Representative Rivers of – Discussion Paper

Representative rivers of Victoria: Selection of regions – A Discussion Paper

Report prepared for the Department of Natural Resources and Environment

By

Tim Doeg

August 2001

Introduction As part of the River Health Strategy, it has been decided to select a series of rivers across the state of Victoria that “represent” typical examples of the different landform, flow regime and biology of rivers that occur in the State. To select the set of representative rivers, a regionalisation of the major characteristics of rivers and streams is required. Then, a particular river can be selected within each region that best typifies the region.

In its special investigation into rivers and streams, the LCC (1991) suggested representative rivers for 16 different river type catchments, based on geomorphic units and hydrological regions. In that study, a representative river "typifies its river catchment type, and forms part of a set characterising the geomorphic units in catchments and hydrological regions of rivers across Victoria.” (p. 107). One condition placed on the selection of representative rivers was that “… wherever possible the one selected should be in a relatively natural condition, and the least degraded or altered of its type.” (p. 107). However, not all rivers in the state were included as candidates for representative river status, with restrictions based on length of hydrological record (ungauged catchments were not included).

The LCC study did not include biological information in the selection of the regions. As “River Health” is ultimately tied to biological health, it is preferable that biological information be included in the selection of representative rivers. While it is assumed that the geomorphic and hydrological characteristics of a river has an important influence on the biology of the system, this is not always the correct conclusion (e.g. there is a fundamental north-south division in fish fauna that has nothing to do with hydrologic characteristics, or local geology).

This report discusses a broad regionalisation of Victorian rivers based on including biological data into the usual geomorphic and hydrological data. From there, representative rivers can be selected that have biological meaning as well.

Method Data were obtained for 6 different potential characteristics that influence or are the product of riverine aquatic habitats in Victoria (sources of data are described in the next section). These were:

• Landform; • Climate (using rainfall as a surrogate); • Geology; • Hydrology; • Macroinvertebrate community composition; and • Fish community composition.

Maps outlining previously derived regionalisations were obtained or produced. While some classifications produce complicated landscape patterns, these were generally smoothed by eye. A number of different unique biophysical regions were identified where each of the regionalisation areas intersected.

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Results

Landform/climate/geology Nathan and Weinmeann (1993) present a map, based on the 1982 Victorian Atlas, dividing the state into 14 landforms, 8 climatic zones and 11 geological types (Table 1). Of the 1232 possible combinations of conditions, only 59 combinations actually occur in Victoria.

Table 1 Different landform, climate and geological categories used by Nathan and Weinmeann (1993) Landform Climatic Zone Geology Alluvial plains Arid to semi-arid (200-300 mm) Quaternary alluvium Dunes and sandplains Semi-arid (300-400 mm) Quaternary evaporites Aeolian loam and clay plains Semi-arid to sub-humid (400- Quaternary aeolian (sand) with loamy dunes 500 mm) Evaporative basin plains Sub-humid (500-600 mm) Quaternary and Tertiary basalt Volcanic plains Sub-humid to humid (600-700 Quaternary aeolian (clay) mm) Sandplains Humid (>700 mm) Paleozoic acid igneous Loam and clay plains Montane (>700 mm, usually Paleozoic sedimentary over 1000 mm, mean annual (sandstone) temp <12) Hilly land with gentle slopes Sub-alpine (>700 mm, usually Paleozoic sedimentary over 1250 mm, mean annual (mudstone) temp <12) Hilly land with moderate slopes Tertiary marine Plateaux lower than 1200m Tertiary alluvium elevation Plateaux higher than 1200m Mesozoic sedimentary elevation Mountains lower than 500 m elevation Mountains higher than 500 m elevation

Thackway and Cresswell (1995) present an Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of (IBRA). This was based on the nominal attributes of climate, Lithology/Geology, Landform, Vegetation, Flora and Fauna and Land Use. In reality, the Victorian component was based on land system and geographic units produced by the LCC, and some vegetation information (Thackway and Cresswell 1995, p. 26). Eleven regions were described for Victoria (Table 2). The IBRA shows a clear similarity to the Nathan and Weinmeann (1993) map, with some IBRA regions composed of combinations of similar landforms (e.g. the Victorian Midlands IBRA contain pretty well all of the two Hilly landform categories from Table 1).

