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Diet and Feeding Habits of Asiatic Black Bears in the Northernjapanese Alps

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Diet and Feeding Habits of Asiatic Black Bears in the Northernjapanese Alps Diet and feeding habits of Asiatic black bears in the NorthernJapanese Alps Oscar C. Huygens1'7, Toshiro Miyashita2, Bj0rn Dahle3, Meghan Carr4, Shigeyuki Izumiyama5, Takashi Sugawara6, and Hidetake Hayashi3 1ShinshuUniversity, Graduate School of Science and Technology,Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan 2ShinshuUniversity, Department of EnvironmentalSciences, Facultyof Science, Matsumoto,390-8621, Japan 3NorwegianUniversity of Science and Technology,Department of Zoology, N-7491 Trondheim,Norway 4Universityof Tennessee, Departmentof Forestry,Wildlife and Fisheries, P.O. Box 1071, Knoxville, TN 37901-1071, USA 5WildlifeManagement Office, Inc., 5-8 Fuda-ku,Kawasaki, 214-0011, Japan 6Shinshu University,Department of Biology,Faculty of Science, Matsumoto,390-8621, Japan Abstract: Habitatloss and bear-humanconflicts are reportedthroughout Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus)range. Sound understandingof Asiatic black bear food habits and ecology is needed to develop effective conservationpolicies to protect or restore Asiatic black bear habitatand to reduce bear-humanconflicts. We documentedfood habits and aspects of the feeding ecology of Asiatic black bears with access to an alpine zone in the NorthernJapanese Alps from 408 scats, 220 bear feeding platforms in trees, 469 radiolocations obtained from 21 bears, and field observations between September 1995 and November 1999. Bears ate oak (Quercus spp.) acorns from the previous fall and dwarf bamboo (Sasa spp.) leaves and shoots in spring;succulent plants and soft mast, especially Japanesecluster cherry (Prunus grayana), in summer;and hard mast, especially oak acorns, in fall. Bears ate insects in all seasons, with a peak in summer,and also ate Japaneseserow (Naemorhedus crispus) on at least 6 occasions. In summer,bears that moved to alpine elevations relied on succulent plants;bears that remained at lower elevations relied on soft mast. In fall, all bearsmoved to hard-mast producing areas in broad-leavedforests at lower elevations in the montane zone. Montane broad- leaved forests seem importantfor Asiatic black bear survivalin the NorthernJapanese Alps. It may be importantto give these forests more protectionthan they currentlyreceive. Key words: alpine zone, Asiatic black bear, bear diet, bear movements, broadleaf forest, elevational shifts, food habits, Japan,Northern Japanese Alps, Ursus thibetanus Ursus 14(2):236-245 (2003) The Asiatic black bear is listed by the International Increasingrates of Asiatic black bear-humanconflict Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as have been attributedto shrinkage and degradationof vulnerable over most of its range and as critically en- Asiatic black bear habitat (Azuma and Torii 1980; Hazumi dangered in Iran and Pakistan (Servheen et al. 1999). Furubayashiet al. 1980; Watanabe1981; 1994, Habitat loss is cited as a major concern for Asiatic 1999; Sathyakumar 1999). To help prevent further habitats black bears in China,Japan, India, Russia, and Vietnam, conflicts, it is importantto protect and restore and conflicts between humans and Asiatic black bears critical for the survival of Asiatic black bears. Habitat meant to benefit Asiatic black are reported in China, India, Iran, Japan, Russia, and conservation policies conflicts will not suc- Taiwan. Reportedconflicts involve predationon crops, bears and to reduce bear-human habitsand of these bears orchards,apiaries, fish farms,and livestock;debarking of ceed unless the feeding ecology the of environ- trees;and mauling,killing, and even consuminghumans. are well understoodthroughout variety ments in which they occur. The food habits of Asiatic black bears in Japan are well documented, except at high elevations (e.g. Takada 1979, Nozaki et al. 1983, and were 7email:[email protected] Torii 1989, Naganawa and Koyama 1994) 236 ASIATICBLACK BEAR DIET IN JAPAN * Huygens et al. 237 N Japana n 0 0 area P 0 o* 350 km Fig. 1. Study area in Japan's Nagano prefecture (in * 2645 gray) for a 1995-99 study of food habits of Asiatic black bears with access to an alpine zone. 0 10km summarized by Hashimoto and Takatsuki (1997). Asiatic black bear have been reported to use alpine habitats (Novikov 1956, Hazumi 1994), but the food Fig. 2. The 3 major drainages of the study area in habits of such bears have not been described.We report Nagano prefecture, Japan. The central drainage, the on the food habits of Asiatic black bears with access to Karasu Gawa, has the least rugged topography and had been more. The elevation of is an alpine zone in the NorthernJapanese Alps of central logged peaks included (meters). Japan. study areaitself, precipitationthere was probablyhigher. Study area Rains