February 14, 2019 • APG News B5 Shutterstock photo Army scientists are researching autonomous machines that act on people’s behalf -- such as robots, drones and autonomous vehicles -- that are quickly becoming a reality and are expected to play an increasingly important role in the battlefield of the future. manufacturers and controllers,” de Melo said. “In moral MACHINES dilemmas, for instance, research indicates that people would prefer other people’s autonomous vehicles to maximize pres- ervation of life (even if that meant sacrificing the driver), Continued from Page B1 whereas their own vehicle to maximize preservation of the driver’s life.” and relationships,” Gratch said. “Our expectation, based on As these issues are debated, researchers say it is impor- some prior work on human-intermediaries, was that AI rep- tant to understand that in the possibly more prevalent case of resentatives might make people more selfish and show less social dilemmas -- where individual interest is pitted against concern for others.” collective interest -- autonomous machines have the poten- In the paper, results indicate the volunteers programmed tial to shape how the dilemmas are solved and, thus, these their autonomous vehicles to behave more cooperatively than stakeholders have an opportunity to promote a more coop- if they were driving themselves. According to the evidence, erative society. this happens because programming machines causes selfish To read the entire study -- Human cooperation when act- short-term rewards to become less salient, leading to consid- ing through autonomous machines -- visit the Proceedings of erations of broader societal goals. the National Academy of Sciences. “We were surprised by these findings,” Gratch said. “By The CCDC Army Research Laboratory (CCDC ARL) is thinking about one’s choices in advance, people actual- an element of the U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Devel- ly show more regard for cooperation and fairness. It is as if opment Command. As the Army’s corporate research lab- by being forced to carefully consider their decisions, people oratory, ARL discovers, innovates and transitions science placed more weight on prosocial goals. When making deci- and technology to ensure dominant strategic land power. sions moment-to-moment, in contrast, they become more Through collaboration across the command’s core technical driven by self-interest.” U.S. Army illustration competencies, CCDC leads in the discovery, development Social dilemmas This Army graphic depicts potential autonomous and delivery of the technology-based capabilities required to The results further show this effect occurs in an abstract driving setup. make Soldiers more lethal to win our Nation’s wars and come version of the social dilemma, which they say indicates it home safely. CCDC is a major subordinate command of the U.S. Army Futures Command. generalizes beyond the domain of autonomous vehicles. in practice, is likely to be distributed across multiple stake- “The decision of how to program autonomous machines, holders with competing interests, including government, had overall responsibility for the engineer- DOD service providers. a confluence of supporting events that made ing and delivery of high-priority cyberspace The RCDN provides a 24/7 service that is this happen from the support of our indus- AWARD capabilities, to include delivering multiple essential for everyday functions of Soldiers try partners and leadership that pushed us on capabilities requested via an Operational within the Cyber Operations arena. delivering product to the warfighter along Need Statements to rapidly deliver the Rap- Reflecting on the success of the program, with the testing community providing excep- Continued from Page B5 id Cyber Development Network, or RCDN, Kettner credits his “immensely talented and tional services allowing us to get to [Initial “top engineer”, which Kettner earned. While supporting the Cyber-Tool Development hard-working program team,” the latitude Operating Capability] in a rapid fashion.” announcing the awardees, Undersecretary Environment & Platform capabilities, with and flexibility that was afforded to him by A former Air Force Cyberspace Opera- of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment the goal of providing the first materiel solu- the PdM IW and higher headquarters leader- tions Officer and programmer, Kettner also Ellen M. Lord said, “It is imperative to rec- tion within one year. ship, a demanding but engaged user commu- spent time with the Defense Intelligence ognize the outstanding contributions of our In addition to delivering an initial capabil- nity, and a small set of key enabling service Agency prior to transitioning to PdM IW two defense acquisition professionals who are ity in only 11 months, Kettner and his team providers. years ago. When asked why he chose to con- critical in supporting our warfighter and the were able to save more than $14 million in “It is quite an honor and a challenge tinue to apply his expertise in support of the defense mission”. hardware, operations and support costs by to live up to this award that leadership DOD Kettner shared, “I love my country and According to Kettner’s nomination, he leveraging capabilities provided by other bestowed on me,” said Kettner. “There was this work really interests me.” DID YOU KNOW? the Soviet’s Vistula–Oder Offensive. February 14 also marks several 1945 – President Franklin D. Roosevelt meets historical American anniversaries King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia aboard the USS Quincy, officially beginning U.S.-Saudi diplomatic relations. and milestones. 1961 – Discovery of the chemical elements: Element 103, Lawrencium, is first synthesized at the University of 1849 - In New York City, James Knox Polk, the 11th California. President of the Unites States, becomes the first serving 1990 – The Voyager 1 spacecraft takes the president to be photographed. photograph of planet Earth that later become famous as 1855 – Texas is linked by telegraph to the rest of the Pale Blue Dot. United States, with the completion of a connection between 2005 – YouTube is launched by a group of college New Orleans, Louisiana and Marshall, Texas. students, eventually becoming the largest video sharing 1859 – Oregon is admitted as the 33rd U.S. state. website in the world and a main source for viral videos 1876 – Alexander Graham Bell applies for a patent for Retired U.S. Marine Corps Died the telephone, as does Elisha Gray, an electrical engineer and Brig. Gen. Vicente T. Blaz, a co-founder of the Western Electric Manufacturing Company. U.S. Congressman from Guam, 1891 – William Tecumseh Sherman, Civil War 1899 – Voting machines are approved by the U.S. was born on Valentine’s Day, Union general and West Point graduate, known for his Congress for use in federal elections. Feb. 14, 1928. “scorched earth” policy that drove his 1864-65 marches 1903 – The U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor is across Georgia and The Carolinas. Sherman was born established (later split into the Department of Commerce and Feb. 8, 1820. the Department of Labor). Born 1912 – Arizona is admitted as the 48th and the last contiguous U.S. state. 1824 – Winfield Scott Hancock, Union American general, Battle of 1912 – The U.S. Navy commissions its first class of diesel-powered Gettysburg hero and one-time presidential candidate who lost the 1880 submarines. election to James A. Garfield. Hancock died Feb. 9, 1886. 1920 – The League of Women Voters is founded in Chicago. 1846 – Julian Scott, an American Soldier and Civil War drummer, was 1924 – The Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company changes its awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Battle of Lee’s Mills in name to International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). April and May, 1862. Scott was born on Valentine’s Day and died on the 1929 – Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre: Seven people, six of them Fourth of July in 1901. gangster rivals of Al Capone’s gang, are murdered in Chicago. 1928 – Vicente T. Blaz, a U.S. Marine Corps brigadier general who 1945 – World War II: On the first day of the bombing of Dresden, the served during the Korean War, Blaz was elected as the delegate to Congress British Royal Air Force and the U.S. Army Air Forces begin fire-bombing from Guam in 1984. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives from Dresden. 1985 until 1993. Blaz died Jan. 8, 2014. 1945 – World War II: Navigational error leads to the mistaken bombing Yvonne Johnson, APG News of Prague, Czechoslovakia by an American squadron of B-17s assisting in .