In the Biodiversity Strategy for Victoria, Crown (1997) delineate 21 management regions (Figure 1, Table 2). These mostly represent a splitting of the 11 IBRA regions based on natural resource data to accommodate the management scale requirements of a state based strategy. In addition, IBRA regions that were not a contiguous area were split into geographic units (e.g. the South East Coastal Plains IBRA are split to form three geographically distinct areas – the Warnambool, Otway and Plains).

These “bioregionalisations” were not based on aquatic biological data. There is some logical aquatic divisions of the regions in the Biodiversity Strategy classification (dividing the IBRA South East into northern and southern slopes could be based on a major fish division). But it is probably sufficient that either the IBRA and/or the Biodiversity Strategy regions are a good starting point for geomorphological or climatic representation.

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Figure 1 Biodiversity Strategy regionalisation

Table 2 IBRA and Biodiversity Strategy regionalisation IBRA Bioregion Biodiversity strategy region Murray Darling Depression Lowan Mallee Murray Mallee Wimmera Naracoorte Coastal Plain Glenelg Plain Victorian Volcanic Plain Victorian Volcanic Plain South East Coastal Plain Warrnambool Plain Otway Plain Gippsland Plain South Eastern Highlands Highlands – southern fall Highlands – northern fall Otway Ranges Victorian Alps Victorian Midlands Dundas Tablelands Greater Grampians Goldfields Central Victorian Uplands Victorian Riverina Furneaux Wilsons Promontory South East Corner Uplands East Gippsland Lowlands NSW South Western Slopes Northern Inland Slopes (some patches in Riverina as well)

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River Hydrology Hughes and James (1989) described 5 different streamflow types across the state based on classification of 13 hydrological variables. The main variables responsible for the classification groups related to monthly constancy (Cvs of mean monthly flows and mean monthly maxima) and annual constancy (Cv of annual flows).

The groups derived were not spatially distinct, with representatives of each group found in many areas of the State. A more recent attempt to regionalise streamflow characteristics under the Sustainable Diversion Limit Project (NRE/SKM, unpublished data) also found that there was no clear regionalisation of streamflow types across the State (Figure 2).

Hence, hydrological classifications do not seem to be a basis for the selection of representative regional rivers. Rather, it may be desirable to ensure that the range of representative rivers chosen include all of the hydrological groups identified by either Hughes and James (1989) or the Sustainable Diversion Limit Project (NRE/SKM, unpublished data).

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Variables considered: Cv(A)%Zero(A) Cv(mon) BFI(W) Cv(W) FDur_Slope(W)

Cluster analysis of 6 N(0,1) variables Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6

Variables considered: Cv(A)%Zero(A) Cv(mon) BFI(W) Cv(W) FDur_Slope(W)

Reduced to three factors that explain 88% of total variance

Cluster analysis of 3 PCA scores Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5

Figure 2 Regionalisation of Victorian stream gauge sites based on six hydrological variables (top) and PCA components (bottom). From the results of the Sustainable Diversion Limits Project (NRE/SKM, unpublished data).

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Macroinvertebrates Information on macroinvertebrate regions in the state were obtained from the EPA, produced as part of the AUSRIVAS project, conducted under the River Health Initiative (RHI). This generated 5 distinct regional communities based on species level identification of macroinvertebrates from reference sites (Figure 3, Table 3).

Figure 3 Aquatic macroinvertebrate regionalisation (from EPA data)

Table 3 Aquatic macroinvertebrate regionalisation (from EPA data) RHI Region General locations Region B1 • Various alpine areas (actually 4-5 different alpine “islands”) Region B2 • East Gippsland (east of the Bemm inclusive) • Central highlands (upper Yarra, La Trobe, Bunyip, Big) • The far north-east (Kiewa, Mitta Mitta.) • Strezlecki Ranges • Wilsons Promontory • Grampians Region B3 • Southern slopes east of Mt Baw Baw (upper Thomson, Mitchell, Tambo, Snowy Rivers) • Northern slopes (upper Goulburn, Broken, King and Ovens) • Otway Ranges Region B4 • Southern coastal plains east of Melbourne (lower Bunyip, La Trobe, Thomson, Mitchell, Tambo, Snowy Rivers) • Central (Maribyrnong, Werribee, Moorabool and Barwon Rivers, upper Avoca, Loddon, Campaspe) • Central northern slopes (mid reaches of Goulburn, Broken, King and Ovens Rivers) Region B5 • Southern floodplains (Glenelg, Hopkins, Corangamite) • Northern floodplains (Wimmera, Avoca, Loddon, Campaspe, Goulburn, Broken, Ovens)

