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Edler, D., Guedes, T., Zizka, A., Rosvall, M., Antonelli, A. (2017) Infomap Bioregions: Interactive Mapping of Biogeographical Regions from Species Distributions. Systematic Biology, 66(2): 197-204 https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw087

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Syst. Biol. 66(2):197–204, 2017 © The Author(s) 2016. Published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of the Society of Systematic Biologists. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] DOI:10.1093/sysbio/syw087 Advance Access publication October 1, 2016 Infomap Bioregions: Interactive Mapping of Biogeographical Regions from Species Distributions

, ,∗ , , , DANIEL EDLER1 2 ,THAÍS GUEDES2 3 4,ALEXANDER ZIZKA2,MARTIN ROSVALL1, AND ALEXANDRE ANTONELLI2 5 1Integrated Science Lab, Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; 2Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; 3Federal University of São Paulo, 09972-270 Diadema, Brazil; 4Museum of Zoology of University of São Paulo, 04263-000 São Paulo, Brazil; 5Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22A, 413 19 Gothenburg, Sweden; ∗ Correspondence to be sent to: Integrated Science Lab, Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; E-mail: [email protected]. Martin Rosvall and Alexandre Antonelli are senior authors of this paper. Received 1 December 2015; reviews returned 16 September 2016; accepted 26 September 2016 Associate Editor: James Albert Abstract.—Biogeographical regions (bioregions) reveal how different sets of species are spatially grouped and therefore are important units for conservation, historical biogeography, ecology, and evolution. Several methods have been developed to identify bioregions based on species distribution data rather than expert opinion. One approach successfully applies network theory to simplify and highlight the underlying structure in species distributions. However, this method lacks tools for simple and efficient analysis. Here, we present Infomap Bioregions, an interactive web application that inputs species distribution data and generates bioregion maps. Species distributions may be provided as georeferenced point occurrences or range maps, and can be of local, regional, or global scale. The application uses a novel adaptive resolution method to make best use of often incomplete species distribution data. The results can be downloaded as vector graphics, shapefiles, or in table format. We validate the tool by processing large data sets of publicly available species distribution data of the world’s amphibians using species ranges, and mammals using point occurrences. We then calculate the fit between the inferred bioregions and WWF ecoregions. As examples of applications, researchers can reconstruct ancestral ranges in historical biogeography or identify indicator species for targeted conservation. [Biogeography; bioregionalization; conservation; mapping.]

Biodiversity is not randomly distributed. It is well (Töpel et al. 2016), choosing the areas in the first place known that species are grouped in space and patterns has been a subjective procedure without quantitative of distribution can be recognized at small and large support. Researchers have therefore developed a suite of scales. Depending on the size, source of data, and algorithms for mapping grid cell areas into biologically scientific discipline, these broadly used biogeographical relevant regions (Kozak and Wiens 2006; Kreft and Jetz regions have received various related names, but here 2010; Oliveira et al. 2015), but often they involve multiple we simply refer to them as bioregions (see Vilhena and and overly technical steps. As a consequence, most Antonelli (2015) for a discussion of terminology). In biogeographical studies still use arbitrarily defined many disciplines, working with bioregions rather than areas. single species is more effective. Conservation biology To make identification of bioregions simple and is a prime example, since protecting bioregions with effective for any set of species distribution data, high levels of biodiversity or uniqueness may help we present the web-based, interactive mapping protecting many species from extinction. In historical tool Infomap Bioregions. The underlying method biogeography, bioregions may be used as operational clusters bipartite networks that contain both species areas for ancestral range reconstructions in order to and grid cells. This method was recently shown estimate how lineages in a phylogeny have evolved to outperform approaches that abstract away the their geographical occupancy over time (Ree and Smith species into species similarities between grid cells 2008; Goldberg et al. 2011; Matzke 2014). Moreover, in unipartite networks (Vilhena and Antonelli 2015). since different taxa exhibit different patterns of diversity, Moreover, the bipartite networks are clustered with distribution, and evolutionary history, there is no set of the information-theoretic clustering algorithm known universal bioregions for all circumstances. Accordingly, as Infomap (Rosvall and Bergstrom 2008), which the most effective set of bioregions depends on the has been acclaimed as the best network clustering particular system under study and research question at algorithm in several comparative studies (Lancichinetti hand. Therefore, researchers need simple, effective, and and Fortunato 2009; Aldecoa and Marín 2013). flexible tools for mapping relevant species distribution Thanks to its simple and effective design, Infomap data into bioregions. Bioregions has wide applications in biogeography, While bioinformatic tools can now provide rapid ecology, evolutionary biology, conservation, and related and accurate coding of species into predefined areas disciplines. 197 198 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY VOL. 66

a) b) c)

f) e) d)

FIGURE 1. Step-by-step illustration of how Infomap Bioregions generates bioregions from species distribution data. Infomap Bioregions: a) inputs comma-separated values for point occurrences, b) adaptively bins species records into discrete geographical grid cells such that the data density determines the spatial resolution, c) extracts a bipartite network between species and grid cells, d) clusters the bipartite network with the Infomap clustering algorithm, e) visualizes the grid cell clusters as bioregions on a zoomable map, f) exports the geographical map in svg or png format, the tables of top occurring and top indicative species for each bioregion in csv format, the species presence/absence matrix for the bioregions in NEXUS format and the geographical information of the bioregions in shapefile or GeoJSON format.

