5-9 Digital Plotting

5-9-1 Plotting Work Flow The plotting work was conducted as in the following chart. Preparation of Raster Images of Photo

Preparation of Aerial Triangulation

Interior Orientation

Importing the results of Aerial Triangulation

Inspection of Models

Automatic DTM Manual drawing of Generation contour lines Preparation of Field Identification results

DTM Editing Planimetric Features (Road, River and Other Linear Objects)

TIN（Contour line Planimetric Features (Buildings, Villages) generation）

Contour Line Editing Planimetric Features (Vegetation and others)

Consolidation of Contour lines and Planimetric Features

Quality Management (Inspection))

Figure 5-17 Plotting Work Flow

5-9-2 Equipment Used Several digital phtogrammetric systems were used for mapping process. The three types of system were mainly used together with AutoCAD and MicroStation. They were: DiAp (ISM); Summit Evolution (DAT/AM); and Socet Set (LEICA_HERAVA).

132

Photo 5-6 Plotting Work with Digital Plotting System

5-9-3 Plotting Process (1) Preparation The followings were prepared and confirmed before plotting work. 1) Scanned image of aerial photography 2) Preparation of a camera-file using the calibration data of a camera used. 3) Aerial-triangulation data 4) Acquisition standard classification table 5) Line library and symbol library corresponding to assignment codes 6) Field-identification photographs (2) Data Setting Data required for plotting are imported to a digital photogrammetric system. 1) Scanned images 2) Camera files 3) Aerial-triangulation data 4) Line library/symbol library (3) Interior orientation The minimum number of fiducial marks of the photographs was observed to determine the relationship between the calibrated fiducial coordinates and corresponding raster coordinates on the photograph images after project-file preparation. The residuals of ob- servation of fiducial marks were to be less than 30 microns by a Helmert's transformation. (4) Preparation of Models (relative and absolute orientation) Aerial-triangulation data were imported after finishing the interior orientation, and calculation of parameter of each photographs were performed. A model and photograph images were associated after calculation, and a model was created. (5) Inspection of Model After model preparation, in order to verify the accuracy of aerial triangulation, the following inspection was performed. The locations of inspection are four corners and a center for an adjusted block. Others are selectively conducted when it was necessary. At locations such as ocean or large lakes where a model becomes incomplete, the inspection was to be conducted carefully. The following inspection was performed.

133

1) Vertical parallax 2) Accuracy of horizontal locations and height 3) Connection discrepancy with an adjacent model

5-9-4 Plotting for Planimetric Features Plotting work for planimetric feature such as road, river, lake, building, vegetation and other ground objects were acquired referring to the field verification results by three dimensional model of the air photograph. When existing digital data were available from existing information, the data were imported beforehand and inspected during plotting. (1) Criteria of data acquisition Data acquisition was performed according to the map specifications and their applica- tion rules before plotting. (2) Order of data acquisition for planimetric feature Generally data of planimetric feature were acquired by the following sequence. 1) Frame data such as road, river, lake. 2) Building, structure, various objects, power transmission line, various pipelines, distortion places such as cliff 3) Vegetation (3) Photographic interpretation The items that were not included in field identification were acquired by photo- inter- pretation. Photographic interpretation was carried out as an interpreter identifies com- ponents, such as configuration, color, pattern, shadow of an object. The existing maps were also useful as a reference material for the photo-interpretation. If there is pre- liminary knowledge, such as characteristics of the region, the interpretation accuracy will be improved further. Moreover, it becomes effective also to inspect possible errors in field identification. (4) Details of plotting 1) Road i) The road data was acquired referring to the results obtained by field identification, plotting interpretation, and the existing maps. ii) For roads that were found in photo-interpretation but not in the results of field identification or in existing maps, the interpreted results were used as the road data. iii) Built-up areas and densely developed areas were extracted by the density of houses. iv) Road Bridges and large fords were extracted onto roads. Data acquired from GPS were used for road bridges and fords (small). Drainage System i) Shore lines were extracted as in the photographs taken. ii) Water bodies were extracted by photo-interpretation, referring to the results obtained by field-identification. When acquisition was difficult, data from existing maps were used. iii) Since locations of wells, reservoir, and spring water locations were hard to identify by plotting, GPS data and data from existing maps were used. iv) Coast lines, island lines, lake lines, lakeside lake, etc. were to be plotted at the same height. Villages, buildings, etc.

134 i) Since photo-interpretation had its limits identifying particular built-up area, inhab- itable areas, occupied residential areas, and illegal settlements, field completion was needed. ii) For large buildings, actual shapes were extracted and for small buildings in built-up area they were acquired as generalized area. iii) Small ground objects such as churches, schools, hospital, etc. were acquired referring to coordinates of GPS in the field-identification. Objects identified on existing maps were extracted in the plotting process and were confirmed in the supplemental survey. Landform features and others i) Cliffs and ravines were to be carefully selected on channels. ii) The transformation ground was to be acquired as contour lines as much as possible. Depending on a topography, map symbol would be used. iii) To avoid accidental omission of contour lines, elevations of summits, depressions and peaks were continuously followed. When necessary, spot elevations were acquired. Symbols on planimetric features i) Lighthouses, windmills, monuments, substations, sport recreation facilities, cemetery, etc. are acquired referring to coordinates of GPS obtained by the field-identification. When objects could be identified on existing maps, they were to be confirmed during the plotting. ii) Mining areas, quarries, and mines were acquired using existing maps and plotting interpretation. Vegetation i) Plotting interpretation itself was not sufficient; therefore, field identification photographs and existing maps were used for data acquisition. ii) Plantations, and isolated trees were acquired from the field-identification maps. When objects could be identified on existing maps, they were to be confirmed during the supplemental survey.

(5) Plotting inspection The visual inspection of the plotting data was conducted by placing Ortho-photographs as the background of the plotting data. Main checkpoints are as follows: 1) Codes other than assigned and errors of codes; 2) Overlap of buildings; 3) Extrusion of a building to a road; 4) Conflict between edges of roads, edges of bridges and roads, walls and others that are to be overlapped; 5) Disconnection, dangle, etc.; 6) Short vector; 7) Consistency with field-identification photographs; 8) Conflict with a flow direction and contour lines if a contour line crosses a road and river; and 9) Conflict among contour line, spot elevation and control point. (6) Data type and format The used data types were only Point, Line, Polyline or Single line text. The final data

135

format is dxf ASCII format version 12. A sample of the planimetric feature data is shown in Figure 5-18.

Planimetric feature 1 Planimetric feature 2 Figure 5-18 Sample of Planimetric Feature

5-9-5 Preparation of Contour Lines (1) Contour Delineation Originally, the methodology of contour delineation was planned to use an automatic Digital Terrain Model (DTM) module in digital plotting systems. However, it was found big discrepancy of automatic DTM and actual ground height in some forest area. In the case of big discrepancy, more than 5m, the accuracy of maps was expected to be- come to low accuracy than specifications. Therefore, a manual contour delineation method was used with three-dimensional view. In some area where there is no vegetation, Automatic DTM and TIN model method were useful sometimes. Automatic DTM and automatic contour lines created by TIN model were checked by 3D model visually and edited, if necessary. (2) Spot Elevations Placement of spot elevations is as follows: 1) Main summits of mountains; 2) Main junctions of road; cols to which a road passes; other main cols. 3) Valley front, junction of river, dry riverbed; 4) Critical point of the main ramps; 5) Point representing a general plane of a location; 6) The deepest part of a depression that is identifiable; and 7) A point required in order to clarify landform. A sample of the plotted data is shown in Figure 5-19.

136

Manual Method DTM method Figure 5-19 Sample of CAD Data Extracted by Digital Plotting System (3) DEM Generation In this study, TOPOGRID command which is one of function in ArcInfo was used for generating DEM data with the use of contour and spot height data. Its grid space is 20 meters by requesting from INETER. After generating DEM in ArcInfo, the data has been edited in ERDAS IMAGINE for providing constant value to the flat area such as surface of lake and sea .

1. Data preparation 2. DEM generation 3. Display of terrain

Contour & Spot height data DEM(ArcInfo grid format) The bird’s-eye view of DEM Figure 5-20 Work Flow of DEM Generation

DEM has been generated in consideration of the joint among neighboring map sheets. After joining contour and spot height data of neighboring map sheets, DEM was generated with the use of those data, and was clipped by a map quadrangle data which is 20m (one pixel of DEM) larger than a normal map quadrangle. This means is able to avoid the gap among neighboring map sheets when making seamless data.

137

E.g. In case of generating DEM for map number, 2853_4 2853_1 2953_4 2853_2. DEM is generated after joining contour and spot height data of 9 maps. And 2853_3 2853_2 2953_3 DEM data for 2853_2 is finally clipped by a map quadrangle data which is 20m (one pixel of DEM) larger such as a red dashed 2852_4 2852_1 2952_4 line on the right hand figure.

