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Status and Future Management of Grey Goral (Naemorhedus Goral Bedfordi) in Pakistan

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Status and Future Management of Grey Goral (Naemorhedus Goral Bedfordi) in Pakistan Journal of Bioresource Management Volume 2 Issue 4 Article 2 Status and Future Management of Grey Goral (Naemorhedus goral bedfordi) in Pakistan Fakhar -i- Abbas Bioresource Research Centre, Isalamabad, Pakistan, [email protected] Afsar Mian Institute of Natural and Management Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Tanveer Akhtar Department of Zoology, University of Punjab, Pakistan Thomas P. Rooney Wright State University - Main Campus, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/jbm Part of the Biodiversity Commons, and the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Abbas, F. -., Mian, A., Akhtar, T., & Rooney, T. P. (2015). Status and Future Management of Grey Goral (Naemorhedus goral bedfordi) in Pakistan, Journal of Bioresource Management, 2 (4). DOI: 10.35691/JBM.5102.0036 ISSN: 2309-3854 online This Article is brought to you for free and open access by CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Bioresource Management by an authorized editor of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Status and Future Management of Grey Goral (Naemorhedus goral bedfordi) in Pakistan © Copyrights of all the papers published in Journal of Bioresource Management are with its publisher, Center for Bioresource Research (CBR) Islamabad, Pakistan. This permits anyone to copy, redistribute, remix, transmit and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes provided the original work and source is appropriately cited. Journal of Bioresource Management does not grant you any other rights in relation to this website or the material on this website. In other words, all other rights are reserved. For the avoidance of doubt, you must not adapt, edit, change, transform, publish, republish, distribute, redistribute, broadcast, rebroadcast or show or play in public this website or the material on this website (in any form or media) without appropriately and conspicuously citing the original work and source or Journal of Bioresource Management’s prior written permission. This article is available in Journal of Bioresource Management: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/jbm/vol2/ iss4/2 Fakhar-i-Abbas et al.,: Naemorhedus goral in Pakistan J. Bioresource Manage. (2015) 2(4): 7-19. STATUS AND FUTURE MANAGEMENT OF GREY GORAL (NAEMORHEDUS GORAL BEDFORDI) IN PAKISTAN Fakhar-i-Abbas1*, Afsar Mian1,2, Tanveer Akhtar3, Thomas P. Rooney4 1 Bioresource Research Centre, 34 Bazar Road G-6/4 Islamabad Pakistan. 2Institute of Natural and Management Sciences (INAM), Rawalpindi, Pakistan. 3 Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. 4 Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy., Dayton OH 45435 USA. *Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Himalayan grey goral (HGG: Naemorhedus goral bedfordi) is endemic to Himalyas and regarded as Endangered/ Threatened. Study was designed to collect information on population biology, habitat, food and behaviour of population of HGG distributed in Pakistan, trying to understand its present status and conservational potentials. Our data suggest that the population, habitat and the species has sufficient potentials for its survival in the area, if protection from human predation is afforded to the species. HGG population is isolated into 7-8 subpopulations and is facing male-biased mortality, therefore is likely to face bottleneck effects and subsequent population crash ascribed to loss of males and genetic diversity. HGG population has a slow growth rate, attributable to internal species potentials and the natural predation of fawns/ sub-adults, which is difficult to be enhanced therefore range management strategy is suggested as management solution, with emphasis on protection from hunting, habitat management, mass awareness and supportive research. International cooperation is suggested as part of HGG population extends into Indian part of Himalayas, including Indian Kashmir. Key words: Species potentials, habitat potential, population potentials, management. INTRODUCTION Prater, 1980; Jhonsingh, 1992; Roberts, 1997). US Fish and Wildlife Service Himalayan grey goral (HGG: regards HGG as Endangered (USFWS, Naemorhedus goral bedfordi, order 1989) and IUCN as Near Threatened Artiodactyla, sub-order Ruminantia, (IUCN, 2001). Pakistan holds about half family: Bovidae, class: mammalia) is a of the present global population of HGG small antelope-like goat, endemic to the (Anonymous, 1989), and wildlife Himalayas (Zhiwotschechenko, 1990; enthusiasts and managers regarded this Singh and Singh, 1986) distributed from population as Vulnerable (Shiekh and north Pakistan, through north India, Malour, 2004). Future survival of HGG Nepal, Bhutan to Mishi Hills in requires serious management efforts, Mynanmar at 2,00-4,000 m above sea based upon