ancestral range reconstruction, and ancestral ranges for DESCRIPTION the remaining species are shown with pie charts based Infomap Bioregions is an interactive web application on the bioregions identified (see Fig. 3). The bioregions that identifies taxon-specific bioregions from species can also be exported to allow analyses under alternative distribution data. We first present the application’s methods of ancestral range reconstruction. workflow (Fig. 1), and then describe each step in detail. Given user-provided species distribution data, the application first bins the data into geographical grid Input Data cells with adaptive spatial resolution. When the data are For species distribution data, Infomap Bioregions sparse, the grid size is large; and when the data are dense, supports both point occurrences and species range maps. the grid size is small. This novel adaptive resolution Point occurrences are specified in a text file with either offers a considerable advantage over conventional comma-separated (CSV) or tab-separated (TSV) values. uniform binning when dealing with biodiversity data, The application requires a header with the column which is unevenly distributed (Maldonado et al. 2015; names, and the user must identify which columns that Meyer et al. 2016). should be parsed as name, latitude, and longitude, The binning generates a bipartite network between respectively (Fig. 1a). Range maps are specified in the species and grid cells, which is then clustered with the shapefile format, which includes multiple files: a .shp Infomap algorithm into bioregions (Edler and Rosvall file for species range polygons, a .dbf file for the 2015). The application also identifies the most common attributes of each range polygon, and, optionally, a .prj and the most indicative species in each grid cell and file for projection information. As for point occurrence bioregion. The results are shown as an interactive map data, the user must identify which attribute to parse as together with supporting tables containing information the name of the species. about each bioregion. For phylogenetic data, Infomap Bioregions supports To facilitate the integration of bioregion delimitation the NEXUS and Newick tree formats. and ancestral range reconstructions, Infomap Bioregions also supports loading a phylogenetic tree, which Output Data may be time-calibrated or not. Fitch’s method of maximum parsimony as originally described (Fitch The map with bioregions can be exported in .svg 1971) is implemented to provide a quick estimate of and .png format. The shapes of bioregions can be ancestral ranges. Species in the phylogeny that are not exported in .geojson and shapefile format, and a present in the distribution data set are ignored in the species presence/absence matrix for the bioregions can 2016 EDLER ET AL.—INFOMAP BIOREGIONS 199 be exported in .nexus format for further analyses in, for grid cell in which it is present. We purposefully avoid example, BioGeoBEARS (Matzke 2013), BayArea (Landis weighting the links by the number of records, because et al. 2013), and many other ancestral reconstruction tools that would make the results sensitive to spatially biased that can handle such files. sampling. Instead, we let the density of species records Summary tables of the most common and the most increase the spatial resolution as described above. In this indicative species for each bioregion can be exported way, dense data generate large networks. in .csv format, and the tree can be exported in .svg format. Bioregions and Indicator Species Infomap Bioregions clusters the bipartite network Adaptive Resolution with Infomap for bipartite networks (Kheirkhahzadeh Where data are sparse, single cells can be clustered in et al. 2016). The resulting clusters contain both grid cells distinct bioregions. To avoid providing more detail than and species, and define the bioregions. The software the data can support, Infomap Bioregions automatically displays the bioregions with different colors on a map, adapts the grid size to the amount and spatial and provides a table for each bioregion including distribution of the input data. This is done by mapping summary statistics and species lists. The application lists, the input data to a so-called quadtree data structure, as for grid cells and bioregions, both the most common illustrated in Figure 1b. species and the most indicative species with the highest The adaptive resolution algorithm uses the quadtree relative abundance. That is, for species s in grid cell or to hierarchically partition geographical space into bioregion r, the indicative score Is|r is defined as the ratio quadratic grid cells of increasingly smaller size by between the frequency fs|r of the species in the region and = / recursively subdividing each grid cell into four the frequency fs of the species in all regions, Is|r fs|r fs. quadrants. When the algorithm reaches the user- Thus, an indicative score of 2 means that a species is twice ◦ provided maximum cell size (default is 4 ), it aggregates as frequent in the region than in the entire data set. In the species into grid cells. the bioregions tables, the most common and indicative To make the resolution adaptive to the density of species are displayed together with charts that show the the data, each grid cell has a user-provided maximum distribution of those species in other bioregions. This cell capacity (default is 100 species occurrence records). information makes it possible to find endemic species, The algorithm recursively subdivides all grid cells with unique or close to unique to a specific bioregion. more records than the maximum cell capacity until it reaches the user-provided minimum cell size (default is ◦ 1 ). However, if a grid cell after a subdivision contains RESULTS AND DISCUSSION less species than the user-provided minimum cell capacity To validate Infomap Bioregions, we applied it to range (default is 10), the algorithm reverts the most recent maps of amphibians and point occurrences of terrestrial subdivision to avoid creating regions with too few data mammals. For amphibians, we downloaded global points. distribution data as range polygons for 6069 species With these criteria, Infomap Bioregions can from the International Union for Conservation of Nature simultaneously identify high-resolution bioregions (IUCN, http://www.iucn.org, downloaded August 17, where data are abundant and low-resolution bioregions 2015, from http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical- where data are sparse, and thereby avoid over- and documents/spatial-data). For terrestrial mammals, we underfitting across all bioregions. compiled the global distribution of 5005 species from a For point occurrence data, these criteria make the collection of georeferenced observation records obtained adaptive resolution straightforward. For range maps, the through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility application first adds a species record to each grid cell (GBIF.org [11th November 2015; GBIF Occurrence of minimum size that intersects with the corresponding Download http://doi.org/10.15468/dl.wnjjkc]). We species range polygon, and then proceeds with the cleaned the mammal data set using the R functions adaptive binning to satisfy the user-specified criteria. in the package speciesgeocodeR (Töpel et al. 2016), It is also possible to interactively modify the resolution checking for obvious errors such as empty coordinates, of the bioregions by adjusting the Markov time for the terrestrial species reported in the sea, and coordinates Infomap clustering algorithm (Kheirkhahzadeh et al. assigned to country or province centroids. 2016). In this way, the user can tune Infomap to search For the resolution, we allowed grid cells to range ◦ ◦ for bigger or smaller bioregions that are still supported between 4 and 2 to reflect spatial differences in data by the data. density. We used maximum cell capacity 100 and set the minimum cell capacity to 5. Below we show the bioregion maps of the amphibians and mammals, and highlight a Bipartite Network few bioregions. When Infomap Bioregions aggregates the species into For terrestrial mammals, we downloaded a set of 1000 geographical grid cells, it forms a bipartite network with species-level phylogenies of all mammals from Faurby species and grid cells as the two types of nodes. Each and Svenning (2015) and calculated the maximum clade species is connected by an unweighted link to each credibility tree using TreeAnnotator in the package 200 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY VOL. 66

