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Vermont in the Civil War

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Vermont in the Civil War vermont in the civil war howard coffin VERMONT was born with this statement of human free- dom: “…all men are born free and inde- pendent and have natural, inherent, and “... all men are born free and inalienable rights.” So said delegates from the land between New York and the independent and have natural, Connecticut River who met at a Windsor tavern in July 1777 to form an independent republic called Vermont. They wrote and inherent, and inalienable rights.” approved a document containing the above words that became the first Constitution in America to outlaw slavery. If it only freed men 18 and older, and women over 21, still it was a significant step forward. And there were, indeed, people to be freed in Vermont at that time, for a few Vermonters did hold battle of lee’s mills. Photo: George Houghton. Courtesy of the Vermont Historical Society. slaves. There exists in Vermont today a 1783 bill of sale for a human being, a slave sold illegally in the town of Springfield. 2 19 vermont became the united states of america’s fourteenth state in 1791, 14 years after the windsor The last surviving Vermont veteran of and valleys of Vermont. As Memorial Day convention, and in subsequent years its reputation as an upholder of human freedom was enhanced. the Civil War, Gilbert Lucier of the approaches each year, bright new flags flap Canadian border town of Jay, died in in spring’s fresh breezes by the graves of the Newport’s Orleans County Memorial young men who fought to uphold the prom- The state’s strong opposition to the national Montpelier, only 900 men appeared. And the Vermont. Fairbanks replied that Vermont Hospital on Sept. 22, 1944, at age 97. By ise of the state’s Constitution, that of human fugitive slave laws was emphasized by state listed as its military property just 957 would do its “full duty,” and called the state that time, the Second World War was in its freedom. With them lie the people who Vermont Judge Theophilus Harrington who aged muskets, six cannon, and 503 old Colt Legislature to Montpelier for a special ses- last year. Today, the astonishing numbers of remained on the home front and declared in 1836, when asked to order a revolvers. sion at the new State House, completed in those who served in the Civil War, and those helped make possible Vermont’s slave returned to its owner, that he would Abraham Lincoln took office as the 1859. On April 23, 1861, Fairbanks asked who died, can perhaps best be seen in the remarkable war effort. accept nothing less than “a bill of sale from nation’s 16th president in 1861 after defeat- legislators to appropriate a half million dol- old cemeteries that lie throughout the hills God almighty.” The Underground Railroad ing Democratic U. S. Senator Stephen lars for a state war effort saying, “The operated in Vermont as escaped slaves, Douglas, of Illinois. Though Douglas was United States government must be sustained probably by the hundreds, made their secret born and raised in Brandon, Vermonters and the rebellion suppressed.” After brief way to freedom through the state. Anti-slav- voted 5-1 for Lincoln, candidate of the new deliberations, lawmakers doubled the war ery societies were established throughout Republican Party that opposed the expansion appropriation to a full one million dollars. Vermont and major figures of the abolition of slavery. Primarily to protect Washington, movement, including Frederick Douglass With southern slave-holding states seced- Abraham Lincoln quickly called on the and William Lloyd Garrison, came here to ing from the Union in response to the country for 75,000 soldiers. Vermont speak. In Bennington, for a few months in Republican victory, war broke out on April responded by sending south the First 1828, Garrison published an anti-slavery 12, 1861, when Rebel cannon fired on fed- Vermont Regiment, 782 men who took newspaper The Journal of the Times. eral Fort Sumter in the harbor of pride in attaching a hemlock sprig to their Still, as civil war neared, like most north- Charleston, S. C. President Lincoln immedi- caps in remembrance of the Green ern states Vermont was poorly prepared mili- ately sent a telegram to Vermont Gov. Mountain Boys of the American tarily. In the summer of 1860, when the Erastus Fairbanks inquiring as to what the Revolution. The regiment served for just 90 governor ordered a militia muster at national government might expect of days and got in just one fight, the war’s first first vermont regiment camp in brattleboro. Photo: George Houghton. Courtesy of the Vermont Historical Society. burial place of 6th vermont killed at lee’s mills. Photo: GeorgeGeorge Houghton. Courtesy of the Vermont Historical Society. 