5-9-6 Vector Data Editing Plotting data were edited using CAD system, such as "MicroStation" and "AutoCad." Because of improvement in the CAD software, data were acquired in plotting as being compiled. But there were still necessary process for GIS database creation and digital cartography for printing. That was data cleaning and polygon data creation from plotting data. (1) Data cleaning Data cleaning was executed using MicroStation GEPGRAPHICS by the following seven (7) steps. STEP-1 Data conversion First of all, three (3) dimensional digital mapping data was converted to two (2) dimensional digital mapping data using the function of MicoStation.

Figure 5-21 Map Sheet Data Figure 5-22 Part of Expansion of Map sheet Data

STEP-2 Duplicate Linework Find Duplicate Linework Tool was used to locate duplicate line and move or delete the unnecessary line data. Duplicate line is a linear element that shares the same coor-

138

dinates as another linear element. STEP-3 Find Linework Fragments Un-connected line fragments were found by Linework Fragments tool. Fragments are elements with x, y coordinates smaller than a specified tolerance. Correction was done by a manual or automatic method. Table 5-18 Data Cleaning Tool

Find Duplicate Linework Find Linework Fragments Thin Linear Element

Segment Linear Element Find Gaps Find Dangles

STEP-4 Thin Linear Element Reduction of the number of vertices in linear elements was executed for the thin linear element. The tool deleted unnecessary vertices automatically. STEP-5 Segment Linear Element Segment Linear Element tool was used to break linear elements where they intersect at interior points and to create separate linear elements. As results of this action, node point was created at the intersection of each line for creation of polygon. STEP-6 Data Gaps Empty space between two elements’ endpoints was found by the Gaps tool. Data gaps were filled up by the automatic method. STEP-7 Dangles Line element dangles were found by the Find Dangles tool and edited if necessary for creating polygons.

139

(2) Topology Creation 1) Topology checking After cleaning the data, Topology structure was checked by using the Validate Topol- ogy Tool. Several kinds of warning code were shown in the case of un-completed polygon. Refering the following warning codes, data was edited by manual and automatic method. multA: the centroid has multiple associated Areas mulct: the polygon has multiple associated Centroids noA: The centroid has no associated Area noC: The polygon has no associated Centroid unuB: “unused” Boundary element ( not used to close a polygon)

Topology checking with warning code Created shapes of one Layer Figure 5-23 Topology Checking and Created Shapes 2) Creation of Polygon layer After data editing for topology structuring, completed topology was created by the function of Create Shapes Tool. Create Shapes Tool was used to construct simple or complex shapes from linear elements that share consecutive common endpoints. This tool was also used together define or infer a closed shape. 3) Creation of Shapes Multi layer The same procedure of creating shapes was executed layer by layer for one map sheet. Finally, the creating shapes of all layers became to independent polygon data and all polygon data was converted to dxf data.

140

Figure 5-24 Created Polygon

5-10 Map Symbolization The topographic map data were symbolized in accordance with the map symbol applica- tion rules which is shown in Map Symbols 1/50,000 for five (5) colored print maps. Adobe Illustrator was used for the map symbolization as editing software. The compiled dxf layer data that had been acquired at the stage of vector editing process were converted to Adobe Illustrator files. In addition, the other data such as political boundaries, village names, and annotations were also converted to separate Illustrator files. All of these layer files were then combined within Adobe Illustrator to create a single file for each specific map sheet. All of the previous layers are still separately accessi- ble within Illustrator. Symbol coloring, line types and pattern fills were all created, configured and applied using Adobe Illustrator. The procedure of symbolization is as follows. (1) Preparation of grid lines and map frame 1) Divided tick lines and the coverage for grid lines were prepared accurately by Arc Info based on the latitude and the longitude shown at the corner of each print. 2) Geographic co-ordinates for GIS base data to be included, map frame, and, tick grid were converted from the latitude and the longitude into UTM. 3) Based on the processed GIS base data as above, either eps (Encapsulated Post- Script) with the regulated scale or the data formatted for the illustrator software were prepared. Each included class in the GIS base data will be discriminated in color by layers. (2) Preparation of marginal design A regulated legend and the data for the marginal information layers were prepared as agreed with INETER by Adobe Illustrator also.

141

lat m/s 11 05 30.35 11 15 30.33 11 25 30.31 11 35 30.30 11 45 30.28 11 55 30.26 12 05 30.24 12 15 30.22 12 25 30.20 parameters should be applied to 12 35 30.18 calculate based on center of sheet �� 12 45 30.16 12 55 30.14 13 05 30.12 13 15 30.10

One second of longitude equals 30.22m 15.0 mm

2.0 mm

UTM grid line 0.25mm

neat line 0.15 mm

UTM grid line 0.1mm

6.0 mm

0.2 mm

6.0 mm

0.15 mm 2.0 mm

7.5 mm One second of latitude equals 30.73m equals latitude of second One

5.0mm 1.0mm

EDITION SERIES SHEET NICARAGUA 11:50,00:50,000 EDICIÓN 3-INETER SERIE E751 HOJA 2952 IV 15.0 mm MATEARTEARE One second of longitude equals 30.22m 5 5 5 78 79 80 81 86°15´ 86°30´ 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 25´ 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 20´ 73 74 75 76 77 12°20´ 12°20´ 2.0 mm 63 63 63 63

62 62 62 62

61 61 61 61

UTM grid line 0.25mm

1360 60 60 1360

neat line 0.15 mm

UTM grid line 0.1mm

59 59 59 59

58 58 58 58 6.0 mm

. 72 m K 68 70 71 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 4 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 2

69 73 O R T N E C

Z AZ CENTRO 24 Km A P

57 57 57 57 A L

0.2 mm

56 56 56 56

6.0 mm 55 55 55 55

0.15 mm 2.0 mm

7.5 mm 15´ 15´ 54 54 54 54 One second of latitude equals 30.73m equals latitude of second One

53 53 53 53

5.0mm 1.0mm 52 52 52 52 68 66 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 63 64 65 67 69 70 71 72 73 74 62 51 51 51 51

1350 50 50 1350

49 49 49 49

48 48 48 48

47 47 47 47 N. 000m.

46 46 46 46 13 2.0 mm

12°10´ 12°10´ 5 5 86°15´ 86°30 58 59 560 61 62 63 25´ 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 20´ 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 2.0 mm

Preparado conjuntamente entre el Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER) y la Agencia de Cooperación Internacional del Japón (JICA), bajo el NOTES SCALE 1:50,000 ESCALA 11:50,00:50,000 BOUNDARIES ADJOINING SHEETS Programa de Cooperación Técnica del Gobierno de Japón. NOTAS LÍMITES HOJAS ADYACENTEACENTES Managua, Nicaragua. Compilado en el 2004 por métodos fotogramétricos digitales NOT ALL TELEPHONE AND ELECTRIC SERVICE LINES Meters Metros 1000 500 0 1 2 3 4 5 Kilometers Kilómetros basado en fotografías aéreas a escala 1 : 40,000 tomadas en 1996, 2000 y 2004. ARE SHOWN. Preparado conjuntamente entre el Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales 1 1/2 0 1 2 3 Statute Miles Millas Terrestreerrestres Editado en Enero del 2006. NO SE MUESTRAN TODAS LAS LÍNEAS DE SERVICIO. 1 2 Millas Náuticas 29533050 II 29533150 IIIIII 29533150 II A LANE IS CONSIDERED AS BEING 2.5 TO 3.6 METERS 1 / 0 1 2 3 Nautical Miles Este mapa no está comprobado íntegramente en el campo y la densidad de datos (8 TO 12 FEET) WIDE. COUNTRY de la presente edición es menor que la establecida en las especificaciones técnicas UNA VIVIA TIENE 2.5 A 33.6.6 MMETROSETROS ((88 A 1122 PPIES)IES) DDEE ANCHURA. 2-DM para la producción de mapas básicos nacionales a escala 1: 50,000. (INETER) y la Agencia de CooperaciELEóVnATIONS Internacional IN METERS del Japón (JICA), bajoGNGN el Internationa boundary NAME

NCNC A IN DEVELOPED REAS ONLY THROUGH ROADS ARE 28523049 I 29523149 IV E75 29523149 I CLASSIFIED. ELEVACIONES EN METROS 1

EN LAS ÁREAS DESARROLLADAS, SOLAMENTE SE CLASIFICAN DEPARTAMENTO DE A Municipio de C A LAS VÍASAS DDIRECIRECTASAS. CONTOUR INTERVAL 20 METERS INTÉRVALOALO DEDE CCUURVASAS 2200 MMETROETROS O Municipio de A Second order boundary