FIGURE 2. Bioregion map of the world’s amphibians generated with Infomap Bioregions, using the IUCN species range maps. White areas have insufficient data and were excluded from the analysis. The inset shows a zoom-in of Central America, the West Indies, and northwestern South America, depicting many small bioregions that reflect high turnover of species assemblages and narrow-range distributions characteristic for the region. Table 1 shows information about labeled bioregions.

TABLE 1. Selected amphibian bioregions

Location Records Species Cells Most common Most indicative species (records) species (score)

(a) South America 42,161 719 167 Trachycephalus venulosus (600) Lithobates palmipes (3.3) Veined tree frog Amazon River frog (b) Africa 27,267 553 333 Kassina senegalensis (970) Hildebrandtia ornata (2.1) Senegal running frog African ornate frog (c) Eurasia 13,083 103 313 Rana arvalis (1547) Triturus cristatus (1.3) Moor frog Northern crested newt (d) Andes 121 75 1 Pristimantis nervicus (13) Pristimantis nervicus (157) —— (e) Hispaniola 181 65 4 Hypsiboas heilprini (28) Osteopilus vastus (73) Los Bracitos tree frog Hispaniola tree frog (f) Cuba 214 61 4 Osteopilus septentrionalis (28) Eleutherodactylus varleyi (73) Cuban tree frog —

Notes: For exact locations, the indices (a)–(f) are displayed on the bioregion map in Figure 2. Bioregions (a)–(c) are the most species-rich and (d)–(f) are hand-picked to illustrate how even small bioregions can contain relatively many species. Common names taken from Encyclopedia of Life at http://eol.org

BEAST v.1.8.2 (Drummond and Rambaut 2007). We were Andes where species turnover is high and many species able to match 4426 species between the phylogeny and are located in just a few cells. the georeferenced data set. The identified bioregions largely coincide with those found by Vilhena and Antonelli (2015), except for some differences due to the adaptive resolution and its settings. For the Neotropics, our clustering seems Amphibians to reflect the regionalization proposed by Morrone We identified 87 bioregions of amphibians as (2006; 2014) for some subregions and provinces such illustrated in Figure 3 (see Supplementary Material as the Amazonian subregion, the Parana subregion, available on Dryad at http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/ and the Chacoan dominion. Infomap Bioregions also dryad.2s201 for detailed results). In Table 1, we detail successfully identified small bioregions, for example, in the three most species-rich bioregions and three small the island of Hispaniola and in the tropical Andes, which bioregions with relatively many species. Most of the could be particularly considered for conservation. Other species belong to relatively large bioregions, but we also examples of relatively small-scale bioregions include the identified smaller bioregions, such as in the Caribbean Cape region in South Africa and the Dahomey gap in where island endemics are common, and in the tropical West Africa (Fig. 2). 2016 EDLER ET AL.—INFOMAP BIOREGIONS 201

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M u y c i a n y a s a c i c e i z e y o y i n i i e l l e n M t p d r e C a e b b u i l s M s s i s C l b s y y i o i d a i c i e b s l c s a e M s a s p e u C e b u a y n r b r g l r e i l t a s s l l c i l i i s h b c A C c c s y o o t t o c o d g l l i l t d t s a r a i c o y y e a a l C C l l l e e i b s o n l o o e i s u i c i e u s x i m l l C i e u e i u h i y u u s l l e b s a i i c t i X i l l e a g y m y s c l s C a n s M o s s b h i r e d l l u a t M m t s y t t v i l p a a c t i l l c c s i r o o m q v n i a a c e u c e s m t t n n e s l c b u l c o i o p i i p C l i c e b u b r o s M M i b u s s i a i c u a o o c t i i p a i i s a y i i b e t s o s e a b e i a l l i t c k a M i C a l a u p n s t t u e i n l c a a u s y a s s t i a l l e b b u u p y i y i t e e l l c u a y M M a e u d C C a l e b a i a h d a i M i t h g s l l i g M t y i i l s r e i r h M M s k r t C i e l r c a t i c i r l a e n t r s y y s s b t c c r o i a i b i r i i C c l e y m u s s n n u a a C l e i s i y o M i e s C a c t d r n n s n a s i e i C a e t a a u u s n o a o n s a i l c y s c i s h e C a i c u u a o o o i t j y y y t l e t t s i u a b i s y d c l i c a a i y y t n r i l u u h o t s u s l a c a m i g a M a t a t n i u l i a t a m a M l c t y i r C C a i l t t s o r M M i o i n o r C t n g a s C i p i o o o t y t o f c C l l c l a a r c b a o s p p t o i u C t t i s i u o o a b d i l t t r u s t s i s l a d s n i i n r s s a l i t a n a c s i l M c a a s t b a l u a a t s i n n r t s C i f e i s o s s u l t a s i t t t y n C a u t t a a e n M y t r a n a h s a a o p y t t y s a i e l a r f b o s e i a t a e s s is i j i n i a t t t a h u s n i a i w u e r r i a o u u a t e i i e i C v g i M s s t t n c s s C t u l i M s o o l o a t t z i o o s s y o y g l i t i t l a p r r k i i i a u u g l n M i m i i C l a t c f b o l u u M M e e i i a p m c n h M y t u u n e o o u s z m m i v e a C C m u e u s e u e a r u t C l l u a a c d t t o t c e n o e l e f e A o o y l a o y h g u a e e t e e M y o M m a i c n C u e e p i i d i a m s i r l A o l t l i u e or n s f a y yo l a f u s n s s s s s i e y s s t s n n o l u u r e y d o v r i ua o Myot o o a w e A A h g y z s c r s o o o o l u b x t t t o i t s o y h x t s e g b n d r s i A l e i v o o a n a s A l e e e t i o y M i y a s e s i o o x u i t i s l x p i n l r r u a A l l l h i u a o n s M t s p a b mo p i i o l l h i r i s s c m i n lo r l u s u i u A s s t n M t t o g t c i s l s a s t i o r t m e m n i u A r r c a c s A c a v t is t s e e a a p o l o s i i s e m d i s e e c p h c o i y l t o s h u a c e s A A e x o s i l a r s s n c o e A t t t t e e u s s t y b t a i n r t i l r u t l s M i i s s A l t h e s r l l a n v s h u y n o o a i e s M M i o M n i n n c c a e a f s c t t r b n t l u t i s n b u M s o e e s o l r r o t o i s m s s l A A A A r i o o p u r c e u a c r s a e e o o i s s s o is gri y a h u e a r a u M t i a a n t i y i i t o h i i v n i i t t r pe o x s i c t i s n s u i p r b n t l M y y i y q c r co i i B o g i a b g a g o c e g t r i i m u t u u c g p s s B i r k l e u i l o y s i t g i s i a m M e r r i r g i i r a a s a u k u M i o s c e u i s A r a a n t s y o y o o u o A A a i c l ep s M b u i a o o r p r s o m h r a a i t e n i t i u n h r o y n s i a m f m s c o a e l P m s x r i e l M My o o i p u n s i n m p a i y t t t e l t L i i i M M M t a f o m L g m m i s e o l l o s t i c O s d ic e l a r c o y i i i o i t i m b a s l r t y r l s C L i i a i n u s o f m e i t s M t s i a x s o l s i s s r y o o o n i a s i c h s s n n a s a a s s g i o o o M y i o a u g a u r y t i r e p a a y y o a a b ay b i M s y s y s b u c c a s a s n l s i a u u g r i r s M i t esce e u s u i r c u c o y e d n r s L bu u u i i e n x s t m y o e r l u S S b i n r g r s s Myo i o o l r i y s e o t v o e b i i y e S S C e m n u u y