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Fish Information on fish distributions and regionalisations were developed from species distribution maps in Koehn and O’Connor (1990) and from discussions with Tarmo Raadik (Freshwater Ecology, NRE). Regions noted in the text are shown in Figure 4 and Table 4. The borders between regions based on fish distribution have not been adequately described. A more accurate representation of the fish regions will require a more detailed analysis of fish distribution data.

There is a fundamental split in Victoria between north and south flowing rivers, based on the presence or absence of migratory fish species that require a sea phase. Two exceptions are the alpine area, where the only fish species present is Mountain galaxias, (Region F1) and a small area in the headwaters of the Big and Taggerty Rivers, where Barred galaxias occurs (Region F2), both regions which cross the divide

In the north, there is a delineation between the west and east of the state. In the north east, there is a spli between the upland areas (Region F3) and more lowland areas (Region F4), based on the presence of Macquarie perch higher in the catchments than either Murray cod or Trout cod. The western part of the state has no 2-spined blackfish, major fish like Murray cod, Trout cod and Macquarie perch are low in abundance, and fish like some hardyheads, Golden perch and silver perch become more common (Region F5). There is no fixed dividing line, so east and west of the catchment has been chosen as a rough delineation.

In the south, there is a clear line between areas east and west of Wilsons Promontory, a number of species (e.g. Cox’s and Striped gudgeons, Long-finned eel, Freshwater herring, Australian bass) primarily occurring to the east, and some species only occurring primarily to the west (e.g. some pygmy perch, Dwarf galaxias, Spotted galaxias with varying easterly distributions). Of course, these are not fixed distributions that begin and end at the promontory, but are based on the primary distribution of each species.

West of Wilsons Promontory, there are 4 distinct areas. The Grampians possibly have a unique fauna with high levels of endemism (Region F6). The catchment is characterised by the presence of Ewans pygmy perch, making it the only area with all 3 pygmy perch species (Region F7). The Otway Ranges are separated by the presence of Tasmanian mudfish, making them the only area with 4 species of galaxiid present (Region F8). Between the Glenelg River and Melbourne, the dominant species is Yarra pygmy perch (Region F9).

East of Wilsons Promontory, there is a rough division between upland (Region F10) and lowland areas (Region F11) discriminated by the presence of coastal species and the extent that migratory species move up the catchments. Wilsons Promontory itself is separated by the presence of mudfish (Region F12).

The small area between Melbourne and the line of Wilsons Promontory is defined as distinct as many of the species used to delineate surrounding regions are actually missing and the main species present are usually widespread (Region F13).

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Figure 4 Regionalisation based on fish diversity and distribution

Table 4 Regionalisation based on fish diversity and distribution, with main criteria for the selection of the group No. General location Main Criteria F1 Alpine areas Mountain galaxias only fish F2 Central highlands (upper Goulburn, Lake Mountain) Barred galaxias present F3 Northern slopes (Goulburn, Kiewa, Mitta Mitta) Macquarie Perch F4 North-eastern floodplains (Goulburn, Kiewa, Mitta Mitta) Murray cod, Trout cod F5 North-east (Wimmera, Loddon, Avoca, Campaspe) No 2-spined blackfish F6 Grampians potential endemism F7 Glenelg catchment Pygmy perch diversity F8 Otway Ranges Galaxiid diversity F9 Southern plains west of Melbourne to Glenelg River Yarra pygmy perch F10 Southern slopes east of Wilsons Promontory coastal and migratory species F11 Southern coastal plains east of Wilson Promontory Gudgeons, Long finned eel F12 Wilsons Promontory Tasmanian mudfish F13 Area between Melbourne and Wilsons Promontory missing species

Discussion

Riverine If we adopt the Biodiversity Strategy regionalisation as representing landform/climate/geology groupings (21 groups) and superimpose the macroinvertebrate groups (5) and fish groups (13), there are potentially 1,365 unique combinations, each of which could represent a different aquatic “region” within the state. Even using the 11 IBRA regions would produce 715 potential areas.