analysis of existing status of line (asl) (Grubb, 1975; Schaller, 1977, its population. This paper attempts to 7 Fakhar-i-Abbas et al.,: Naemorhedus goral in Pakistan J. Bioresource Manage. (2015) 2(4): 7-19. develop a guideline for a continued water, protein, fat, sugar and ash survival of HGG population in areas contents of each food species using under Pakistan. chemical method (Anonymous, 1963) and used these to draw inferences on For the purpose, we developed a HGG energy and water budgeting. We multi-prong strategy to collect conducted round the clock observations information on HGG biology with on a stock of semi-captive flock of reference to the area under present HGG, for analysis of time budgeting, analysis (reported as Fakhar-i-Abbas et supported with limited general field al., 2008, 2011, 2012). We carried out an observations. extensive survey of northern hilly parts of Pakistan, contacted local hunters, Based upon information on HGG prominent persons, grazers and wildlife distribution and biology, we worked out field staff for their recent HGG sighting future survival potentials of HGG and also searched each tract for indirect population in Pakistan, and proposed HGG indicators, like, foot prints, hair, future management strategy workable in etc.. We selected tracts having HGG Pakistan. population for detailed studies, which fell in 7 administrative regions, viz., Mardan, Bunner, Islamabad, Abbotabad, Mansehra, Kohistan and Azad Kashmir (Figure 1). We conducted transect (50 m, 9-10 in each stand) sampling in 51 stands following Cox (1990) to establish vegetative types using TWINSPAN (a DOS based computer programme) for HGG habitat potentials. We used variable quadrat sampling (scanning a circular area around some cliff for HGG; Volshina, and Nesterov 1992) in 98 stands during different seasons and recorded number, sex and age of HGG observed and calculated population densities using estimates on optimally scanned area, and developed HGG population estimates, sex structure and Figure 1: Potential and present age structures for different areas. HGG distribution of HGG in Pakistan. population densities were associated with biotic and abiotic habitat variables. GORAL BIOLOGY We also collected HGG faecal pellets (n =15) and analyzed these using micro- Our research data (Table 1) histological techniques (Holechek et al., suggested that during 2004-06 a 1982) for general analysis of HGG population of 681 (600 - 800) HGG was feeding preference. We determined present over some 4,839 km2 (5,000 8 Fakhar-i-Abbas et al.,: Naemorhedus goral in Pakistan J. Bioresource Manage. (2015) 2(4): 7-19. km2) of potential habitat of Himalayan sub-adult/female ratio was the highest in hills extending into Pakistan with breeding season (February-March; 0.50), average density of 0.15 ± 0.02 (SEM) which gradually dropped to 0.11–0.17 in heads km-2. Major part of this population November-December. This allowed us (around 350) was present in Azad to propose a lamb survival rate of 22- Kashmir (200) and Bunner (153). 34% during the first year of the life. Female/ male sex ratio of 1.92 indicated Mean herd size was 1.72 ± 0.11 (SEM), preponderance of females in adult having larger herds in summers (1.96 ± population. We recorded an average of 0.16, SEM) compared to winters (1.38 ± 0.31 sub-adults per adult female, and 0.10, SEM), suggesting solitary nature Table 1: Distribution and structure of HGG population in different broad localities of Pakistan and AJK during 2004-06. M= male, F= female, Sub= sub-adult, Pop= estimated population (abridged from Fakhar-i-Abbas et al., 2012). Habitat Area Gorals Average Ratio Locality (km2) Observed (#)* Density Pop Sex(F/ Subadult/ (km2, (#) Minor Total Sampled M F Sub T M) Female Major ±SEM) (#) Abbotabad 11 515 109 2 3 2 7 0.06±0.03 41 1.50 0.66 Mansehra 15 909 209 6 13 5 24 0.14±0.06 100 2.17 0.38 Mardan 9 324 100 11 10 5 26 0.27±0.07 85 0.91 0.50 Bunner 10 409 129 14 27 8 49 0.38±0.10 153 1.93 0.30 Kohistan 5 875 84 1 2 1 4 0.050.03 53 2.00 0.50 Margalla 6 181 42 2 7 2 11 0.25±0.09 49 3.50 0.29 Kashmir 16 875 223 12 32 6 51 0.21±0.06 200 2.46 0.29 Overall 102 4088 896 49 94 29 172 0.15±0.02 681 1.92 0.31 for HGG though individuals may diversity in the habitat exploited by aggregate into small groups (Fakhar-i- HGG in different parts of its distribution Abbas et al., 2012). range. HGG density in different vegetative types was different; Phytosociological studies on attributable to available physic-biotic habitat suggested presence of at least 99 conditions. Herb (y= 0.005X + 0.1718; endospermic plants species, with three R2= 0.5446) and shrub (Y = 0.007X + well defined layers, i.e., tree (22 0.1407; R2= 0.5369) cover had a positive species), shrub (25), herb (21) and association, while trees had a negative grasses (21). Pinus roxburghii was the association (Y = - 0.006X + 0.472; R2= most widely distributed species. Most 0.7136) with HGG density. HGG species showed a low constancy of population moved to lower altitudes appearance.
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