s i i i b b b o t i h K M s i n s b c o s e y s t o r n l s s S e b v m a t a s t l p s s e n j o a c e t o r K y t s e i l o u t t e t v m i l i p 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s r m m o i s a is P m l t o i b la a i a h i s di R o p s P o s e s s a o z o i i s l t d s k i es s l h s a H m m a a e o o d n R l l l u g o s H t s a ius i s o u o t l H at l ru s M t t e r te g f r s u h u d a i a a c e e h p a o o H y o k l k a M s o op s p t a t s re d g t s i r rda t e s u n o M c u n Ho m e h s s a i s er om a s n o i a c h i o i n t r o c t e y irk i s o p n r u C lu s S N l b a a e e da h M e e i a m l a a s ni Ci o c v od p f o s M i n bu ni o b a e t s a v v ru g i i o a g i c i i nn re t a Mini i n h h m n g e t N o t ba el M l o om o l b b u k p s u n M i Rh es l o i a l a g s i o a u s s z i o in pu s u e d r u x N Nom b h l i e i u a l s s e p a n M i s i gr a a o o o a g s s o a s g y s s M i o e l l a g i N N lo u s n l m s i i n t s r s s o l o b b u t c Mini o pte i es u u h b d y po p m i a n t c n b u u u u i M M i n u s e e o l s l l Mini M p e a H y y u m o n l s u i o i ug o r t n H o o s s b e a a cu p s d s s ea e i i l l i i o c e i y l b b 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b yt i cu ip r o Min t u u u t s c l d cu i s f i s lu ra ur io i y r u er s i p er r g s s t i a r e a ad e s v i i P e e c a a d i o o pte s r an s b yt e m o f s a t p s s s u r t l y t th e r s r a i s a r b y v t u t a e l i re e i g s Tada r n newt r s Pr s h h r c p s e e s e b e p b b a Ta t e ocean u s i r b y h r i e u s u t ii u r o jo a s b t m e T m in m t P r p u us i m a Ta e a a o P s ith i p r u Tada t u e n s c o e s T i r s a b it a n n r r i n s c s r l P Pre re s l s us s l u Tad Ta e o r fu u o i c c ada r r u t ni ri i P re e p p a i o e ac s p o fl i r vi i e s e u d u a s p c c e e h s u l a s ad ida u pte n x u u l T r s c d P r n o c e e s p l i T da s p a re s i h t r s P e i o h s l a u s s l c e us c g e o o a o u h h us s u d h e c i Pr r n li t u s j s a r t P no x t ad r ro m o cu P h n i i t c s u e id r s i hrix n i e h c e p a ocn u ulu u us r l i hr i it c t r a a ida pe s o n a s or m r Ta id d r u P t r e r r ni h t p e u s s d y i id b h h it e h 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rco o eb u n s r e T r ida ru n e r e e u mi d aeg a a i A E C r r e a th s E al p m e h u c rida ida la a o a e c c c c a c t h a te ig mo i i thec h cu Eumop d a a id ca o h ith cus s s y t u br ra i lo i t c r major o e s t s u job l mensis lic la C C C o i e r h E da r id it e u s y a id a e h r r p p e e a hlo hl us a Eumop Eu m i he p h u s e r p r d a y e t p h u E umop r gh ria p o o h h c p Eu E id a as C l i it t c nx g s a id a C lo o t u e o ua si p C i ec c i E op k r a in i o c it i e s s i u m s s p e c us u i ten ta h c p c q o u d a m a t tiaca p h e h ji a au u d v e Mio r p p u u t N m E Eumop ouchei s l s e h r e s i u mop rc o h e u j a n m ie Ch io o t it b f a l e C o c c p s r l m n s ignis a r i s i i Mol m um op e e c it h e y op s c ith s to l M M u na i Cer r p e e cus le e r u op or n ta p i N n M Ce p it le r ctinomop s gla fl io rco p an ty N M o l ob C o h h e ig M s e o s s g s s or m er o p t s e ip o ol s ie t erc e s a y M p s c i it chry t b y pa o 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x m s or n eu t la t t yr r l e i t x b c ic ind g s y i e y a c ex he i s ra P am y y h nu e t r u o g e i t u l T h t s r ix ja f t p er rr i t ne l a s l t g w s la n y rr r r y in la ns r ix p e g s r h m r i s A e a y n rr s u tu t x r n s r us r s h u rr h h s lv i A i t r t u i p in u a ys Hy s x t t br s f r i a m g a en u a c P y i s i i h i s ai t s i s al l t nu yr h n nu s do nf u y r x s l o M har H Hyst u p i t o r Pla us in l s y t i k y s s t l b in u a b m r P a r ismae H s a u e e i es V h o u y t y ph u n s ra s s u r t a H x s m i U t d u ni scus u y i mu c s n ampyrel yrr i s H e e i w s a n t m albe s r ix o m b t i s a s t ys t o a ac r ophyl y chyc e a H r c s s j t x o i i oderma V t u ii r n o o r i s s C U y rr s ur ge m l s t t V h a v H o u u o o h h e g a s i y s o n r h s f h u hir rr s e s ro inu h ta i h h c c g n i am m ch c t a as l y y o e p u c en s t ll i rg i h i a H P r t s o e a l r s C n a r r us y g s e r i o s de pa e ico H yc e y o p in r i 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a a nc h p s a l o n lo s r n c e ct a h c o n G Glo L p D o o o h n o yl lla r ef us t d e on hylla t n e e r i D h c hoe o t st a t Lep G l er e c e D d e o Lon ho o is D o c s t p o la on yse o s r c i u r spe i o ro m i d a i l s s v l i r o u i s o G ch p i is v r l e x i h p s e o a d r i v a G s s hylla habo i e n u t s sp c K y m s s l o o cho h n bu p a a L o s o o a r K Neo ea la i a i i lo ylla c r i yd l s f a i m u o p phaga k s i H a v i a a i ep nycte s p ho e v i a i n i d M h i s a d a i k x s ph s s hylla mor e u u a H e a a a v v a p ira l g d e c s l o s a rm r ta G c a e i a l o Lep t m e e a a M on o h c re a l l r u a i no phaga g t o c c m n r a ho o i e r m h m p a yll G a a r m ulgi h a ra i o ga an l o o f c u a ri n a l c r c e r e n t y ha i G G i t s p l mor a o n c a s s n k onyct ct s o m dleyi cr a ap b u g a Bra Ph o h ni i i t i i hn n Phy y a M in u a i com ga n vi a s c o Ph p yll e as M v m n Mi a i a chinc n hy ri e g r a a m a s yl c v i o f a i 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l ni i t s x s p u c um s t n n s s agg s d a tia u mys m i h n moy h t C y y o a u eru s d r r C e e o o m y u a u s rum ci c ulz is t t a d n o rike s n m o e M s modus ro n m s a s D b phi C C s o c m i d r e e e o o y c f i i t y u u acr D e p u s r p sc id i t n s h r r s M h n s s c M Mi s u a h r C m m y e i D s s o e la i C e e y e M ph m o t t o s u en ic a n p yll n o t p s s o d ur s m i o r nus M c ia ta l C n n my m i r i cr t o ec us or s C o s r r a t u c r y r um e o s s t l i i M o o u emu a i t o y u us n s icr Micr r o l d j r tu te n y j t i ny s l u o n n a li h o ny a us cu t C e l pi en s w Micr icr tu d r s C e m my ul c L n wate e tu u te s g u o n o t o s s c n l cte c s en l Ct o om y a l am ny M o y s n ae m y y o o ca s C C n n ar ba ie e x c te c n d n nyc to du e m n v f a P ic te y s t e m m oc i i ct o yc r r a te t om s l d o n p i ud o i o s s P t r n s i r ck s o y s e c i i ron e r s li hou s C C C n t o o l r e o m i f u n n y i P t r y ter t s 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g v u s ob t p a e h h q b n ob e o al s i u is is t i Pro P o c c my s o o at e s ri ph t u is r i im r t t e ll s s D s i a e y c t i d D s on s a s e h h a o i Do on o s zenkeri tu P o s a n on r a i c c c m n c en o ob on o ro r i y ys ri i i H b enu u s e t l i y Dob ia P e h p n n D b i i s rg do s P himysm u e ar a p a ia o o c m s a n m s s o b r c s k r Harpy o o yn e hi y y c a i i py o p n l n e hi e lo b e vi a Pr P o c s y s r n ni a r ia o c m s e p s s ae au t n r i m y u t n e e i ia r a r e e i y o o D o on a nnie i is P h s o n i a i di P h s n m n n ro c g d h n D o d f c im m s s h u D i i c e o s e i im r c e e e i yc b a a ex h a P Pro e h y y s i l s onyc o olu r rti o h s a r a a s Apr o t t o c y r a o t b s a a en ri m r c m g u c i e e b e im i s d s n S so o p x P e m a d i s n is Pr o h i y s in s i u Ma S y Ro ri nia c o m s r o h g r p o o c d r c h ys y u o c t s n le is c m m a u y eri n e e an P c i g mi e s S c o