LEGEND CUL SUPPLEMENTARY CCONONTOURS 10 METERS CURVASAS SSUPLEMENUPLEMENTARIASARIAS CCADADA 1100 MMETROETROS Í Programa de Cooperación Técnica del Gobierno de Japón. O first order boudary TIC DEPARTAMENTO DE B CONVERSION GRAPH É 28523049 II 29523149 IIIIII 29523149 II SIGNOS CONVENCIONALES Municipio de B SPHEROID...... WGS 84 ELIPSOIDE...... WGS 84 GRID CONVERGENCE 1 GRÁFICO DE CONVERSIÓN GRID...... 1,000 METER UTM ZONE 16 CUADRÍCULA...... 1,000 METROS UTM ZONA 16 0° 11´ (3 /2 MILS) TE VERDADER POPULATEDTED PLACEPLACES POBLACIONS Edificio; Iglesia; Escuela (1 meter = 3.28 feet) FOR CENTER OF SHEET R Building; Church; School TE MAGN GLOSSARY PROJECTION...... TRANSVERSE MERCATOR PROYECCIÓN...... TRANSVERSA DDEE MMERCERCATOR CUADR DE TE

R R

Hospital; Monument Hospital; Monumento NO Zonas edificadas VERTICAL DATUM..TUM...... MEANMEAN SSEEA LLEVEEVEL DATUMTUM VVEERTICAL...... NIVEL MEDIO DEL MAR CONVERGENCIA DDEE CCUADRUADRÍCULA Boudary representation in this graphic is not necessarily authoritative. Densely built-up areas Windmill, windpump; Molino de viento, bomba de viento; GLOSARIO Meters Feet Meters Feet 1 de alta densidad HORIZONTAL DATUMTUM ...... WGS 84 DATUMTUM HHORIZONORIZONTAL.AL...... WGS 84 0° 11´ (3 /2 MILS) NO NO SLOPE GUIDE Managua, Nicaragua. Compilado en el 2004 por métodos fotogramétricos digitalesH La representaci Molino de agua PARARA EL CENTRO DE LA HHOJOJA Agropecuario...... farm 600 1200 PRINTED BY...... INETER 7-2006 IMPRESO POR...... INETER 7-2006 Chimny; Tank;ank; OObstructiobstructio anque; Obstrucción 3900 GUÍA DEDE PPENDIENTENDIENTE Settlement Caserios/Poblados Agua subterranea...... underground steram 1900 Mine: Active; Activa; Abandonada PERCENTAGAGE DEGREE TION GUIDE GUÍA DEDE EELELEVACIACIÓN Aserrio...... sawmill COORDINATE CONVERSION WGS 84 TO NAD 27 CONVERSIÓN DE COORDENADAS DEL WGS 84 AL NAD 27 TRUE NORTH Horizontal control point értice geodésico 3800 PORCENTAJAJE GRADO 1800 NORTH GRID ROADS CAMINOS Baños termales...... thermal bath Grid: Subtract 7m.E.; Subtract 202m.N. Cuadrícula : Restar 7m.E.; Restar 202 m.N. 2005 15% 8.5° Bench mark Cota fija Geográfica: Agregar 0.3" Long.; Restar 3.8" Lat. G-M ANGLE Báscula...... truckweighing platform 3700 Geographic: Add 0.3" Long.; Substract 3.8-" Lat. MAGNETIC NORT Spot elevation in meters: Cota en metros: basado en fotograf1700 ías aéreas a escala 1 : 40,000 tomadas en 1996, 2000 y 2004.3° (50MILS) 14% 8.0° Divided highway Autopista Bomba...... inlet Más alta; Normal Para todo tiempo, carretera pavimentada: Heighest; Normal 185 Canal...... irrigation ditch 500 1100 3600 2005 All weather, hhardard surfacesurface: ÁNGULONGULO CC-M-M DDEE 22005005 1600 A Power transmission line nea de transmisión Carretera...... highway REFERENCIA DDEE 110000 MMETROETROS G-M ANGLE 13% 7.4° Twowo oror moremore laneslanes widwide dos o más vías SAMPLE 1,000 METER GRID SQUARE 100 METER REFERENCE O 3° (50(50 MMILILÉSIMASSIMAS )

CUL 3° (50MILS)

3500 Í One lane wide una vía Aqueduct; penstock pipeline Acueducto; Compuerta; Tuberia Cem, Cementerio...... cemetery EJEMPLO DEL CUADRADO DE 1,000 METROS 1. Read large numbers labeling the VERTICAL grid 1. Léanse las cifras grandes correspondientes a la línea VERTICAL de la TIC 1500 É 12% 6.9° Para todo tiempo, carretera mejorada: or flume (ground level) Caño (superficial) Centro de Rehabilitación...... rehabilitation center line left of point and estimate tenths (100 meters) cuadrícula situada a la izquierda del punto y estímense los décimos All weather, llooseoose ssurfaceurface: ÁNGULO C-M DE 2005 3400 47 from grid line to point. 65 3 Two or more lanes wide dos o más vías Club Náutico...... yacht club 3° (50 MILÉSIMAS ) Editado en Enero1400 del 2006. 2. Read large numbers labeling the HORIZONTAL grid 6.3° RÍOS / TORRENTES 11% One lane wide una vía RIVERS / STREAMS Perennial Colonia agrícola...... agriculture settlment TE MAGN 3300 line below of point and estimate tenths (100 meters) R

Fair or dry weather: Tiempo bueno o seco: Intermitente Departamento...... first-order administrative division 400 1000 from grid line to point. 46 6 TE DE CUADR DE TE

1300 Sample point CUADR DE TE 10% 5.7°

R R R loose surface Superfice suelta o ligera Desmotadora...... cotton gin Ejemplo punto NO Less than 18m. wide Menos de 18 metros de anchura 3200 GRID CONVERGENCE H

Rodera 1 2 55

NO NO NO NO Track; Trail 18m. to 25m. wide 18 metros a 25 metros de achura Elevación 39 Metros...... elevation 39 meters 1200 0° 11´ (3 / MILS) TRUET NORTH NO 9% 5.2° 46 Example: 653466 FOR CENTER OF SHEET R Bridge; Tunnel Puente; Túnel Over 25m. wide s de 25 metros de achura Estación gasolinera...... gasoline station U 3100 65 66 E

Route marker: Señales de ruta Spring; Wel Manantial; Pozo Fábrica...... factory 1100 CONVERGENCIA DDEE CCUADRUADRÍCULA N 8% 4.6° 269 O 49 1 515 National; Secondary Nacional; Secundaria Lake: Perennial; Intermittent Lago: Perenne; Intermitente Irrigación circular...... circular irrigation 0° 11´ (3 /2 MILS) R 3000 PARARA EL CENTRO DE LA HHOJOJA T

Dam: Masonary; Earthen Presas: de mampostería; de tierra 100,000M. SQUARE IDENTIFICATIOTION WHEN REPORTING ACROSS A 100,000100,000 MMETEETER H

GRID NORTH NORTH NORTH NORTH NORTH GRID GRID GRID GRID GRID 1000 NORTH GRID MAGNETIC NORT 7% Lago...... lake 300 900 NO 4.0° Woodland 50% or more in Bosque 50% o más, de bosque IDENTIFICATITIÓN DE CUADRÍCULA DEDE LINE, PREFIX THE 100,000 METER SQUARE FERROCARRILES Laguna de oxidación...... oxidatoin pond 2900 100,000 METROS IDENTIFICATIONTION IINN WWHICHHICH TTHEHE PPOINTOINT LLIESIES. 50 RAILROADS crown cove de la corona 3 metros o más 900 R Pista de aterrizaje...... landing srtip TE VERDADER 6% 3.4° in height de altura TO CONVERT A TO CONVERT A Dismantled desmantelado Punta...... point 2800 EU Example: EU653466 66 Monte bajo-menos de Este mapa no está comprobado íntegramente en el campo y la densidadMAGNETIC AZIMUTH de datosGRID AZIMUTH TO A 13 800 5% 2.9° 50 Scrub-less than 3m. in height 3 metros de altura Presa...... dam TO A GRIDGRID AZIMUTH MAGNETIC AZIMUTH Q, Qda, Quebrada...... intermittent stream 2700 GRID ZONE DESIGNATIOTION WHEN REPORTING OUTSIDE THE GRID ZONE ADD G-M ANGLE SUBTRACT G-M ANGLE BOUNDARISE LÍMITES 700 DESIGNACÍON DE ZONA DEDE CCUADRUADRÍCULA DESIGNATIONTION AREA, PREFIX THE GRID ZONE A B C Quesera...... dairy

erreno sujeto a inundación O Land subject to inundation 200 800 DESIGNATIOTION PARARA CCONVEONVERTIR UN PARARA CCONVEONVERTIR UN International Internacíonal Química Borden...... chemical plant 2600 AB HORIZONTAL DISTANCEANCE BETWEENBETWEEN CONCONTOURS 600 16P ACIMUT MAGNÉTICO ACIMUT DE CUADRÍCULA AB DISTANCIANCIA HORIZONHORIZONTAL ENTRE CURVASAS DDEE NNIVEIVEL First-order administrative División administrativa Example: 16PEU653466 COUNTRY Río...... stream Scattered trees; Swamp rboles esparcidos; Pantano A UNUN ACIMUT DE CUADRÍCULA A UUNN ACIMUT MAGNÉTICO AC HORIZONTAL DISTANCEANCE BETWEENBETWEEN INDEXINDEX CONCONTOURS