However, not all of these combinations would occur in Victoria.

There are some clear similarities that occur between regionalisations based on different characteristics (Figures 1, 2 and 3), so the potential number of groups can be severely reduced. Initially, looking at just the fish and macroinvertebrate regions (representing aquatic biological values), of the 65 possible combinations (5 x 13), only 20 actually occur (call them “riverine biological regions” - Table 5). Of

8 Representative Rivers of Victoria – Discussion Paper course, the boundaries between zones within the macroinvertebrate and fish regionalisations are not clear demarcations, so a considerable amount of latitude has been taken to define the overlaps.

Seven of these overlap areas form unique combinations where two areas overlap, or all of a fish region is included in a single macroinvertebrate region. These represent four “discrete” geographical areas – the Alps, Wilsons Promontory, the Otway Ranges and the Grampians – and three other areas - Lake Mountain-upper Goulburn area, the area between Melbourne and Wilsons Promontory, and the Glenelg catchment.

Of the remaining 13 combinations, each can be described geographically (Table 6), with all but two combinations forming contiguous zones.

Table 5 Riverine Biological Regions - Combinations of 13 fish and 5 macroinvertebrate regions that overlap. Fish “regions” B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 u 1 BF1 g 2 BF2 BF3 BF4 BF10 BF15 BF17 BF19 s 3 BF5 BF12 BF16 4 BF6 BF8 BF14 BF18 BF20 5 BF7 BF9 BF11 BF13

Figure 5 Riverine Biological Regions of Victoria

Table 6 Combinations of fish and macroinvertebrate regions described geographically Area Criteria BF 1 Alps, Macroinvertebrate 1, Fish 1 BF 2 Lake Mountain, upper Goulburn area Macroinvertebrate 2, Fish 2 BF 3 North-east uplands (upper Kiewa, Mitta Mitta) Macroinvertebrate 2, Fish 3 BF 4 North-east floodplains (lower Kiewa, Mitta Mitta) Macroinvertebrate 2, Fish 4 BF 5 North-central uplands (upper slopes of the Goulburn, Macroinvertebrate 3, Fish 3 Broken, King and Ovens Rivers) BF 6 North-central midlands (middle slopes of the Goulburn, Macroinvertebrate 4, Fish 4 Broken, King and Ovens Rivers)

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BF 7 North-central floodplains (lower Goulburn, Broken, Macroinvertebrate 5, Fish 4 Ovens) BF 8 North-west uplands (upper Avoca, Loddon, Campaspe) Macroinvertebrate 4, Fish 5 BF 9 North-west floodplains (Wimmera, lower Avoca, Macroinvertebrate 5, Fish 5 Loddon, Campaspe) BF 10 Grampians Macroinvertebrate 2, Fish 6 BF 11 Glenelg catchment Macroinvertebrate 5, Fish 7 BF 12 Otway Ranges Macroinvertebrate 3, Fish 8 BF 13 South west floodplains of the Hopkins and Corangamite Macroinvertebrate 5, Fish 9 BF 14 South Central (Maribyrnong, Werribee, Moorabool and Macroinvertebrate 4, Fish 9 Barwon Rivers) BF 15 • a) East Gippsland east of the – Macroinvertebrate 2, Fish 10 uplands, • b) South Central uplands (Upper Yarra, LaTrobe and Bunyip Rivers) BF 16 South-eastern slopes (upper slopes between Wilsons Macroinvertebrate 3, Fish 10 Promontory and the Snowy River) BF 17 • a) East Gippsland east of the Snowy River – Macroinvertebrate 2, Fish 11 lowlands, • b) Strezlecki Ranges BF 18 South-eastern plains (lower between Wilsons Macroinvertebrate 4, Fish 11 Promontory and the Snowy River) BF 19 Wilsons Promontory Macroinvertebrate 2, Fish 12 BF 20 South Central lowlands (south-eastern plains between Macroinvertebrate 4, Fish 13 Melbourne and Wilsons Promontory)

The 20 biologically based riverine regions correspond reasonably well with many of the Biodiversity Strategy and IBRA bioregions (Table 7). In just over half of cases, each riverine regions is associated with only one Strategy bioregion. Only 9 of the riverine regions cross over the border between two or more Strategy bioregions, and 8 riverine regions cross the border between IBRA bioregions. These are primarily in the south of the State.