t i P e e m r y c u el whit a r t e i 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er p p o o s u s s o e s C ero t te C o m e u a i n a Pt en s s r h i s T m y s t T o s s e t s o t i ia s hir yc p ku n in is in o mys y s l h e p e n f i a p i n p l o g ie l n o m y s m r o o s c u x Tr rin i m a e o t u nochi i g o a r m s i o e ny c a pha s l s T r o m i r n hi w d rin n p e p r s u n a T i o my u a is i r in s ax t c r e o r i T s m x i e c d a T r o i ur m s a t u t n t y r p e m a o T s g a a us x m ru r s a y n t s a r r u t i Trin rin m h a n d y B t i mi o u t e a i u A L s i s s j e T o p t s s a e u l s o in ri p l a P a r t p x n li e l n c f ei in om h s s u on t e ano go is ag n ix egrs i a o t i i ide r n c i e la y h d n g or i r x n h c l D D nyc c T r n i b cc i ul s u A al e t r no o h r S e h T o t x s o n u s y y n he c n ri i x m t P e o s e L o h i i mb ac a p s e t d t r r s le t a in t t t p c a r s a a e c h e ha t p I o h h y s r s s or e t us i t t s s d alis r op o a r ha a s o la s s P a n I o omy m y s y l u s P opu p e is lo a o s v ei 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opu u s o ic ll d i s r i P y m la e ell u o s o or e ona s i y m s k h t n e is h o ys v e P P pu c h l o y b a c a e ca e lt p l ll m i ro s na z P m s a p a n r n t t s P y y m s t Pte e e sam s pha ko t o y s o o e a pu pi u h h o l y e r ro ro b t l l u s u u s P m b r tz P P s w P yl y m n s h s rop pu p ru t l s h o i e e Pt t P ch t u r u i h ll lo ia u s ic r a e e o a P l rd l P t s n s P y n s e e r e ro s e t i im s p s u o u n u h g ro t ropu r f p n ca u u a i d s e p y p s un eus s P m mmeri s P r i sis Phy s lev d n e u P p u s u re lo o im t a u t o u e u a i n s e u s op s d s y l h i e s s t p a n t u r e s s r n atu u M S mim c h u u t P o u a M om c s e r r rop t c r a n s o s i n a t pu s n o y o y y e rp u e ub t y e y t i P e o c s n u o n s i r e n l M e m m ya ud o s u t gn t li M s q a u s s t e m i u e a o o m l b a i e P pu s a ri y y c la s s P ni r s h r y s e n i ropu P cu m n a r s g p n P t P t vetu C m y u n t e P e t s t u t D y m sic o e t e e in us D o m o g s l t r e t r la s y m y e e o r m n o m s p a a t o o r o c r i y s i r p s r p d l t l io a r la g o opu o p a us u k D l y s j n c d P P u c u ie E m li p n r P p p u cro s ii s s is t s on s n E o m g s a a i t t e u u s i u u s e e g s l l r u n ar y is s r s a s s poh io s r u s l t t s ropu ro o spicill ri t i E l i u u r o s u h d oc a i s l r u u u o u pu s s E i r c ri e P P y m l iu m n s P P p le e G hi o h cr i n t p ula phi h iu i r i u t e t u s ir u l G p h s c l e t er s s o c ei a p s u ai n i y r P r e lo a t s a p m o m s m a o r a ru u s rr e n o r o p l r r a r l ct t puo it tus is Gr r u u s m o o p eropu p m e e a G r l t a a P p aria G hi iu u s el s l u us ci l t G u r u k t s s u b an u p h i s e P u r s od n p s o o m a p h u s hn ico t r t y r p hi iu r u P o e u ce n s u a u o p p P e s el a u s r a p h iu r d e pu ro a n G r j u r l t t o e l n s G a p h u r e e ton p a u r i s u a r pu h w en s s G a p h u f is A r o s i n r r s s St o mahag b ens is G a p s s A p ganus u G r u u s ru u cer A p s e s s a i r p s l y u r u ii s s c c u t rn i G h iu r a o u u r lo er s o s i il t u u o e s i G p h u t s p o t ku i s i e n c A don r m w c a p n u o z s m o o h ph r g la a t c o u a o n i u iu St e A d d o d p o til h u t e o an s Gr r d t s ps e b h n o on lo a a u d a y iu c r cele df G r lo r y u e w t c e o n e rm r n m s lo s u p c u i m r d hu o G e s er e is r u a ra l c o ju s s u in r g nc o i r A p x r s b M t m d n d r o u s bi en n mi b t u s o a o b u i S e us a u pu t P ir Neopte a r n r r u i n l en s X s p in u r s uf u i P P t i ium n e l t e a u i r r e m is u l u i u u i P d m u s X t r s c c i r m e s M t t r o s i r s e e alo ir c is A e u s s c u g i t ral i r a o r s i us s e u M e e r wa X o io n n t M a a e c t e i l o c u ii h lo r n i l i ur r a n io t e al lo o p c k s X e l s i b t i ca s e n r s l e c u il u l o p p ex ro y ll o e io i e b r s u s N lo o yc x a i H H l s i t y n p e ex s t H c s u m yct P d ce i e s s a n ia s n n y t e x pul fro lios u u r y e t o H o u r p car m t u Nycti ct e x a n e li r s c r f a i s s p ge s im e is ra la t ta s e e u s le te r c ti H xe r u b o o u r n n ata h ix o u r s r c c Nyctimene mala e i lo H t e r u r r s fa c n r p x u u s u ii s N N n is p a iu y Ny m r e e E ro o e n y e w ex t c ci ur s p l ru y m d p r s i o i c c ene o o y P o s i u s ongi h la ti s s r c r s y t l lu ti c a e o ul ta i o n s u u c a l m t m P y i iu r r ry e i im nc la d s b i is ki n c u u b e a r NyctimenN e e vizcacc n fo M Fu i i u h ta i u is c r s n e yc n e n o r c sa c p s N n e d F n s s u a i e c p i i ru o tu yc ti e r s i u n ci u s s i i ce r n du t N N N me ab uc F u u is u co lia s tim m ci ru r s l m n y y F F s iu y p i is i u u s a h e r s c ct n i a o a un i i ru t ct h t sa n c c u e c a u N i e i e e ri F u r p n N m i m e a u s s o i ill s N menene n i i ci e s b ce i P y ro ma lo la F u v x s i ot y c e e s n n s x r r P a ct t n alb n t is i u u a s s e r im b e ni r e u v i d op a im e e jo s F F r u n s a Nyctim ins u a x r chra oen p is u Notop r n k a s a t a e d minutiv r F P r e u p a tt n eri y e n r e xe x r o p x i n c ne a e o a a s s r ia ti y e a ni r a e e le e s t c nt s P r u ov c im x ru r c a if id ne cec on ti a a v v es P ti e y er Pa r e e s s a c r s Pt teri m e u P x x l a r P t ne c il a u u f lu tu Pt e oc n r lo s a a r r d o t e en t la P r s f a H e ro s e ans e s s l s H e r macdonald aello ti a ar xe x u u s s u ip r o a e te s r r s u i E o ropupu p le P P a a ia ia u s c pos p u r r r e u u n i p n c a ti p do u s d a a a m m s H s a ax a iri i n o s o p P P r axe t am o im i H l s x r t n r idero ippsi o le s p u nic t a o ib i ci H Ei s or a r s d m ip d n d i b P ro m e a e H ip u n e P iu u a p ose do s n a s p n a ip ro c la c s s u s o p up o ular ig ci ia a Hi s i p S ia q u ng p H s o d s lon p e i S s p s o i s ma h s in a i p d er h r t r m ia s r s u s p i ea e i on am a lp i t p e d helvum s a a u r e a i po osy r T m i a p t s H d os r e ggi p u T mi d le i li e H o r n a l it l ipp H bo um s m s s n s H r s i s o T a u iv o ip o ip i de s e p Ta a a a u i dero c ic T i b r c p s p d t h c d lis i os p in aylor o m s uf e i p o r y s r a a r o o k o e u lol a a s id s h s r lu i a s u r e Hi s H i s s r T Tami i s i er i a d a g r s m o mer ide ip d po ne a m q in u ppo e o e c a a s c n m us o k r e d e a mia d al r s s pos ro o q T ia s ri ia H r s h mo u a T s p u u o s u s a a b rr d s ip s ha s o s Ta i i s c s a i m e s u e p Hi i i o u r am m enu r H d c d a ot na m m ia u b o a o e lo r T a a c p pp er r b y a m m i r ipp H s u ro p T T s s o m f u s e i H i o i e li a s o e t i s ip d m h c n i a a u y o s s u s Ta i r a n n is u o ip e s e y s ia s iy x i i r H p d do llus lu m s k m e r s pos o r i n i m a e s r u ni i i o d s a a m i s n o g di a c H pp dero s er ya i s a ia s u o H H s fe r T T si e n o n h u ip i i T r u e il ls o i i d m o co r a am m s o t h e Hi ip p der e u s s h s s l e s p s s e T a c ia p p p r a r s n lu s n u o ppos Hi i o s o T as s o tr o i t i s d o r a u i w u e s brevic o s is m mia ia h il s a y s i p si ter s s o m u d H pos r i s a a m a t r p h lu g e l os d d f ri a m i s o i h l e i e d e T a s e p ie i Hi H r p i e ul T a i p