2500 2-DM division de primer orden Sub-estación...... de. . . electoric sub-station la presente edición es menor que la establecida en las especificacionesSÚMESE EL ÁNGULO C-M técnicasRÉSTESE EL ÁNGULO C-M AC DISTANCIANCIA HHORIZONORIZONTAL ENTRE CURVASAS DDEE NNIVEIVEL ÍNDICES 69 500 Second-order administrative División administrativa Lava; Sand Lava; Arena Tanque(s).anque(s)...... tank(s) division de segundo orden 2400 ANY EERRORRROR OORR OOMISSION,MISSION, SSHOULDHOULD RREFEREFER IT TO THE NICARAGUAN CUALQUIER ERROR U OMISI Vigía...... watch tower 400 5 5 5 Cem. INSTITUTE OF TERRITORIAL STUDIES (INETER) TO THE FOLLOWING ADDRESS : NICARAG 60 70 80 Cementerio; Choza Orchard; V Huerta; Viña Zanjón...... intermittent stream Cemetary; Native hut 100 700 2300 IN FRONT OF THE ORIENTAL POLICLÍNICA OOFF THE INSS, MANAGUA, NICARAGUA. DIRECCI INSS, MANAGUA,NICARAGUA. Highest High Medium Low NAME 300 TELEPHONES : (505) 249-2764, (505) 249-2767 FAXAX : ((505)505) 2249-276449-2764 APTDO : 2110 TELÉFONOS : (505) 249-2764, (505) 249-2767 ELEVATIONS IN METERS 2200 Internationa boundary para la producción de mapas básicos nacionales a escala 1: 50,000. Más alto Alto Medio Bajo 200 This map belongs to INETER and it is protected by the law 312. 2100 Law about the Copyright and Connected rights, any reproduction,total or partial must be authorized by INETER

100 A Esta obra es propiedad de INETER, está protegida por la Ley 312. 2000 0 Ley de Derecho de Autor y Derechos Conexos, cualquier reproducción total o parcial debe ser con la autorización de esta Institución. MATEARE,TEARE, NNICARAGUICARAGUA 22952952 IIVV EE751751 EEDITIONDITION 33-INETER-INETER 0 600 �� ELEVACIONES EN METROS E75 1 DEPARTAMENTO DE A Municipio de C LEGEND Municipio de A Second order boundary first order boudary DEPARTAMENTO DE B SIGNOS CONVENCIONALES Municipio de B

POPULATEDTED PPLACELACES POBLACIONS Building; Church; School Edificio; Iglesia; Escuela Zonas edificadas Hospital; Monument Hospital; Monumento Densely built-up areas de alta densidad Windmill, windpump; Watermill Molino de viento, bomba de viento; Aceite Molino de agua Chimny; Tank;ank; OObstructiobstruction Chimenea; Tanque;anque; OObstruccibstrucción Settlement Caserios/Poblados Mine: Active; Abandoned Mina: Activa; Abandonada COORDINATE CONVERSION WGS 84 TO NAD 27 CONVERSIÓN DE COORDENADAS DEL WGS 84 AL NAD 27 Horizontal control point Vértice geodésico ROADS CAMINOS Grid: Subtract 7m.E.; Subtract 202m.N. Cuadrícula : Restar 7m.E.; Restar 202 m.N. Bench mark BM Cota fija Geographic: Add 0.3" Long.; Substract 3.8-" Lat. Geográfica: Agregar 0.3" Long.; Restar 3.8" Lat. Spot elevation in meters: 456 Cota en metros: Divided highway Autopista Heighest; Normal Más alta; Normal All weather, hhardard ssurfaceurface: Para todo tiempo, carretera pavimentada: 287 185 Twowo oror moremore laneslanes wwidide dos o más vías Power transmission line Línea de transmisión One lane wide una vía Aqueduct; penstock pipeline Acueducto; Compuerta; Tuberia Acue All weather, llooseoose ssurfaceurface: Para todo tiempo, carretera mejorada: or flume (ground level) Caño (superficial) Two or more lanes wide dos o más vías One lane wide una vía RIVERS / STREAMS Perennial IIntermittentntermittent RÍOS / TORRENTES Fair or dry weather: Tiempo bueno o seco: Perenne Intermitente loose surface Superfice suelta o ligera Less than 18m. wide Menos de 18 metros de anchura Track; Trail Rodera 18m. to 25m. wide 18 metros a 25 metros de achura Bridge; Tunnel Puente; Túnel Over 25m. wide Más de 25 metros de achura Route marker: Señales de ruta Spring; Well Manantial; Pozo 49 269 National; Secondary Nacional; Secundaria Lake: Perennial; Intermittent Lago: Perenne; Intermitente Dam: Masonary; Earthen Presas: de mampostería; de tierra Woodland 50% or more in Bosque 50% o más, de bosque RAILROADS FERROCARRILES crown cover, 33m.m. oorr momorre de la corona 3 metros o más in height de altura Dismantled desmantelado Monte bajo-menos de Scrub-less than 3m. in height 3 metros de altura BOUNDARISE LÍMITES Land subject to inundation Terrenoerreno ssujetoujeto a iinundacinundación International Internacíonal División administrativa First-order administrative Scattered trees; Swamp Árboles esparcidos; Pantano division de primer orden Second-order administrative División administrativa Lava; Sand Lava; Arena division de segundo orden Cem. Cemetary; Native hut Cementerio; Choza Orchard; Vineyard Huerta; Viña

This map belongs to INETER and it is protected by the law 312. Figure 5-25 Maginal Information Design Law about the Copyright and Connected rights, any reproduction,total or partial must be authorized by INETER Esta obra es propiedad de INETER, está protegida por la Ley 312. Ley de Derecho de Autor y Derechos Conexos, cualquier reproducción total o parcial debe ser con la autorización de esta Institución. ��

142 (3) Preparation of map symbols and pattern 1) Map symbols were prepared with brush function of Adobe Illustrator.

Figure 5-26 Recorded Map Symbols into Brush Palette 2) The vegetation patterns were prepared by Adobe Illustrator.

(4) Topographic data conversion Topographic data acquired or edited by AutoCad and MicroStation were converted into the dxf file (AutoCAD ASCII Drawing Interchange). Annotation data and political boundary were also converted as defined on the map symbol specifications. (5) Map Symbolization with Adobe Illustrator The map symbolization procedure using Adobe Illustrator were as follows: 1) The data which imported from the dxf file were scaled to actual scale; 2) Each line feature was assigned with each color and style according to the specifications; 3) Each point feature was assigned with each symbol according to specifications; 4) Each polygon feature was assigned with each color or pattern according to specifications; 5) Annotation, mark of each map, and other decorations were prepared; 6) The marginal design and legend were completed; and 7) After completing all the above processes, the draft maps were plotted out for visual checking.

143

Figure 5-27 Plotted Data (dxf) of Map Sheet Name "MATEARE"

Figure 5-28 Symbolization Sample Map Sheet Name "MATEARE"

144

5-11 Field Completion After map symbolization, the field completion was carried out. This is the process to make final data to be presented in topographic map by checking and correcting in the field using symbolized the draft maps. The Study Team brought three sets of 60 symbolized draft map sheets from Ja- pan to Nicaragua in the beginning of October. Using these sheets, the Study Team members and INETER counterparts in closer cooperation performed the field completion process from October to December 2005.

5-11-1 Provided material The following information and materials were delivered as reference data for field completion from INETER side. Annotation of toponymy data Additional existing control points National and administrative boundaries Main power line routes Protected area

5-11-2 Review of Draft Map (1) Checked items Before the actual fieldwork, the field groups reviewed the draft maps. The following matters were marked and pointed out for field checking. 1) Necessity of cartographic generalization on objects like schools, churches and hospitals in large quantity; 2) Missing electric lines and aqueducts; 3) Names of towns without any the symbols of buildings or houses; 4) The symbols, which are shown in the existing maps but there no symbols in the draft maps; 5) The routes signs of national roads; 6) The coastal hydrographs that do not represent its beachfront object; 11) Populated places that do not have annotation names; 12) Information of the photogrammetric bench marks that determine the heights of some well-known points; and 13) Necessity of cartographic generalization on entities like roads, rivers, schools, churches and hospitals included in great quantity in built-up area, to represent that of more relevance and in compatibility with the density that established the Manual PS/3AA/101. (2) Key code definition The key codes for the indication of correction in the draft maps were decided. During the control process in the office work, several key codes were annotated on the draft map for fieldwork and correction of toponymy. Several kinds of indication maps with the key codes were prepared for the field completion and correction of spelling, reloca- tion of toponymy and indication of the doubtful parts on the draft maps for the field checking. The codes, abbreviation sign were as follows. For the field completion;

CB ; Change for

145

S ; Delete the indicated object A ; Add of For the toponymy check as indoor work

CB ; Change for X ; Extend to the indicated place U ; Locate at the indicated place 3 ; Correct text A ; Add text or information RV; Check and verify on the field S ; Delete AJ; To adjust or homogenize with the text of the same category Ei; To adjust the spacing of the text (3) Toponymy and other topographic names Draft maps with the toponymy were used for checking the spelling and the correction of and the annotation sheets containing only the texts used for reference. 1) A verification of all of the toponymy was carried out one by one by counterpart personal. 2) The correct texts were identified with a defined key, based on existing topographic map at a scale 1/50,000 3) All of the toponymy which needed to be corrected was identified by another defined key and the right spelling of the specific toponymy was indicated by hand. 4) Toponymy, that by mistake were placed in the sheet or should not be in it, were identified with another defined key to be deleted. 5) All of the corrections were done finally with red pen by hand.