were concentratedduring the monsoon-like rainy The approximately 259-km2 study area (36?22'N, season from 20 June to 20 July and during the typhoon 137?45'E)was located in Nagano Prefecture,in the cen- season from 20 August 20 to 20 September. Snow ter of Honshu, Japan's largest island (Fig. 1). The study startedto accumulateat the higher elevations as early as area encompassed3 majordrainages (Fig. 2), straddling October.Snow fields usually did not disappearuntil late the southeasternedge of the Chubu Sangaku National July but could last into Septemberin cooler years or in Park in the NorthernJapanese Alps, and was bordered years with above average snow precipitation.Most trees by the MatsumotoPlain on the east. Elevations ranged leafed out in May and early June, and the first signs of from approximately600 m on the east to 2,922 m on the fall were evident in late August in alpine meadows and west. Gravel and paved roads, hotels and hot spring re- by mid-Septemberat lower elevations. sorts, vacation homes, mountainlodges, 2 golf courses, Three distinct vegetational zones occurred in the erosion-controldams, retaining walls, and mini hydro- study area:the montanezone from approximately800 m electric dams occurredin the study area. to about 1,500 m; the subalpine zone, between 1,500 Yearly precipitationand snow fall averaged967 mm and 2,500 m; and the alpine zone above 2,500 m. and 100 cm, respectively, in HotakaTown, at an eleva- The montane zone was characterizedby numerous tion of 540 m in the plains just east of the study area. species of broad leaf deciduous trees. Mongolian oak Although precipitation data were unavailable in the (Quercus crispula), Japanese white oak (Q. serrata), Ursus 14(2):236-245 (2003) 238 ASIATICBLACK BEAR DIET IN JAPAN * Huygens et al. Japanesechestnut (Castanea crenata), several species of pine, hinoki cypress, and Japanese red cedar (Crypto- cherries (Prunus spp.), 2 species of dogwood (Cornus meria japonica). The central drainageof the study area spp.), walnut (Juglans mandshurica), beech (Fagus had the least rugged topography and consequently crenata), and Sorbus alnifolia were potential bear had experienced the most cutting. This encouragedthe foods. Mesic sites, rocky ridges, and steep slopes were propagation of early successional species, some of characterizedby other plant communities that included which were good bear-food producers in the summer conifers. Forests dominatedby Japanesered pine (Pinus (such as Prunus spp., Cornus spp., and Vitus spp.). In densiflora)also occurredat lower elevations, usually as contrast, the northern and southern drainages of the an early successional species maintained by periodic study area had steeper topography, had been logged cutting of competing deciduous trees. The shrub layer less, and were characterizedby later successional spe- was diverse and included species of Viburnum,Hydran- cies, among which hard mast producing trees such as gea, Euonymus, Ilex, and Rhus. The shrub layer was Mongolian oak and Japanese chestnut were important further characterizedby widespread thickets of dwarf bear-foodproducers in the fall. bamboo (Sasa spp.) up to 2 m high and thick enough to Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata), Japanese be serious obstacles to both natural and artificial serow, red fox (Vulpes vulpes), raccoon dog (Nycter- regeneration.These dwarf bamboo thickets, combined eutes procyonoides), Eurasianbadger (Meles meles), 2 with the steep terrainand the lack of trails, also denied species of weasels (Mustela sibirica and M. erminea), practical foot access for research to large parts of the and Japanesemartens (Martes melampus) were the most study area. common mammalsof the study area. The subalpine zone was dominatedby Abies veitchii and A. mariesii, althoughPicea jezoensis var. hondoen- sis was also common. Ridges and steep dry slopes were Methods often covered diversifolia in conjunctionwith by Tsuga Scat analysis Pinus parviflora,P. parvifora var. pentaphylla, Korean From September 1995 to November 1999 we stone pine (P. koraiensis), Thuja standishii, and some- collected scats opportunisticallyas we captured and times hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa). Birch radiolocatedbears. From early May to early Novem- (Betula ermanii) was conspicuous in the subalpinezone ber 1999, we also searched for scats in specific areas, and regularlyformed pure stands at the boundarywith mostly of the montane and alpine zones, by walking the alpine zone. Broad-leaved deciduous forests com- along animal trails, ridges, and any other land or veg- prised primarilyof Salix spp. and Alnus spp. occurred etation features we thought might attract bears (2-3 along riversides. The shrub layer was often poorly searches week). We did not collect scats that con- developed, although Viburnumfurcatum and several per tained obvious anthropogenicfoods (near orchards or species of
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