h r c p H o p d f r l m a m o is p ip e i r o v e T a i s r a e a l s s i s o der u o e y m op v e c i p p m ro s s u T am m o e r i a us H H p s l ps s i p r r t p o o i ig c T a m e m s b t e n i o s ipp d s p s r u s t a s p s a o i a a T p e a r e i H s i e la s n f m o s il u a r s p dero ide c o p f l s l tu i osi r r ab e A m o h i d H ipp o d o o m s u sp h u s a s s e s r p l a i en H i r b u a m m o o p i u s r H ppos i r o o ae h l t os d o s corond u r t s A m m o i s m n er i ip e er s u t m p h v p s c ll ei A r s e s H p i ro c a b m m o p u u u po de o e e r iv i o i u t A p e m o hilu o a p d s a s u r r v c t s s ro r p m p hil p Hippos i e lc b t s S e p a mp n a o i d d u S r o fl y x H de r s e a ea s p e o ig i s e os a m va l a r ip i r d m r t S p r a ol a H d ro o a us t m t n e a i is t u S e r a a o t i p e s i a u o t t c w r H ip s nor s p e o a o r d s s p m o o a m o t H p o id p la u S r t r ip s em S o m a o i s er eli n n s a m rm ta b bie a ip Hippospo s d r z d a H e i k atus a m o u k ic p i n o n a a M r ta n t ip s d r e M mar a a o e o s g d Ma a m o ec b cin a a p s i x d en r a h d r s p iv M a m t m o a n o id er o a c a H H l e inops a r o t b s s s s e i s e s M a ta t y ip H i d o c i o a a u u ip d r la k t s o t a po i o ero s a a M rm m baib m l c n n H p p e a r o a i r s su rv g t m a a ir a ia i o p o u r a t c p s m s a u M m m b ic c s Hipposi o s l s r i i x i s po i d s mb t i M a a h s v n s s de s a gr u Ma mo e u u s H er id d s r ot e i t Hi si o a M a a r u ip ro o e u a a t t m do id u n la s pp de r n e o o u o et u po s r e r M rm s l c u s s H s os n a d y rvu is c e Hippos H i ar e is a m m a n u H ip o ro s s dero s r r e n n o a n s M m ys l d icu s ip s i c m t e a a p n m ip p i d u u n o m s a a s u m o d p pygmaeus r M M n s u g c p e t i i y y g s u r i s e o ro in s g p y u s y r s ry o r lyl e is no m u m p p id o s a C m s u u s i i s r o o y hil il ajo a o H i e dero s d r h s s c s H H d g e pr e ei Cy n n p u d li th i e ro y m p l lu m y i ip p ro s y i i s n s n pp r s al a o o h s s u u s p posi o C C n mo h u l i e H A s e s t p p u l s l Hippos os o s m ti y r rm l i xa e s g i n c r e o o s t n a pp s o e ituc C hi s i o H i th de e o p m ph u c e r d H id d b g rvin pe m p il lu r h u ip o op s x S o o i t us H ip er e s a i S er h s u a a H pos s r r cu lo m h y s s ipp i o o p per r p p lu ta r ic u d Hip po i o d s u rm i ulv t u ippos der s s o s t S S e o o e f v u t e r is s e h s c s o i s ed jon u p m p s s e li a a de ro s r s lu r c u e pos s id o p na Sp S rm o i lu u b e i s i s er e i il r i ic n Hi de r e s w e e h l id li 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p s a o a a A A r e s r a Sp S rm s c i s a C c si fu mm o u m b i s s C lo t aua s e r il u m r tu i e elli c o i u cus m il s s o o p s u l s p er r h u a m n l e rar u pe p l u o li elopl e s p i s S p e il s u ula s s o e t S ph hi ii s c cu lo r n u S p o h lu d y d R p o rciv s p i col r r s u p t S rmo p n r s b ia m o o h u a n s hi s s s s in e r p s a Rhino meh e m u h a tu ii no s t i f s a p r m o s p c g t t ric r r li p r u i a m s R A o s it o S e e hil l s r le i n l h S p m i tr a u u h op s li us g u n p r p h lu s e r t R i c a t ii i S e i is n a a Rhino n A e z us S p h lu s r n R h o lo h l p l p o i t e us s lia k id o S mo p h lu e lm n i hi in lo p e a t r o i s p li hu a is e m p h a d no R o p c llia p n r o lu p b r s R R l u t m p s u a i h o h s o a u r u u u h hino l in lo u t s s Sp pee m o l s s y n in R op ph siamennve t r r b u a s ad p s r i S p e m u l s l i n h o h id z r m u il i e o hu l u m ii S p lu s c h l in l o u e e a b x i op oph s x S p n 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t o e d e i t uu s a a o la n t r u e r g a c P e a ri t l re h a ican t p a t ta u s o m e e e er s d o P e ri n th c u n r e a v o i m i ul C l i s b a P t u c s s a ovi u e au aile i P e a s m ro er u s m b r g u t y s h a v r i pri C iu s P e l e e s da r m ru p m u t ip s ap gu m ise yi P o e o a C co s r t p h a om c tu au th op t i w s r Ca r gora u te romys t s n i s p ni ic a o s s e ys s u a n i tu r C o ng b l P te c an b i s p ifr li p m y x o ia c a mi r r n P u s el s s r o p i n x l o m s r u O rn c i i o u E r o m u a r b ri o s e n m e r r P vibo i c ln rn r ns s e s e e te im s s s o u A romy e t p f n a Cap r eedw A e t p a u n s n is b is t e s op s l n t u i r o y y o ri Dama h s m is t d P e g o r mo s ha u m oy m v b i a a s A ro a ii s lo corni w lo m o s s i t rd r T e a c y ld b D D p s ra i u s r a l s ch n s B w a m ie a M is am e h i is l o f b D m cus h s a n o i g c my s i i s e o s e B r a n i A g a a a d c t o u o o r n s m l ri u is i E a c h o e e i lc a is hypsoli g s s u g s n l a c s s pus Gl s ip g u e n e otr l c la s s a it n n Co la is u us o y y h a C s n G s in a ta B ph a c i m m r d t Ru n o g u p i o y c rm no n ea u s y n I o ys in gi us n u do ir m n s a e l s s s lu g o o ti m m s d il ing c o tr p a n I o r s hae c a bu n r e my s s o n s h r gu P in y v u g is at t o e cap o a u s n m my s g s r t e s hue c u s ti u o yx a e lap u s Pe o o y l t co Hippot s te s e n e s i i s P tin ti s e i Ad O t h om ys fu h top a g n e e s s c ae Ory ry ur t u P P in m y s i da n e s t o y ho lo i x o r e m e r x o inus i in s in mil r agus O x l crani u P t o om k y i nas e e n lu e a n r d u ti in il s s r H yx P t r u h to O a c e e l lu p ip o m o on P u il il s ge le r g r P a r r s in i p m y azella m y t u e n es s H o uc acux x e t w p u t a P ta tau e bo ri e ip ra op b h e s l ac K e e p e a ig ri p g la P P lo t n od obu o u haeus is y e s a i K tr s tus a p e s pip ss K H o t e s lu s o ob s a e l e t s ed bu g y p 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T s p n v r E d la eo y i e a S u o u z c Thom s p r s pi d el s a G m y b r is si do r o r p udiya a s e s rocer c c la s o m y s bu s s u rc a rc a ga e e o y n n u s i s s k G m s e jo op u d N as t a ruf e o m y x ri d o a s i Ge o x a i o ang u lb z te o n ich p s ru ell Ge e om n r s w N s hom o ina s k re t i iu r kia n fi a G e y h n e r e a o fr s a s e r n o G y y s la d to i a s ge khte s ta s y n p Am A n omm y m s u a ie l A n o on ta s e o m y a N em r o m o s av rr g is n An til an ii G e m y c e s t m o g n ge e ta us id m ra s G o g o m s ch n tidorcaso pe ger dam i Geo g o e o y a ie o d e n s g m rod i r or rri t y th o e m ys r A ca c i Z r g s e L ca e n th o o m y dar le s n s rv O r e s et e i it t gii th g o m a d us o id m s c i O r y h l cr aus c a o ge o s h n P o a a O th o e m y t a cu r a r r lar pr r g o s r i i P P oca ni c s th m y g n r a u tr k a O r o o u i ro r u s h ge e m s c le o Saiga s wa b p a ei O rt o y l c c pr ia lis h g u rn s a a o O rt 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rca r u t b a a rhy hu r a iu r s La g o o t l iu u b rm Lageno e rhynchyn n s ili E l r e e g n c s e t s E u w ll s enorh ch h eu rs ri li e u o us o s E s r i t rh u tr n ru s o r s s a y s hea op ii u u in te u u d n us h li r t n t u rh y c e iu m i a a n h c ia E l s pe x ill c y aust to E u o c i L nch ch u vi r s y i lb i Lageno s s ri u ru n a s s s is us c r idii li m e k i ri L s u r alis E liu s p s o u r a iss o s o u u y o lin u l i de ob bs c E r s m r l o u e o ig iu ru o b o rb ic g rhynchud lp li cu e l u tr s c a t id P el h qu r E li s y s n r h r E y u b o rt P o ph is