As for the final results of the toponymy data, the Study Team proposed INETER to pre- pare Toponymy Layer by the Adobe Illustrator software. Because it is important to present collect annotation and keeping legibility for map user. Guidelines of preparation of Toponymy Layer were in accordance with Manual of Specifications for the Pro- duction of Topographic Maps of Territories at a scale of 1/50.000 (PS/3aa/101), in chapter 2 “Compilation and Separation of Colors”, Section 1000 “Typography.”

5-11-3 Fieldwork After marking of doubtful parts on the draft maps in office, the fieldwork was carried out using those maps and portable GPS. The fieldwork started 24 October by six field parties, then completed at the end of December. The objective of fieldwork was to check the indicated doubtful parts, which remained questionable or omitted in the processes of field identification and plotting. All of the ground objects to be verified in the field were measured their coordinates with GPS and plotted on the map sheets as the results of the verification. (1) Preparation for the field The following guidelines were given to the field team. 1) The purpose of fieldwork is to verify if the draft maps accomplish with the basic technical requirements in the Manual of Specifications for the Production of the Topographic Maps of Territories at a scale of 1/ 50,000 (PS/3AA/101). 2) All of the criteria are based on The Manual AMS TM-35, Section XVIII “Field Verification,” IAGS 1962.

146

3) There should not be a waste of time verifying characteristics on less important subjects located in far and inaccessible places. 4) To avoid excessive fieldwork, it is recommended to get information from people who know the place or area to be verified and from the competent authorities in the area of work. 5) Suggested material the team for the field verification should take: • A copy of the existing map; • A copy of the new draft map; • The map specification symbols; • List of the specific details that should be verified. • Blank sheets to take notes and registry of changes and new names. • Notebooks in order to take notes. • Pencils and erasers. • Pens in blue, black and red color. • Fine point markers in red, blue, black and green color. • Masking tape. • Ruler/scale • Handy GPS and batteries • Aerial photography or amplified ortho-photo of the area of verification. • Measuring tape

(2) Field check The following items were mainly checked in the field. 1) Whether the objects acquired in the field identification process of the previous phase were put on the exact positions in the draft map or not, for example, school, hospital, factory, church, bridge, cemetery and other items. 2) Whether the road classification, which acquired in the field identification process, was collect or not. 3) Whether the annotations without their correspondent symbol were exist or not. In case they exist in the field, the result of the verification indicated on a map sheet. 4) The objects to be annotated with abbreviations such as hospitals and schools without their correspondent symbol were checked and these were verified their existence. 5) Vegetations along surveying routes were checked.

5-11-4 Arrangement on Draft maps After finishing the fieldwork, all the information verified was arranged using the duplicate copy of the draft maps. The followings are the matters to be considered for com- piling the information on the copies of the draft maps: (1) To be careful in manual transcription such as defined mark of the results on the final arrangement map sheets with clear draw-out lines to the nearest marginal blank space; (2) To mark with clear block letters, if necessary with the code number; and (3) To use the key for indication of arrangement sheets. The keys code for the indication of correction on the draft maps was decided as follows:

CB ------Change for

147

3 ------Correct Text A ------Add Text or Information S ------Delete

Figure 5-29 Final Arrangement Sample

5-12 Supplementary Digital Plotting and Map Symbolization (1) Supplementary plotting work After field completion, supplementary digital plotting was performed using the results of field completion material in Japan. This was the process for correcting, adding and deleting topographic map features. The work was performed referencing to the results of the field completion for preparing of the final dxf data for map symbolization and creating the GIS database. (2) Supplementary map symbolization After field completion and supplementary digital plotting, supplementary digital map symbolization was performed in Japan. This was the process for correcting, adding and deleting topographic map features, map symbols, and all sorts of letterings such as geographic names and abbreviations on the draft symbolized maps. The work was

148

performed according to the final dxf data obtained through the above-mentioned supplementary digital plotting and to the results of field completion indicated on the final materials (map). Other supplementary but necessity for final map items were performed according to the agreement which had been examined and solved between both sides. Map features: Road route numbers were represented according to existing maps. Administrative boundaries were drawn or omitted according to the data which edited by INETER. The shapes of power-lines were represented according to existing maps. All bathymetric lines were described to use the data, which INETER provided. All of toponymy annotations and road destinations were described to use the data, which INETER provided. Marginal Information Sheet names were described the names, which have confirmed to edit by INETER as follows: Table 5-19 Sheet Names Sheet no. Sheet Name Sheet No. Sheet Name 2855,II, ACHUAPA 2754,III, PENÍNSULA PADRE RAMOS 2655,II, POTOSÍ 2754,II, TONALÁ 2754,IV, ESTERO REAL 2854,III, VILLA 15 DE JULIO 2855,IV, CINCO PINOS 2854,II, LARREYNAGA 2855,III, SOMOTILLO 2954,III, SANTA ROSA DEL PEÑÓN 2754,I, PUERTO MORAZÁN 2753,IV, ISLA ASERRADORES 2854,IV, VILLANUEVA 2753,I, CHINANDEGA 2854,I, EL SAUCE 2853,IV, TELICA 2954,IV, SAN NICOLÁS 2853,I, MALPAISILLO 2654,II PENÍNSULA VENECIA 2953,IV, SAN FRANCISCO LIBRE 2953,I, LAGUNA MOYUÁ 2753,II, CORINTO 2853,III, LEÓN 2853,II, LA PAZ CENTRO 2953,III, ISLA MOMOTOMBITO 2953,II, LAS MADERAS 3053,III, TEUSTEPE 2852,IV, PUERTO SANDINO 2852,I, NAGAROTE 2952,IV, MATEARE 2952,I, TIPITAPA 3052,IV, LAS BANDERAS 2852,III, MIRAMAR 2952,II, NINDIRÍ 2852,II, EL TRÁNSITO 3052,III, MALACATOYA 2952,III, MANAGUA 2851,I, VILLA EL CARMEN 2951,IV, SAN RAFAEL DEL SUR 2951,I, MASAYA 2950,IV, CASARES 3050,IV, BELÉN 2951,II, NANDAIME 2950,I, RÍO ESCALANTE 2951,III, LA TRINIDAD 3051,III, ISLA ZAPATERA 3051,IV, GRANADA 2851,II, MASACHAPA 3050,I, MOYOGALPA 2654,I, COSIGÜINA 3149,IV, TIRURÍ 3049,III, EL OSTIONAL 2950,II, LA VÍRGEN MORENA 3050,III, RIVAS 3050,II, SAN JOSÉ DEL SUR 3150,III, LA PALMA 3049,IV, SAN JUAN DEL SUR 3049,I, CÁRDENAS 3049,II, PUNTA EL NARANJO 3149,III, OROSÍ

Lambert grids were not represented. Note of copyright was edited as “This map belongs to INETER and it is protected by the law 312. Law about the Copyright and Connected rights, any reproduction total or partial must be authorized by INETER.” Map history was added a sentence “Este mapa no está comprobado íntegramente en el campo”. The water body in adjoining sheet boxes was not represented. The old edition map sheet numbers were represented in adjoining sheet box as follows:

149

Figure 5-30 Adjoining Sheet Number

Administrative annotations in the boundary box were edited according to the official annotations, which are inscribed on the document named “División política Administra- tiva del país.” One second of actual ground distance of longitude and latitude was described to have been calculated on the center of the sheet. Information of azimuth was described to use the data which was provided to calculate by INETER. Arrows of azimuth were described two types of symbols as follows:

Figure 5-31 Arrows of Azimuth Design

5-13 GIS Data Creation The plotted dxf data were converted to ArcInfo coverage format by ArcInfo software and the GIS data were created in accordance with the rule of “GIS Layer Specifications for Nicaragua Project

150 v6.0 March 7, 2005” (Table 5-27 to Table 5-32). The adopted map projection was UTM 16N, the adopted datum was WGS84, and the map unit was meter. The processing flow is shown in Figure 5-32.