Table 7 Biodiversity Strategy and IBRA bioregions associated with the riverine regions described in Table 61 Riverine Grouping Strategy bioregion IBRA bioregion BF 1 Alps, Victorian Alps Australian Alps BF 2 Lake Mountain, upper Highlands – Northern Fall; South Eastern Highlands Goulburn area Highlands – Southern Fall BF 3 North-east uplands Highlands – Northern Fall South Eastern Highlands BF 4 North-east floodplains Northern Inland Slopes NSW South Western Slopes BF 5 North-central uplands Highlands – Northern Fall South Eastern Highlands BF 6 North-central midlands Goldfields Victorian Midlands BF 7 North-central floodplains Victorian Riverina Riverina BF 8 North-west uplands Goldfields Victorian Midlands BF 9 North-west floodplains Murray Mallee; Murray-Darling Depression; Wimmera; Riverina Victorian Riverina BF 10 Grampians Greater Grampians Victorian Midlands BF 11 Glenelg catchment Glenelg Plains; Naracoorte Coastal Plain; Dundas Tablelands Victorian Midlands BF 12 Otway Ranges Otway Ranges South Eastern Highlands BF 13 South west floodplains of Volcanic Plains; Victorian Volcanic Plain; the Hopkins and Warrnambool Plains South-east Coastal Plain Corangamite BF 14 South Central Volcanic Plains; Victorian Volcanic Plain; Otway Plains; South-east Coastal Plain;

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Warrnambool Plains; Victorian Midlands Central Victorian Uplands BF 15 • a) East Gippsland east • East Gippsland Uplands • South-east Corner of the Snowy River – uplands, • b) South Central • Highlands – Southern • South Eastern uplands Fall Highlands BF 16 South-eastern slopes Highlands – Southern Fall; South-east Corner; East Gippsland Uplands South Eastern Highlands BF 17 • a) East Gippsland east • East Gippsland • South-east Corner of the Snowy River – Lowlands lowlands, • b) Strezlecki Ranges • Highlands – Southern • South Eastern Fall Highlands BF 18 South-eastern plains East Gippsland Lowlands; South-east Coastal Plain; Gippsland Plains South-east Corner BF 19 Wilsons Promontory Wilsons Promontory Furneaux BF 20 South Central lowlands Gippsland Plains South-east Coastal Plain 1 – Small isolated pockets of many bioregions have been ignored.

Hence, one could further divide the riverine biological regions into even more regions (for example, 32 in this case based on combinations of biological and Strategy bioregions). To select a different river to “represent” each of these 32 combinations may well be too many representative rivers to be of use in a management sense, and some combinations would be quite small. However, it may be possible to have a single river, or contiguous stretches of river that cross regional boundaries that can represent more than one of the combinations. Alternatively, some of the biological regions can be combined if there is good reason.

In some cases, any further division is not justified. For example, region BF2 (Lake Mountain, upper Goulburn area) would be split into two on the basis of north-flowing and south-flowing rivers. This is not necessary as the main biological criteria for selecting the region (uniform macroinvertebrate community, presence of barred galaxias) does not correspond to a north-south split.

In other cases, splitting may be justified. The two riverine biological regions that are not contiguous (BF15 and BF17) could easily be made into 4 different riverine regions – making a total of 22 riverine biological regions.

The problem of splitting riverine biological regions to accommodate Strategy bioregions is typified in East Gippsland. There are 4 riverine biological regions in the area (BF15-BF18), roughly described as uplands and lowlands, either east and west of the Snowy River. However, the East Gippsland uplands and lowlands Strategy bioregions extend to east of the Mitchell River, suggesting there could be 6 different regions based on the possible combinations:

• east of the Snowy, uplands; • east of the Snowy, lowlands; • Mitchell to the Snowy uplands; • Mitchell to the Snowy lowlands; • Wilsons Promontory to Mitchell uplands; • Wilsons Promontory to Mitchell lowlands.

Such added complexity as choosing 6 different riverine regions over such a small area does not seem particularly justified.

Selection of representative rivers It would seem logical to integrate the representative rivers selected in this process with those identified by the LCC (1991) as either Heritage Rivers, Representative Rivers or Essentially Natural Catchments.

