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(Naemorhedus Goral) Somatic Cells Into Bovine Oocytes

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(Naemorhedus Goral) Somatic Cells Into Bovine Oocytes FULL PAPER Theriogenology Production of Blastocysts after Intergeneric Nuclear Transfer of Goral (Naemorhedus goral) Somatic Cells into Bovine Oocytes Byoung-Chol OH1), Jung-Tae KIM1), Nam-Shik SHIN1), Soo-Whan KWON2), Sung-Keun KANG1,3), Byeong-Chun LEE1,3)* and Woo-Suk HWANG1,3,4) 1)Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–742, 2)Samsung Everland Zoo, Kyonggi-do, 449–715, 3)The Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110–744 and 4)School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–742, Korea (Received 27 January 2005/Accepted 10 July 2006) ABSTRACT. Interspecies cloning may be a useful method to help conserve endangered species and to study nuclear-cytoplasm interaction. The present study investigated in vitro development of goral (Naemorhedus goral) intergeneric nuclear transfer embryos produced by fusing goral fibroblasts with enucleated metaphase II (MII) bovine oocytes. After two to five passages, serum-starved or non-starved goral skin fibroblast cells were transferred into enucleated MII bovine oocytes. Couplets were electrically fused and chemically acti- vated, and then cultured in either modified synthetic oviduct fluid (mSOF) or tissue culture medium-199 (TCM-199) supplemented with 10% FBS. Serum starvation of donor cells did not affect the fusion rate and or development to of cells to the two-cell stage, to more than 9-cells, or to morulae, regardless of culture medium. Three blastocysts from 202 fused embryos were obtained when embryos recon- structed with non- serum- starved donor cells were cultured in mSOF. However, no blastocysts were obtained when the embryos recon- structed with serum-starved donor cells were cultured in mSOF. The total cell number of goral intergeneric embryos averaged 130.3 (range 105–180). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that bovine oocytes can support blastocyst development after intergeneric SCNT with goral fibroblasts. KEY WORDS: bovine oocytes, goral fibroblasts, intergeneric somatic cell nuclear transfer. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 68(11): 1167–1171, 2006 There is a diversity of opinion regarding the potential of selected in this study because the goral is a member of the cloning, involving fusion of oocytes with somatic cell bovidae family. In order to determine whether cell culture nuclei, for conservation of endangered species. Unlike conditions for the nuclear donor cells affected embryo cloning of rodents and domestic animals, because of the development, we investigated the effect of serum starvation scarcity of oocytes, cloning of endangered or extinct species of donor cells prior to SCNT. Furthermore, in order to eval- will require the use of an alternative method, such as inter- uate embryo quality, we determined total cell numbers in the species somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Intra-generic goral intergeneric nuclear- transferred blastocysts. SCNT has recently been applied to some endangered spe- cies. A gaur (Bos gaurus) somatic cell was fused with an MATERIALS AND METHODS enucleated domestic cow (Bos taurus) oocyte, and a live off- spring was born, although the calf died 2 days later [19]. An Collection of goral tissue and primary cell culture: A endangered argali sheep embryo developed after nuclear skin biopsy was obtained from an ear of a 10 year-old transfer with domestic sheep oocytes [20], and using the female goral (Naemorhedus goral), housed at the Samsung same approach, a mouflon lamb was born [13]. Like these Everland Zoo in the city of Yong-In, Kyung-Gi Province, intra-generic SCNT efforts, there are reports of inter-generic Korea. The tissue biopsy was transported to the laboratory [12] or -spand interspecies [3, 8] preimplantation embryo at 4°C in phosphate buffered saline (PBS; Life Technolo- production with endangered species using SCNT. gyies, Rockville, MD) supplemented with 0.5% (v/v) peni- The goral is a near-threatened species. Although its pop- cillin-streptomycin (P/S; Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, ulation is decreasing, there no reports of attempts to use arti- MO). The tissue was washed several times with PBS and ficial reproductive technology (ART) for the goral. then was minced into small pieces with a surgical blade. Therefore, like ART, inter-generic or inter-species SCNT The minced pieces were digested in 0.25% trypsin-EDTA may be one of a potential methods of maintaining the lim- (Life Technologies) at 39°C in a humidified atmosphere of ited goral population and of conserving the species. 