1) Data structure definition 3) Plotted dxf data

2) Vacant coverage creation 4) Temporal coverage creation

5) Data transfer to the vacant coverage

6) Structure check & editing, Attribute check & editing

Figure 5-32 Processing Flow of GIS Data Creation

Main processes of GIS data creation are explained as follows: 1) Data structure definition Map objects to be created were selected and layer structure was defined. The layer structure meant layer classification, data schema and attributes. Data precision was defined as double precision because of UTM projection. See Table 5-20 to Table 5-26. 2) Vacant coverage creation Vacant coverages were created by the defined specifications. These vacant coverages were used to create the final coverages easily from the converted temporal coverages. 3) Plotted dxf data The plotted dxf data were created in accordance with the rule of the plotting specifications and used as input data to create GIS data. 4) Temporal coverage The plotted dxf data were temporally converted to coverages by ArcInfo. Although in this process, coverage tics and attribute field names were automatically created by ArcInfo, these values were not the pre-defined values. So, in the next step, the pre-defined tic coordinates and the attribute names were put. For that, the vacant coverages were used. 5) Data transfer to the vacant coverage The temporal coverages were put into the vacant coverages by ArcInfo to change the pre-defined tic coordinates and the attribute names. This processing is usually needed to use the coverages in

151

a lump, for example Map library of ArcInfo.

Pre-defined vacant coverage Converted temporal coverage

Figure 5-33 Concept of Data Transfer to the Vacant Coverage

6) Structure check & editing, Attribute check & editing After data transfer, the data- filled coverages were verified as the plotted dxf data were being compared and edited if necessary. In this step, the data structure errors like label errors and angle errors were fixed, and the attribute errors like code errors and elevation errors also were re- paired. Table 5-20 Tic Coverage Schema

COVERAGE FEATURE COLUMN ITEM WIDTH OUTPUT TYPE N.DEC ALTERNATE INDEXED NAME CLASS NAME NAME TIC_COV TIC 1 IDTIC 4 5 B - - 5 XTIC 8 18 F 5 - 13 YTIC 8 18 F 5 -

Table 5-21 Transportation Coverage Schema

COVERAGE FEATURE ALTERNATE NAME CLASS COLUMN ITEM NAME WIDTH OUTPUT TYPE N.DEC NAME INDEXED TRN_LIN LINE 1 FNODE# 4 5 B - - 5 TNODE# 4 5 B - - 9 LPOLY# 4 5 B - - 13 RPOLY# 4 5 B - - 17 LENGTH 8 18 F 5 - 25 TRN_LIN# 4 5 B - - 29 TRN_LIN-ID 4 5 B - - 33 CODE 4 5 B - - 37 NOTE 32 32 C - - Table 5-22 Building Coverage Schema

COVERAGE FEATURE COLUMN ITEM NAME WIDTH OUTPUT TYPE N.DEC ALTERNATE INDEXED

152

NAME CLASS NAME POP_POL POLYGON 1 AREA 8 18 F 5 - 9 PERIMETER 8 18 F 5 - 17 POP_POL# 4 5 B - - 21 POP_POL-ID 4 5 B - - 25 CODE 4 5 B - - 29 NOTE 32 32 C - - POP_PNT POINT 1 AREA 8 18 F 5 - 9 PERIMETER 8 18 F 5 - 17 POP_PNT# 4 5 B - - 21 POP_PNT-ID 4 5 B - - 25 CODE 4 5 B - - 29 NOTE 32 32 C - -

Table 5-23 Object Coverage Schema

COVERAGE FEATURE ALTERNATE NAME CLASS COLUMN ITEM NAME WIDTH OUTPUT TYPE N.DEC NAME INDEXED BND_LIN LINE 1 FNODE# 4 5 B - - 5 TNODE# 4 5 B - - 9 LPOLY# 4 5 B - - 13 RPOLY# 4 5 B - - 17 LENGTH 8 18 F 5 - 25 BND_LIN# 4 5 B - - 29 BND_LIN-ID 4 5 B - - 33 CODE 4 5 B - - 37 NOTE 32 32 C - - BND_POL POLYGON 1 AREA 8 18 F 5 - 9 PERIMETER 8 18 F 5 - 17 BND_POL# 4 5 B - - 21 BND_POL-ID 4 5 B - - 25 CODE 4 5 B - - 29 NOTE 32 32 C - - BND_PNT POINT 1 AREA 8 18 F 5 - 9 PERIMETER 8 18 F 5 - 17 BND_PNT# 4 5 B - - 21 BND_PNT-ID 4 5 B - - 25 CODE 4 5 B - - 29 NOTE 32 32 C - -

153

Table 5-24 Contour & Control Point Coverage Schema

COVERAGE FEATURE ALTERNATE NAME CLASS COLUMN ITEM NAME WIDTH OUTPUT TYPE N.DEC NAME INDEXED ELE_LIN LINE 1 FNODE# 4 5 B - - 5 TNODE# 4 5 B - - 9 LPOLY# 4 5 B - - 13 RPOLY# 4 5 B - - 17 LENGTH 8 18 F 5 - 25 ELE_LIN# 4 5 B - - 29 ELE_LIN-ID 4 5 B - - 33 CODE 4 5 B - - 37 ELEVATION 4 8 F 2 - 41 NOTE 32 32 C - - ELE_PNT POINT 1 AREA 8 18 F 5 - 9 PERIMETER 8 18 F 5 - 17 ELE_PNT# 4 5 B - - 21 ELE_PNT-ID 4 5 B - - 25 CODE 4 5 B - - 29 ELEVATION 4 8 F 2 - 33 NOTE 32 32 C - -

Table 5-25 Hydrography Coverage Schema

COVERAGE FEATURE ALTERNATE NAME CLASS COLUMN ITEM NAME WIDTH OUTPUT TYPE N.DEC NAME INDEXED HYD_LIN LINE 1 FNODE# 4 5 B - - 5 TNODE# 4 5 B - - 9 LPOLY# 4 5 B - - 13 RPOLY# 4 5 B - - 17 LENGTH 8 18 F 5 - 25 HYD_LIN# 4 5 B - - 29 HYD_LIN-ID 4 5 B - - 33 CODE 4 5 B - - 37 NOTE 32 32 C - - HYD_POL POLYGON 1 AREA 8 18 F 5 - 9 PERIMETER 8 18 F 5 - 17 HYD_POL# 4 5 B - - 21 HYD_POL-ID 4 5 B - - 25 CODE 4 5 B - - 29 NOTE 32 32 C - - HYD_PNT POINT 1 AREA 8 18 F 5 - 9 PERIMETER 8 18 F 5 - 17 HYD_PNT# 4 5 B - -

154

COVERAGE FEATURE ALTERNATE NAME CLASS COLUMN ITEM NAME WIDTH OUTPUT TYPE N.DEC NAME INDEXED 21 HYD_PNT-ID 4 5 B - - 25 CODE 4 5 B - - 29 NOTE 32 32 C - -

Table 5-26 Vegetation Coverage Schema

COVERAGE FEATURE ALTERNATE NAME CLASS COLUMN ITEM NAME WIDTH OUTPUT TYPE N.DEC NAME INDEXED VEG_POL POLYGON 1 AREA 8 18 F 5 - 9 PERIMETER 8 18 F 5 - 17 VEG_POL# 4 5 B - - 21 VEG_POL-ID 4 5 B - - 25 CODE 4 5 B - - 29 NOTE 32 32 C - -

Table 5-27 GIS Layer Specifications for Nicaragua Project (Transportation) v6.0 March 7, 2005 Input Status into GIS: 1- To be converted to coverage 0 - Not to be convert to coverage

Coverage FACC, Input Type Code Note Description Name Sym_PS/3AA/101 Status

Road, divided highway, with median trn_lin line 201 strip, hard surface, all weather (8.2m or AP030201 1 more in width) Road, two or more lanes wide, hard sur- line 203 face, all weather (5.5m to less than 8.2m AP030203 1 in width) Road, one lane wide, hard surface, all line 204 weather (2.5m to less than 5.5m in AP030204 1 width) Road, two or more lanes wide, loose line 205 surface, all weather (5.5m to less than AP030205 1 8.2m in width) Road, one lane wide, loose surface, all line 206 weather (2.5m to less than 5.5m in AP030206 1 width) Road, with loose surface, fair or dry line 207 weather (2.5m to less than 5.5m in AP030207 1 width) line 208 Track (1.5m to less than 2.5m in width) AP010208 1 line 209 Trail (less than 1.5m in width) AP050209 1 line 210 Footpath (less than 1.5m in width) AP050210 1 Road under construction, classification line 211 AP030211 0 known

155

Coverage FACC, Input Type Code Note Description Name Sym_PS/3AA/101 Status

Road under construction, classification line 212 AP030212 0 unknown line 213 Planned road AP030213 0 line 216 Streets in built-up area AP030216 1 line 2271 Bridge (75m or more in length) AQ040227 0 line 236 Ferry across narrow streams AQ070236 0 line 239 Ford across wide streams BH070239 0 line 259 Dismantled railroad AN010259 0 trn_pol polygon 224 Traffic circle AP030224 0 trn_pnt point 219 Point or change in lane information ZD015219 0 point 2272 Bridge (less than 75m in length) AQ040227 0 point 230 Footbridge AQ040230 0 point 238 Ford across narrow streams BH070238 0 trn_txt text 220 Road names ZD040220 0 text 221 Route marker: international AQ119221 0 text 222 Route marker: national AQ119222 0 text 223 Route marker: secondary AQ119223 0