p id us m c s m o s ho c M y s u h o is bo e n y c s s u P c e e ns la s u n Neophoc oena n s acu ro e m y c s i ia is h a n o s u e b tr o re ii D tr m y c d s c P d e ro m s n m i P oe hoco sp io tus a t y a in ho lis P e ro m hi g pe M n pt P t s s m m i i coe a in r e ro y y a s t De o a e i ic P t e c n lo n ena ph p na p a e m m s r e o n h in P a o y s a s lp d oi o n e t m u ea s hina o c si i B e o m ic u n de o nus s ic t o pm o Pon en r e t tsy i r m o s C ic s u s s p o caen dal a r o ix te y te n C c rm top rus c tho a m s I o li a st b o ii u M Me n ce o S oo s n s i e iao ides cc y o d so ria leu ro cla ri eb s Li g s a p r pe i M p oplod p e bl c om o k p n lo o o a MS n r s u o e te ff a s o d y c s s so d s reinvi ri n m s k u o o n P e o y c in s p n n ve s ll D t ja r i M lodo d s ise a m u ss e e x i e to s a nu Ind so n tejne ill t a y c tev i i n i S m a r e s M plo si fe te o s r a g u Me o p r r S t y p p a a M p e e o g a m s s c s l ace s do r s e e o y y o u o e s o u tris ri t t b ik so o p n p v S a mm im n M p plo tu lo ian te toto s p e s d er S aa y o s M s lo d pa o us ee m u e o d on n ri t t o s m is s p o g n SS t y o u s s Mes o l n ci i a m r iv a i n p o g hectorificura te o d k re y M do y t n a ie o lo in i S a e s o n z lis e d n k s te d u r u a p so o t g a us e h c M lo n ra o S g m v a a e d pl d e ro m s k t s on co e v e d ro u s s 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he m p u s R m y t s a i C a vic ecars ei o m s y m n s a n g R ch o m o o u m ia pa u u y h to th ls n P an g i n c omy n e ra s al el na y h o s n e u op c ic O n c d y s d in ae ro radox o O y a m y n p Pala o s c e n g to m a sy s Pa la he e O e n o b s u m phala M o t s o p lae e s a d n y co X ola a te a o m s g u e Camelus o m r g d o u e i s Man C la m n e a d c l e o a m ir u M g o s s vin yt c rh me a ifi s e o y u e d i s ra in a m ca M g m c l o n tu uc o w s o s s s e la t lus fee a O r s e e u Ne h h dro d jo e my u n k s ene de r P o c s ic tu o riu r s su n o l i m ru li e y cu a n ica a pm s P m s sc m o tis eda o y y li o p ataba r s o n M hrium e m m p a Mu h ri P ro ro scu l is u ch ie u e e y s e g s o ns s P u u s i s M tel n P m sc m j s u n te u recensicae ro y s se u ic to la steever a e u it n r M lu m sc s in r e la t P ro u r fo b s u re e sc c li m p ste ni o P my y s a e e M s g l ro u c p ic i u la m r a e m c s s n m s M Mu s aip P o ys u u a ia s tu u tela p n es er c c c rr u i M st u i P m s s s e ic in u s tor i ro y y u cr s s e te s e m m c m m o li te la lut l ibir iu o o s s re d a a s P r r y u e u et M la ita ic e e m c e ri re P P o s s s a s u su tsi a r y u p p u Mu s b o e m r l te p li P o ysc s te cu la a na r u n r M st lm e m sc i te Mus e ni P ro y s a ia M u la va a e m u fr rd st a ta P o c akeyi te u e li r ys s uic stel la lt s e u gd Mu la a P m sc s a e ica o y u s a st rm r ccu v s i st ri k e m ss e u n M ela g a in P ro y s n to us id th e e u a s o ia a P mmy d l ri M te n rs roro sc ri a e N udip h ee y o n p e u la a PP m fl o o is o M stel a o d o s v u f es r yso h s n iso s a ric e mm s liu e s te fe a P oto u o y p n l n do c p a lo N m a fr lip a oe s s m a i s eov e P u s g n u Aony a e i N my c u to ic Lu A c nata ro s c meir n s on i rod e y s t ta s y tr so m y s s a vu r o y x n o P o m u s c l h gale x c con v n o sc u u fu p er r y c y r o s a is P e s s e n u Aonyx pc p g o P m y u p la s p L er e icus n ro m s ru r u n e o sc u me tu a tr spic si P y c c a s er m s s is o P o y u k n s s Lu su ine il r m sc e la u u L m lata e ro y m e ur h tr u rea P e m s n c a tratr P o u m a n nus m a a r c s l y a E a l n e s cu e rh c L nh c u a P y s m a xi s o u tr m y s z e s i n L yd li a ro m s ti s L tr on r co e o cu u m s en o a t a llis P r s c s no u Pt L n p r l e y ys u m P e o tra r a fe ut P m c y tec mal o ro n o ris ro m ys g z te e nur tra lo v lina e ro m s a a cilo ng oc P e o u s u c a P r u g s lis ga b an ic x e ysc c s di ter a a P ys u n ra n Ict lera a u m c a to e V si dens d ro m s r c on a l is e ro g e rav or lb ien P e my s p h m yx st in is P ro s vus e u si e cu u ocr l I c s P ys c s u L a ctonyx li h s u f y p riatu a m y c s i n e ro m scu e s ri c G re e ro ys ru tu e od al gu s P e my t a t o b P ro s r a s n Galicti ic s yca om u g tw tu Me tis n Per sc s at u pa a e y s lis M lo t cu P cus a i gale a j m ys u n fic elM g s v a ro sc s f o on e omy u di s M egalel ic itt P r m sc s tu e o per a e o y u s lo g us ta P r lla tu lus a mosc son e om sc u a tu g le P r b ul M al e e my s ica ar e v a P ro im el i t o ehata ta scu s d ly Mares ri re Pe y s id e t y ys s M a nt ti om m m ru M tem a r o m ch u a ar ser lis e r ro s h s r t m P b b p ru te es ic a ys lo u s artan H Ha s t i o me zi m y p n c b esa ro le la e M Mar e b om s t nt M a la llin a r y ix a x rt m H b m s n a us i ar es t pu a a o y hi g g es n t e H r c a e et es g s s b om s s il c an w f a r y s ic o lm M f a oin H b u p yl e a lavigt a om c s h k r Gul kin a H r s s in te y u us e M s o ula s ab m c c w ta i e p ii H ro s s a y leE e g y y us e dl M s ir nn ulo Pe m m sc b anakuma ro o y s mi el an r u h es is e ba Pe e om c sc p s s rb ti P r s i n ni A l e y s ev re a M rc M eu ar P m u l d h e t eles c aa ro sc s a ll onyx c u e y u m tep s iv ru P m c s lu Bas o s o ys s s u i r m er cu u m i a o e om s c i i sk s T c ll le P r y s s li v B aricyoax ap a s e m y s y o a idea ris P o m u o r s ens r ro sc b bo s B B s e e y s o ru a a n g i P P cu r o i as s ri ta s om s s g ll s sa B sa cy x r y u n etu a o abb u e m p u ba i ric ss ri n s P o o s p r n ari cy a i r d s m u o yon o l i e ho u a a t ti N cy n le P op c s w d a b l n P d s tu e n i s ed on a i o ue n a r u si h pic s br i be el dardip u P o r tu e e la auli s od c e s d g N o h so ic tu ad h P Nasua l P e r e r at P ro su iva oc ic s r ro c a M s cr tu s B cyony c e o e u n a o a na ea M s ic et o ssa n na r e r ic rit s py ica M oc r t u ni ca su s c et n B ri g e so kia c s as sc P n m a s ri u u rocy cr a M r c n smas s sa s iv eu Me he s a r u tu s o s c tu c e at a S ri um o rus s e ev rt d p sc n T c ys u u ilo P us ic lot ri m s c a i otos h C u u s ic v g A as r o s tul u g lo s a il a r n e ul n o u Spi le u t st a ic t lo k ri s a ru fla ut i C r e s o o si log n s v us oc ric u s at n g f us ll c ul s r e a u u A lo t lu ig b i Spilog le p s lg l ce u ra w S tifr e A ri et m a o M p o n C c s b la ik epilo u n s i lu s s n C g al to s Cr tu u co si h h a e ri e l lti n c one itis le p gr u ic tu a e s M s r e s m s po Co p ep m yg a C lu a a u a a ac cilis u k n h ne tu h m Cric t s am ta c s it ro a ce lu l e s C p se is u e ri u s ib s Bra o Conepa m ra a C t lu t y n tu m ce u s m ch ep s i eph ri et u o a h str C ic ul e ypr tu atusu chingai itis r et th i us lis s m atu C ic e n ic a Mydausot le b r m lle h re ri o o s C ro a t o e ma u ldtii P r e b p M co e b s o s ob no ib zi y o or u y j f a c ol at da avanen tu eo tr om s ic us tu s a t y st on sat N d p m i cr i m n a to h o Pu a O yn p sc mu k ar sis S a s ri n sa ch yn u t teus P Pus S p s or H u c ei o u p m s s a s a a y m s m cu is iu lic a his spic M m u le iri s d h s e m s b n e H o ib pid a L u si re rm Pa is P eru ir emm s u e trio ic L m nt ava g hoca s a a em a i g oph p P g L mu s s n h h r m u y u s C il o oca vit yp m m s u yst us g c u Le o y o d E a u s m c m u L r opho fa l lin