3 18 were held throughout Vermont. The return to Tunbridge, “We have seen home civil war veterans gather on central street. battle, fought at Big Bethel on the Virginia from one state to serve throughout the war, Congregational Church in Woodstock was so often like a fairy vision in our imaginings Peninsula. The 500 Vermonters engaged, and it was made part of the Army of the Collection of the Woodstock Historical Society. draped in black for an interdenominational and dreams…that now the ideal is realized it led by Lt. Col. Peter Washburn of Potomac’s Sixth Corps. religious service. In Manchester, where almost seems as if we were dreaming Woodstock, were the only Union soldiers to One member of the brigade, William Abraham and Mary Lincoln were expected still…A lifetime of experience has been cross a stream behind which the Scott of Groton and the Third Vermont, in the summer, a service concluded with the crowded into this fierce term of war. If I was Confederates entrenched. Still, Big Bethel soon became the most famous private in the regiment stood firm under fire until ordered singing of “America.” asked ‘how it seemed’ to be a free citizen was a Rebel victory. Union armies when he was arrested and to retreat as the Union line gave way. once more, I should say it seemed as if I had Soon the Second Vermont Regiment was sentenced to death for having been found soon most of the vermont troops Soon joining the Army of the Potomac, been through a long dark tunnel, and had sent to the war zone, enlisted for three years asleep at his sentry post near Washington. came home, with the exception of commanded by George Brinton McClellan, just got into daylight once more.” as part of the Army of the Potomac, the The “Sleeping Sentinel” was spared execu- were the Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth the Seventh Vermont Regiment which was As the years passed, the veterans organ- largest of all Union armies. On July 21 the tion by firing squad at the last minute, with Vermont Regiments, and the First Vermont sent to Texas for another year of duty along ized local chapters of the Grand Army of regiment fought in the first major battle of Abraham Lincoln’s help. Cavalry Regiment. The four new infantry the Rio Grande River. The Seventh, which the Republic, the GAR, which became a the Civil War, along a stream called Bull The Vermont Brigade spent the war’s regiments, along with the Second Vermont, had spent much of the war in southern major force in state and national politics. In Run some 25 miles southwest of first winter at Camp Griffin, just south of were formed into the First Vermont Brigade, Florida away from the fighting, in the last 1876 the Legislature retained the services of Washington. The Vermonters were briefly the Potomac River, part of a vast Union a favor granted against War Department days had seen action in attacks on forts that Julian Scott, who at 16 had won a Medal of State monuments were also placed on the in action, on Chinn Ridge at the exposed encampment. Vermonters there took sick en policy by General McClellan to an old guarded Mobile, Alabama. Honor at Lee’s Mills, to create a huge paint- Third Winchester, Cedar Creek, and right end of the long Union battle line. The masse with hundreds dying, probably friend, Brig. Gen. William Farrar “Baldy” When final statistics were tallied at the ing of the Battle of Cedar Creek for the Antietam battlefields. Many Vermont towns Vermonters took casualties, among them because country boys lacked immunities to Smith, brigade commander. The “Old adjutant general’s office in Woodstock, it State House. The well known artist finished and cities also erected monuments, usually Pvt. Urban Woodbury, later elected gover- many of the diseases to which city boys had Brigade,“ as it became known, was the only was determined that 34,238 Vermonters his major work four years later, a painting placed on the village green and often topped nor, the first Vermonter to lose a limb. The much earlier been exposed. Union brigade composed entirely of men had served in the Civil War. Of them, 5,224 that has long been regarded as one of the by the statue of a soldier. In 1899 Varnia had died. The veterans came home to best the war produced. In 1889, many vet- Davis, widow of Confederate President resume their lives, most as farmers, some as erans were present for the dedication of Jefferson Davis, arrived in Montpelier for a store clerks, railroad men, factory workers, Vermont monuments where the Second summer vacation at the home of a friend. hired hands. Pvt. Wilbur Fisk wrote on his Vermont Brigade had fought at Gettysburg. Local people enjoyed her company.
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