Table 5-28 GIS Layer Specifications for Nicaragua project (Building) v6.0 March 7, 2005 Input Status into GIS: 1- To be converted to coverage 0 - Not to be convert to coverage

Coverage FACC, Input Type Code Note Description Name Sym_PS/3AA/101 Status

Densely built-up area and moderately pop_pol polygon 301 AL020301 1 built-up area (125m x 125m or more) polygon 303 Settlement (125m×125m or more) AL105303 1 polygon 304 Shanty town (125m×125m or more) AL135304 1 polygon 3052 Building (35mx35m or more) AL015305 1 polygon 3062 Church (35mx35m or more) AL015306 1 polygon 3202 School (35mx35m or more) AL015320 1 polygon 321 Hospital (75mx75m or more) AL015321 1 Destroyed built-up area (125m×125m polygon 328 AL020328 0 or bigger) Destroyed building (35mx35m or polygon 3292 AL015329 0 more) polygon 331 Area of ruins (125m×125m or more) AL200331 0 pop_pnt point 3051 Building (less than 35mx35m) AL015305 1 point 3061 Church (less than 35mx35m) AL015306 1

156

Coverage FACC, Input Type Code Note Description Name Sym_PS/3AA/101 Status

point 308 Shrine AL015308 1 point 3201 School (less than 35mx35m) AL015320 1 point 322 Hospital (less than 75mx75m) AL015322 1 point 327 Hut AL100327 0 Destroyed building (less than point 3291 AL015329 0 35mx35m) point 330 Ruin AL200330 0

Table 5-29 GIS Layer Specifications for Nicaragua Project (Other Features) v6.0 March 7, 2005 Input Status into GIS: 1- To be converted to coverage 0 - Not to be convert to coverage

Coverage FACC, Input Type Code Note Description Name Sym_PS/3AA/101 Status

Landmark pipeline, gas or oil, above bnd_lin line 412 AQ113412 1 ground Landmark pipeline, gas or oil, below line 413 AQ113413 1 ground High tension power transmission line 419 AT030419 1 line line 440 International boundary FA000440 0 line 441 First-order administrative boundary FA000441 0 Second-order administrative bound- line 442 FA000442 0 ary line 446 Reserve boundary FA000446 0 Cut (75m or more in length, 3.0m or line 466 DB070466 0 more in height difference) Fill, with culvert (75m or more in line 467 length, 3.0m or more in height dif- DB090467 0 ference) Masonry dam, with vertical sides line 468 BI020468 1 (20m or more in length) Masonry dam, with sloped sides line 469 BI020469 1 (20m or more in length) Earthen dam (more than 20m in line 470 BI020470 1 length) line 471 Levee (less than 15m in width) BB140471 0 line 472 Levee (15m or morein width) BB140472 0 line 473 Masonry levee BB140473 0 Breakwater, jetty, diversion dam line 476 BB040476 0 (less than 20m in width) Submerged breakwater (less than line 478 BB040478 0 20m in width)

157

Coverage FACC, Input Type Code Note Description Name Sym_PS/3AA/101 Status

line 480 Seawall (less than 20m in width) BB230480 0 Pier, dock , wharf (less than 20m in line 483 BB190483 0 width) bnd_pol polygon 487 Power Plant (125m×125m or more) AD010487 1 Tank: gasoline, oil, gas, water, etc. polygon 4152 AM070415 1 (40m x 40m or more) Reservoir, other than water, artificial polygon 417 (masonry ) limits (75m×75m or BH130417 1 more) Underground storage facility, polygon 418 AM011418 1 75m×75m or more Fairgrounds, amusement parks, golf courses, rifle ranges, sport centers polygon 425 AK030425 1 and similar area (125m×125m or more) polygon 426 Racetrack (125m×125m or more) AK040426 1 polygon 427 Stadium (more than 125m×125m) AK160427 1 polygon 4281 Cemetery (125m×125m or more) AL030428 1 polygon 431 Airfield, hard surface runways* GB005431 1 polygon 432 Airfield, loose surface runways* GB005432 1 polygon 454 Mining area (125m×125m or more) AA010454 1 polygon 457 Strip mine (125m×125m or more) AA010457 1 polygon 458 Placer mine (125m×125m or more) AA010458 1 Open-pit mine (125m×125m or polygon 459 more) AA010459 1 Quarry, active (125m×125m or polygon 460 more) AA012460 1 Quarry, iｎactive (125m×125m or polygon 461 more) AA012461 0 Gravel or borrow pit (125m×125m polygon 462 or more) AA013462 1 Tailings, slag dump (125m×125m or polygon 463 more) AB000463 1 polígono 477 Break water (20m or more in width) BB040477 0 Submerged breakwater (20m or polígono 479 more in width) BB040479 0 polígono 481 Seawall (20m or more in width) BB230481 0 polígono 482 Revetment (20m or more in width) BB226482 0 Pier, dock , wharf (20m or more in polígono 484 width) BB190484 0 Tower (less than 61m height above point bnd_pnt 401 ground) AL241401 0 Chimney (less than 61m height point 402 above ground) AF010402 0 point 403 Lighthouse BC050403 0 point 404 Lookout tower AL241404 0

158

Coverage FACC, Input Type Code Note Description Name Sym_PS/3AA/101 Status

point 405 Windmill, windpump AJ050405 0 point 406 Watermill AL015406 0 point 407 Monument AL130407 0 Radio mast or T.V. mast (less than point 408 61m height above ground) AT080408 0 point 486 Power Plant (less than 125m×125m) AD010486 1 point 410 Power transformer station AD030410 1 Well: oil, gas, salt, etc. (excluding point 414 water) AA050414 1

point Tank: gasoline, oil, gas, water, etc. 4151 with levee (less than 40m x 40m) AM070415 1 point 416 Elevated Tank AM070416 1 point 4282 Cemetery (less than 125m×125m) AL030428 1 Single air obstruction (61m or point 4341 more above ground) GB221434 0 Plural air obstructions (61m or point 4342 more above ground) GB221434 0 point 435 Heliport GB035435 1 point 455 Mine, vertical shaft AA010455 0 point 456 Mine, horizontal shaft AA010456 0 point 4641 Mine, type unknown; active AA010464 0 point 4642 Mine, type unknown; abandoned AA010464 0 Airfield, hard surface runways*: To make this feature by the periphery of the plotted feature with code 4311. Airfield, loose surface runways*: To make this feature by the periphery of the plotted feature with code 4321.

159

Table 5-30 GIS Layer Specifications for Nicaragua Project (Relief) v6.0 March 7, 2005 Input Status into GIS: 1- To be converted to coverage 0 - Not to be convert to coverage

Coverage Eleva- FACC, Input Type Code Note Description Name tion Sym_PS/3AA/101 Status

eleva- ele_lin line 512 tion Index contour (100m) CA010512 1 value eleva- line 513 tion Intermediate contour (20m) CA010513 1 value eleva- Supplementary contour, line 514 tion CA010514 1 one-half interval(10m) value eleva- Depression contour, index line 5161 tion CA010516 1 contour(100m) value eleva- Depression contour, interme- line 5162 tion CA010516 1 diate contour(20m) value Escarpment, cliff or abrupt slope of greater height than line 518 DB010518 0 contour interval (20m or more in height difference) Escarpment, cliff or abrupt slope of less height than line 519 DB010519 0 contour interval (less than 20m in height difference) line 520 Columnar rock formation DB160520 0 Ravine, gorge, canyon (25m to line 522 DB200522 0 less than 50m in width) Ravine, gorge, canyon (50m or line 523 DB200523 0 more in width) Crevice (less than 50m in line 524 DB060524 0 width) Crevice (50m or more in line 525 DB060525 0 width) line 526 Fault ｌine ｓcarp DB110526 0 Distorted surface areas (karst, loess, lava, boulders, rocks, ele_pol polygon 5311 gas blisters) (125m×125m or DA010531 0 more, less than 1250mx1250m) Distorted surface areas (karst, loess, lava, boulders, rocks, polygon 5312 DA010531 0 gas blisters) (1250m×1250m or more) polygon 533 Sand (125m×125m or more) DA010533 0 polygon 534 Gravel (125m×125m or more) DA010534 0

160

Coverage Eleva- FACC, Input Type Code Note Description Name tion Sym_PS/3AA/101 Status

eleva- ele_pnt point 501 tion Benchmark ZB020501 1 value point 502 Horizontal control point ZB060502 1 eleva- Horizontal control point with point 503 tion ZB060503 1 benchmark value eleva- Horizontal control point with point 506 tion ZB060506 1 elevation value eleva- point tion Spot elevation, highest on 507 value sheet CA030507 0 eleva- point 508 tion Spot elevation, normal CA030508 0 value eleva- point 509 tion Water surface elevation CA035509 0 value Small pinnacle and needle point 521 DB031521 0 peak point 527 Cave or cavern DB030527 0 point 529 Small crater DB180529 0 Fumarole, geyser and hot point 530 DB115530 0 spring ele_txt text 511 Contour value ZD045511 0