5% CO2 for 1 to 2 hr. The trypsinized tissue was vortexed Accordingly, this study evaluated whether embryonic devel- and washed at least 3 times in PBS by centrifugation at 300 opment could occur following intergeneric SCNT of goral × g for 3 min. After final washing, Dulbecco’s modified into enucleated bovine oocytes. Bovine oocytes were Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM, Life Technologies) supplemented with 10% FBS (v/v) was added to the pellet *CORRESPONDENCE TO: LEE, B., C., Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul and the cell suspension was placed into a culture dish at National University, San 56–1 Shillim-dong, Kwanak-ku, Seoul 39°C, in 5% CO2 in humidified air. After removal of unat- 151–742, Korea. tached clumps of cells or explants, attached cells were fur- 1168 B-C. OH ET AL. ther cultured for 7 to 8 days until confluent and then same slit made previously during enucleation. The couplets subcultured at intervals of 5 to 7 days. For cell stocks, cells were subsequently placed in a fusion medium comprising were cultured, harvested in the freezing medium, and stored 0.26 M mannitol, 0.1 mM MgSO4, 0.5 mM HEPES, and after 2 to 3 passages in liquid nitrogen at –196°C. The freez- 0.05% (w/v) BSA, and transferred into a cell fusion cham- ing medium consisted of 80% (v:v) DMEM, 10% (v:v) ber with a stainless steel wire electrode (3.2 mm gap; BTX DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich Corp.), and 10% (v:v) FBS. Before 453, 3.2 mm gap; BTX, , San Diego, CA) after equilibration SCNT, frozen cells were thawed and either maintained in for 3 min. Fusion was induced by two DC pulses of 1.75 culture medium supplemented with normal serum (10% kV/cm for 15 microseconds using a BTX Electro Cell FBS) or fresh, low serum (1% FBS) culture medium. After Manipulator 200. Fusion of the donor cell and the ooplast 2 to 3 days, the cells were treated with 0.25% trypsin-EDTA was observed 1 hr after electric stimulation under a stere- at 39°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 for 1 to 2 omicroscope. At 4 hr after fusion, chemical activation was min and washed with PBS containing 0.5% FBS for SCNT. induced by incubating embryos in TCM-199 containing 5 In vitro maturation of bovine oocytes: Bovine ovaries col- µM ionomycin (Sigma-Aldrich Corp.) for 4 min at 39°C. lected from a local slaughterhouse were transported to the Reconstructed embryos were then washed thoroughly in laboratory within 2 hours in 0.9% (w/v) NaCl solution at ionomycin-free TCM-199 or modified synthetic oviductal 35°. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were retrieved fluid (mSOF) and further incubated for 4 hr in TCM-199 or from antral follicles 2 to 8 mm in diameter by aspiration mSOF supplemented with 1.9 mM 6-dimethylaminopurine with an 18- gauge hypodermic needle attached to a 10 ml (6-DMAP, cat. no. D-2629, Sigma-Aldrich Corp.). The for- syringe. The COCs were washed three times in HEPES- mula of mSOF was basically the same as the original formu- buffered tissue culture medium (TCM)-199 supplemented lation [5], except for the concentration of glucose (1.5 mM) with 10% FBS, 2mM NaHCO3 (Sigma-Aldrich Corp.), and the addition of 2% MEM essential and 1% nonessential 0.5% BSA (Life Technologies), and 1% P/S. The COCs amino acids (Life Technologies.), 8 mg/ml BSA (fatty acid with evenly-granulated cytoplasm and that were enclosed -free, fFraction V, Sigma-Aldrich Corp.), and 1% (v/v) of a by more than 3 layers of compact cumulus cells were solution containing insulin, transferrintransferring, and selected. For maturation, a group of 30 to 40 COCs were sodium seleniumte (ITS, cat. no. I-3146, Sigma-Aldrich cultured for 24 hr in bicarbonate-buffered TCM-199 supple- Corp.). The osmolarity and pH of the mSOF were 270 to mented with 10% (v/v) FBS, 0.005 IU/ml follicle-stimulat- 280 mOsm and 7.2 to 7.3, respectively. ing hormone (FSH, Antrin, Denka Chemical Co., Culture of reconstructed embryos: After 6-DMAP treat- Kanagawa, Japan) and 1 µg/ml 17β-estradiol (cat. no. E- ment, the reconstructed embryos were cultured in 25 µl 8875, Sigma-Aldrich Corp.) at 39°C in a humidified atmo- microdrops of either TCM-199 or mSOF under mineral oil sphere of 5% CO2. (Sigma-Aldrich Corp.) in groups of 7 to 10 embryos for 148 Intergeneric somatic cell nuclear transfer: Aftert 22 hr of hours at 39°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2, 5% maturation culture, expanded cumulus cells of the COCs O2, and 90% N2. Embryo development to the 2-cell (cleav- were removed by repeated pipetting in 0.1% (v/v) hyalu- age), ≥ 9-cell, morula, and blastocyst stages was evaluated ronidase (from the bovine testis, cat. No. H-3884, Sigma- at 48 hours, 72 hr, and 148 hr of culture. Aldrich Corp.). In HEPES-buffered TCM-199 medium, and Differential staining: Blastocysts were incubated in 500 oocytes with a first polar body and evenly granulated cyto- µl of BSA-free, HEPES-buffered TCM-199 supplemented plasm were selected. These oocytes were enucleated with a with 1% (v/v) Triton X-100 and 100 µg/ml propidium micromanipulator (Narishige, Tokyo, Japan) in HEPES- iodide for 30 sec.
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