata. At concentrations between 3.3 and 4.8 µmol/kg B. interjuncta , followed by B. seminude and B. alata are the dominiating species. Uvigerina peregrina followed by B. interjuncta and Bolovinita minuta characterize a concentration of 8.6 µmol/kg. The dominance of B. minuta and U. peregrina characterize a concentration of 15.7 µmol/kg, whereas B. interjuncta and Fursenkoina fusiformis disappear. At 27.7 µmol/kg U. peregrina, with B. minuta and Angulogerina angulosa are dominating. The reconstruction of oxygen variability on core SO147-106KL showed unexpected low fluctuations within a low range of concentrations between 2.5 to 6.7 µmol/kg during the past 19.6 kys. Due to lacking tests of benthic foraminifera no fluctuations could be observed for the time interval between 5 and 14 ky. However, for the past 5 ky BP we could find an increased oxygen variability which could be correlated with opal concentrations and probably are linked with variations in upwelling intensity and a general intensification of El Niño activity during this time interval. Danksagung Bei Herrn Dr. J. Schönfeld möchte ich mich für die Vergabe und intensive fachliche Betreuung der Arbeit und nicht zuletzt für die wertvollen Diskussionen ausdrücklich bedanken. Herrn Prof. Dr. Frank sei an dieser Stelle herzlich für die gutachterliche Tätigkeit gedankt, aber auch dafür, mir bei Fragen und Problemen jeglicher Art stets zur Seite zu stehen. Frau PD Dr. P. Heinz vom Institut für Geowissenschaften an der EKU Tübingen als Zweitgutachterin möchte ich ebenfalls meinen ganz besonderen Dank für den Zugang und die Bereitstellung von Vergleichsproben, sowie die wertvollen Diskussionen aussprechen. Frau Dr. E. Perez vom Natural History Museum in London und Herrn Dr. M. Kaminski vom University College in London danke ich ganz besonders für den Zugang und die Bereitstellung von Vergleichsproben,
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