161

Table 5-31 GIS Layer Specifications for Nicaragua Project (Hydrography) v6.0 March 7, 2005 Input Status into GIS: 1- To be converted to coverage 0 - Not to be convert to coverage

Coverage FACC, Input Type Code Note Description Name Sym_PS/3AA/101 Status

hyd_lin line 601 Coastline, definite BA010601 1 line 602 Coastline, indefinite BA010602 1 Single-line river, perennial (less than line 611 BH140611 1 25m in width) Single-line river, intermittent (less line 615 BH140615 1 than 25m in width) line 620 Small falls BH180620 0 line 622 Small rapids BH120622 0 Canal, navigable (less than 25m in line 625 BH020625 1 width) Canal, abandoned, containing water line 628 BH020628 0 (less than 25m in width) Canal abandoned, dry (less than 25m line 631 BH020631 0 in width) Canal under construction (less than line 634 BH020634 0 25m in width) Ditch, perennial (less than 25m in line 637 BH030637 1 width) Ditch, intermittent (less than 25m in line 638 BH030638 1 width) Aqueduct, penstock pipeline or line 639 BH010639 1 flume (ground level) Aqueduct, penstock, pipeline or line 640 BH010640 1 flume (elevated) Aqueduct, penstock, pipeline or line 641 BH010641 1 flume (underground) line 660 Peat cuttings (125m×125m or more) BH015660 0 Coastline of pinpoint islands hyd_pol polygon 603 BA030603 1 (125m×125m or more) Sea, lake or lagoon, perennial polygon 604 BH080604 1 (125m×125m or more) Lake or lagoon, intermittent polygon 605 BH080605 1 (125m×125m or more) Salt lakes or ponds(perennial) polygon 6071 BH080607 1 (125m×125m or more) Salt lakes or ponds (intermittent) polygon 6072 BH080607 1 (125m×125m or more) Reservoir (natural shoreline) polygon 608 BH130608 1 (125m×125m or more) Wide river, perennial (25m or more polygon 609 BH140609 1 in width) Wide river, intermittent (25m or polygon 614 BH140614 1 more in width)

162

Coverage FACC, Input Type Code Note Description Name Sym_PS/3AA/101 Status

polygon 621 Large rapids BH120621 0 Canal, navigable (25m or more in polygon 623 BH020623 1 width) Canal, abandoned, containing water polygon 626 BH020626 0 (25m or more in width) Canal abandoned, dry (25m or more polygon 629 BH020629 0 in width) Canal under construction (25m or polygon 632 BH020632 0 more in width) Salt evaporators (125m×125m or polygon 645 BH155645 1 more) Fish ponds or hatcheries polygon 646 BH050646 1 (125m×125m or more) Sewage disposal and filtration beds polygon 647 BH040647 1 (125m×125m or more) Swimming pool (125m×125m or polygon 6481 AK170648 1 more) Man made reservoir (125m×125m or polygon 6482 AK170648 1 more) Marsh in tidal waters (125m×125m polygon 656 ED010656 1 or more) Marsh in nontidal waters polygon 657 ED010657 1 (125m×125m or more) polygon 658 Swamp (125m×125m or more) ED020658 1 polygon 659 Peat bog (125m×125m or more) BH015659 1 polygon 662 Rice fields (125m×125m or more) BH135662 1

polygon 663 Small clearings (hummocks, ridges BH077663 0 and dry areas (125m×125m or more) Land subject to controlled inunda- polygon 664 BH090664 1 tion (125m×125m or more) Land subject to natural inundation polygon 665 BH090665 1 (125m×125m or more) Mangrove, shoreline location known polygon 666 BH095666 1 (125m×125m or more) Mangrove, shoreline location un- polygon 667 BH095667 1 known (125m×125m or more) Nipa, shoreline location known polygon 668 BH095668 0 (125m×125m or more) Nipa, shoreline location unknown polygon 669 BH095669 0 (125m×125m or more) hyd_pnt point 635 Limiting tick DZ015635 0 point 649 Well (perennial) AA050649 1 point 650 Well (intermittent) AA050650 1 point 651 Cistern BI010651 0 point 652 Spring (perennial) BH170652 1 point 653 Spring (intermittent) BH170653 1 point 654 Flow arrow BG010654 0

163

Coverage FACC, Input Type Code Note Description Name Sym_PS/3AA/101 Status

chyd_lin line 8022 Large reef or rocky ledge BD120802 0 line 812 Depth curve BE015812 0 Foreshore flats (sand, mud, gravel, 801 BA020801 0 chyd_pol polygon etc.) (125m×125m or more) polygon 8021 Large reef or rocky ledge BD120802 0 polygon 804 Elongated reef (less than 125m) BD120804 0 polygon 805 Bare rocks (125m×125m or more) BD130805 0 Large group of rocks awash (more 807 BD130807 0 polygon than 125m×125m) polygon 809 Exposed wreckage BD180809 0 chyd_pnt point 803 Isolated reef (less than 125m×125m) BD120803 0 point 806 Rock awash BD130806 0 point 808 Exposed wreck BD180808 0 point 810 Sunken wreck, mast exposed BD180810 0 point 811 Dolphins, piling, stumps BB080811 0

Table 5-32 GIS Layer Specifications for Nicaragua Project (Vegetation) v6.0 March 7, 2005 Input Status into GIS: 1- To be converted to coverage 0 - Not to be convert to coverage

Coverage FACC, Input Type Code Note Description Name Sym_PS/3AA/101 Status

Woodland, coniferous trees polygon 701 EC030701 1 veg_pol (125m×125m or more) Woodland, deciduous trees polygon 702 EC030702 1 (125m×125m or more)

polygon 703 Woodland, mixed coniferous and de- EC030703 1 ciduous trees (125m×125m or more) polygon 704 Clearing (125m×125m or more) EC030704 0 polygon 705 Scattered trees (more than 125m×125m) EC030705 1 polygon 706 Scrub (125m×125m or more) EB020706 1 Plantation, orchard and nursery polygon 707 EA040707 1 type* (125m×125m or more) polygon 708 Vineyard (125m×125m or more) EA050708 1 polygon 709 Tropical grass (125m×125m or more) EB010709 1 polygon 710 Cultivated land (125m×125m or more) EA010710 1 veg_lin line 711 Row of trees EC030711 0 veg_pnt point 713 Isolated tree EC030713 0 type*: To input the type of the plantation by character.

164

5-14 Film Output for Map Printing Plate The final map data in the Adobe Illustrator format were converted to the eps (Encapsulated Post Script) files for the film plate making. Through the Raster Image processor (RIP), the color separated negative film was prepared at the resolution of 3000 dpi by Image setter which is a high-resolution laser printing devise. The map data consist of Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black (CMYK) and the Sepia were plotted onto negative film for each color. For checking the negative film, each separated film was examined. In case of mistake, the film was re-plotted. Onto the negative film, the cross-shaped register marks were placed at the out side of the neat lines so that exact multiple overlay printing would be possible.

5-15 Printing The Study Team brought the negative films necessary for map printing so as to carry out the printing job in Nicaragua. The Study Team contracted a local printing company and produced the topographic maps, volcanic hazard maps and the earthquake hazard maps by offset printing method. A color-ink-jet plotter plotted the flood hazard maps and the Tsunami hazard maps. (1) Printing detail Topographic maps and hazard maps were printed to follow the agreement, which was discussed with INETER on the Minutes of Meeting in November 2005. Table 5-33 shows printing detail such as method, size, scale, scale and quantity.

Table 5-33 Print Details Method Type Size Scale Quantity Offset 500 for each map Topographic Maps 60 map sheets A1 1/50,000 printing sheet Earthquake Haz- Offset 500 for each sce- 5 scenarios B3 1/125,000 ard Map printing nario. Total 2,500 Lava flow A0 200 Volcano Hazard Offset Pyroclastic flow, 1/100,000 A0 200 Map printing lahar and bomb Tephra fall A0 1/200,000 200 Ink jet plot- A1 1/7,000 50 ter Flood Hazard Map Inundated area Ink jet Letter 1/3,500 50 printer Corinto 125 Tsunami Hazard Ink jet plot- Puerto Sandino 55 A1 1/50,000 Map ter Masachapa 45 San Juan del Sur 75 (2) Specifications for Topographic mapping INETER and the Study Team discussed the specifications of map printing and agreed as follows: Format: 20”X30”; Paper: Ledger 90 grams; Color: Five color (CMYK and sepia); Final cutting size: 57.85 cm high x 75.35 cm wide (minimum); 58.00 cm high x 76.20 cm wide (maximum);

165

Limit of printing area:55.88 cm high x 72.39 cm wide (minimum); Neat line: (N – S) 10’ latitudinal x (E – W) 15’ longitudinal; Printing machine: more than 2color printing machine should be used.

Figure 5-34 Print Specifications for Topographic maps

(3) Approval The result of the printing of the final test was given to INETER for revision and approval for the printing when no discrepancies were recognized. The sample prints were verified on tones, sizes, quality and registry of lines.

166