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Careful selection of representative rivers may overcome some of the problems associated with continued splitting of riverine regions to accommodate Strategy bioregions, with a single river crossing the border between different riverine biological regions.

Heritage Rivers Representative Rivers Upper Big River Snowy Creek Big River Goulburn River Thurra River Nicholson River Bemm, Goolengook, Arte and Errinundra Rivers Cornella Creek Snowy River Suggan-Buggan and Berima Rivers Lerdederg River Upper Buchan River McCallum Creek Mitchell and Wonnangatta Rivers Kennedy Creek Lerdederg River Glenelg River

Figure 6 Heritage Rivers (Blue) and Representative Rivers (Yellow) from LCC (1991) mapped over the riverine biological regions.

For example, in the East Gippsland example, a potential solution would be to choose the Mitchell/ system (LCC Heritage River A12) as a representative river. This could represent both the upland and lowland riverine regions between Wilsons Promontory and the Snowy River (BF16 and BF18). As it lies on the border of 4 of the 6 potential combinations listed above, it could be seen to represent all 4 of them. The upper and lower Thurra River (LCC Representative River C6) could represent both of the far east Gippsland regions BF15 and BF16 respectively.

Other potential representative rivers for different regions, mainly selected from the LCC recommendations, are shown in Table 8. In one region (BF12 - South west floodplains of the Hopkins

12 Representative Rivers of Victoria – Discussion Paper and Corangamite), the LCC did not suggest a representative river due to the degrade nature of all the rivers in the region.

Additionally, where only part of a river is nominated for Heritage status, and other sections of the same river cross into a different riverine biological regime, it may be possible to nominate two sections in the one river.

Table 8 Potential representative rivers for the 22 different aquatic biological bioregions. Area Representative River LCC BF1 Alps Dargo River C3 BF2 Lake Mountain, upper Goulburn area Whitehorse Creek1 BF3 North-east uplands Snowy Creek C2 BF4 North-east floodplains Koetong Creek BF5 North Central uplands Ovens River BF6 North Central midlands Ovens River A2 BF7 North Central floodplains Ovens River A2 BF8 Northern-west uplands Avoca River C9 BF9 North-west floodplains Avoca River (lower) BF10 Grampians, Glenelg River BF11 Glenelg catchment Glenelg River (lower) A17 BF12 Otway Ranges Aire River A16 BF13 South west floodplains none suggested BF14 South Central A15, C10 BF15a East Gippsland east of the Snowy River - uplands Thurra River (upper) C6 BF15b South Central uplands (upper) BF16 South-eastern slopes Wonnangatta River A12 BF17a East Gippsland east of the Snowy River - lowlands Thurra River (lower) C6 BF17b Strezleckis Tarra River C13 BF18 South-eastern plains Mitchell River A12 BF19 Wilsons Promontory Mt. Vereker Creek2 B26 BF22 South Central lowlands Bunyip River (lower) 1. Known habitat of Barred galaxias, 2. Essentially natural catchment

Should smaller sections or reaches of individual rivers be required (such as smaller areas of the Mitchell/ Wonnangatta River), then it would be necessary to identify particular values that need to be represented and ensure that those values are included in the reach. For example, the macroinvertebrate regions are fairly broad. It is unlikely that the fauna that the classification represents would occur in every single stream and tributary in the region. Any reach selected would need to be shown to have a typical macroinvertebrate fauna for that classification. Such detailed analyses are beyond the scope of the present project.

Further questions to be answered Decisions need to be made by the Scientific Committee include:

• Appropriate level of divisions into regions for representativeness; • Scale of reaches/rivers required for representativeness; • Incorporation of hydrological regime into representative river nominations; • Selection of representative rivers (e.g. some Heritage Rivers were nominated on cultural grounds rather than biodiversity grounds.

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References

Crown (1997) Victoria’s Biodiversity: Directions in Management. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne.

LCC (1991) Rivers and Streams: Special Investigation. Final Recommendations. Land Conservation Council, Melbourne.

Koehn, J. and O’Connor, W. (1990) Biological Information for the Management of Native Freshwater Fish in Victoria. Government printer, Victoria.

Nathan, R.J. and Weinmann, P.E. (1993) Low Flow Atlas for Victorian Streams. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Melbourne

Thackway, R. and Cresswell, I.D. (eds) (1995) An Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia. Australian Nature Conservation Agency,

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