e a o m a ep ig r s a a L n c o ic s n oen c rg he a p g si ton a ia ha P s n n th ra lan ta hen lo pes ni i y u cris P s o sce ov Lobo H c s d orimuu lbi s a d y ho ba ic a el al a s dr t tata us rb rim s n n gr cu u es rb A o x u o di O don carcinoprga w a rb y x in n is m tu A rimu on y la s M m l ed s bo t n x v n en i M ep de r os to y e k s ro at t A s n ro a tu unga iro o o ll icr ro to at a i u p n ii D ic s x g u on M M ng ho yx D ro y un rq s A o o c h ic n n o rd r nac n ang a a a D to x t a s c Monac a leo ro ga s nyx y h iu to c us s o n n c h h n s icr sto to ric sso e us us tir in ii D o s x dili pha h s t o a r ro ny urt A us c r s ic ic o he ei rc l ha op tr D st x f n A to us m i is D o ys yn Arc rcto g o ui cal r niu w ce a na nsl c tcor er t ce p la is Di s us t A o h p c an rora i as r ce ph al a h icpe a gs ct p a u g us di Dy racr v z ou o hal l s o H e e e nin ce u a e p s in lah p u s u n ys ec h s fo s si Hy y ma s N a t r tr s omm s c u eo lu ownseste al ryo s t s A P p s is a y my ile to rc hocar ho p ri Car my m s is to h C noo cu s c ca ili ndi een ys n Z Z e pp th ys e a a p c cin o th m in di lo lo halto ii E o no m h r phph s er E e no c us hooker e th e s wa usu a o th y s r Zalophu cs ga E o m y o itor A Eu awo z E m lit d r l e eno o o o c m iforll ll i h n s toc e eb a e y pr to s niaa ot th m ys Ar ep p j e E o o c h iasapo nusk E n om i i t a i e on oc lus tr ju nic th en ithi s ep b o th m er C O a u E o s d halus pu o tus E s n s allo ta pi s de a x ri ca o s re anu Odoben rh a li y e s c s s in fla s M od e fo lu iu us v si y od u e e llus M y ru g ns u sc M es a lus U U us r rs en d s re h o rsu r in o s e su o u s y de s ar s m s s s M o e l lis Ursu a maru y d g a s U r M yo s r us rs a cto de nt tilu u s riti s M o ce ru nic s spel m s y s U a us M es e for i He r m d d ali r Me s e a o c pe s larct us r eus yo y s p u A A lu th ic M M in i rc rcto rs an de ga m w t os us uib u s o s o th et s e em lz tu ther e m a Myo od l e ta r alayanurs n y la tr n us i ium in u M o s n s T um t u s tic la rge a u re w s l o a ic ud A m A a A ic a m a ilu a r ri in s lt se ic roTr r ct jen ge A icol lb P e ct odu i lt la a ei in se po m o se A o a yl h uda d a s s ltic l o ks a rct flo simus A r a Ps m o r ltico la ar is lo e s id A o b ot e p la or a ic a r anus P u ex n n lt ac zk se dalop gy o na us A col c u le t lti m li sa Ps d mn u u la to to e a e c s A o s n s u lo x grio a tic a o cu is P dal p c l ol m ni s i se ex erc A ic vi n v P o seus lt la u ne no se udalopexpex fu ve u A ico t o a u tu s lt la h d T d s lu A o lc og he alo e s tic o riodi ch l la pe ur A o ys b i us s P x ae tic m k pid u rot Ce c c lvi l ro a ibi tis u pe A a len s h oc rdo lp in s la p n A yo tarij ae s D y o a t cy u ic am rm eloc n o e s liomrv la e s Ch tro n ns P A o h n D yn g t is ic sc ce ry u lo ho rv s s sicDusicyonus a d us A la te icus o y yt co lu la s cy o m e vi a us lu o n icr s r us s in il Speo n au ot A i iu lp ap br b b ta c a st is llollo o i c ralivu E E us c re th hy s i us Co s ob f anc s C as ve urus ll s t u s ii a n E iu s ur u k n is na b iu g te ls is l llo b la lu a s atraticu E llo w C im E us s e anis e n s r ru rz is ns s gu gu p al i au a a s iv rt C Cani is L ol ru be y reu E u s n d noth C ag y ro s s a s s l m ys gu tu i si e n ruf Eo s a rd n ri C is ono om y t fo e u a lu us i n m cur d an m sn pu h io no e h C is di C h o us b s C uo a s C hi c ys g an n rd r C is an i L a o us m om li is cus us s yc lp us s al s in m a i em edr y g fu Ca e o nu L o mre s ar so n s r ro g y nd tii ni m p P d s m a d Vu s e ic e u o n Vu a l tu ro ot od s m ra lp du as s P r p y b us lp e s ic io m s r e V s f t M s o y cu s b ul e us m u pe rr La od o le V e s il op od s ns u n co at si y V lpes ga a a iopm lice ri u len rsa L s io il e i lp La a m ss h s Alo e rueppesi c h s u sc i s s P y m a p v s d ens V ex l ul lemy ul m u p l o m j ki lp a es lii V e n si Ve g ol do us ma op V on lp us eo e ti Vul e cr N eod ren s s V s vo N i rre ei u N ul pes etis n fo rk m yct pes ch lox do n a o lli er p o o cl on e V al e d s c b s eut V u lid N o tu te si ul lp ama a e o oe n ii n U O es p pe e N cr s o ch roc to s s c tu m u ine c r ze a Mi ro s ik al Herpeyo yo oc n ic tu k h n U n y rda a M ro s c s r m onoi ic tu sa ilu ii s ciner o e M o s tis h rff tes cy g des icr tu or p o o a M ro f no d H s eo n lo ic s n s e e a li ti tu lim de cu ii He rp mi rg tto s M ro id li z e t en r ic tus o ic rp s or al M o m ng w Herpees te qua te is r us o o te s u ic t m im is ja tu s M o s x ns s s e v s icr tu a e i H s dw an M o m n ns H er te i cr s ja e i er p s ar cu i tu u onov p H e fu s M ro m r r sis e e st s ds ic s vosa n ste r e c ii tu e a s re He p s us M o s n ti a s es vit r u s s h s r b t t ic ttu re c u pe ra es ic M roo g bu n s c u ol ccr a ha te hy r lis Mii us ys g A H s u va M t af i Bd ti er s ru ro dim s n Bd e la p m s ic r y so e o x es it M fo d ae hus o g pa te hii n dim ar r t g ale lu s r h re B al om d n Bla fo ic b gna de e in as n rca ho o cra o o la ss t us g nivo su B otutu an i d B al ss s r o x n au de e ic r iccr s go ic s C jac a a M i tu g u y og ud M ro ore n ud Pa ni a ks a ic s lo a r c le on M u s ic ii R a tis ot tu n hyn cy ni i r ro a endus s Ic n pe g ic ic c s n cu h chog ic ni rip M us n a i H neumia ti c es M t w nt an H er s ill ro to o lv e p al se a ic s y rp e e l ta M tu s m s ri H e st me ou o tu nn H e s es alb s cr o e we er e rp te o lle i i cr p re st s rpe e s c ic r M i s b a u st sanh au i M tu s g ic Cr H ste es ra d ro tu ro rn o e s fla gu ce a ic ro ch ifo s s rp pulver in u M ic o al u nus sa e v e s M s c an hi C rc st es us tu s ic r r hu es ce ro tu x tor o ic u ns ic o e s C ssa s p h len r m hro u r la n M ic s c s os rchu t e tus M tu s o us C s y um ro tu br s ros a s o ce ic o m iat rc ph on cr u ru ev is sa h b M i s iu ns r u s al M tu m bbr le ch s cur us ro s a a is u an ic tu s m s H s so us M ro tu e en Hel e a ic ro at c r lo lex rg M c u e D o gal a e g axa at ol ga n i Mi s o si e d tu s ua M og le hi ri ro tu q rum s ungS a p rtu ic ro s to u u le a la M ic tu e ic rica d rvu M ro in sp os yb l ic p a M g ta s o a M s vissc u a w tu le n n mbi u s ro s ra lis L go ric kii ic tu t a vi M Ga ib s a a M ro us rv s u er m nu tta ic t a u iko n lidict iic u s M ro s ae vn go t n ic tu il o ii t G i is g M ro s lk c ic al s g k o ic tu a tis i uh M o che m d di ra n icr s ra ri S e ct nd i M s g ala ce is id tu do the n m f i ro s n ii o l asc eri ic u ue lis k G ia in ot g ia vs C a co eatiata M r s c lo Cryp li ic tu so d us r di n a M o s hi ic y to a co cr u c ol pt pr e lo i t s t E op o le r M cro us na u r cta ga i t a us pl oc ns M ro s ni x e ta spele ic tu a do re f M ro ir a s H s e ic s ar i u y Fo g ro a M tu p or s a s ou x ro s aj ane cu en sa do ic tu i H a M o m terr an P y b fos tii cr us b sit ro a ru sa ot su aes te en n Mi r ghm le a n na ic us ao C s h ea M ot tdh ni G ro c y cr s te en cu ris ae i tu el li e ta ta n M ro f se G tt cro ta a ic s n en a p M otu e s us e a c r h u e G tt rd u ic us ric or Ge en a p i ta M ot at rb o na cr t e cus G n et e i us yp er e et ta ns M ot h c n ta bou is cr s ii hy is et m i tu av ns ta acul r M ro s rac e G a lon ic s b in ni en n M tu s v G e g ata i ro tu az x tei Gen tt ol c ro q le s G en a en i c s tipten en e tig s M Mi tu ul h s et tta r is ro c s tu e ta g in ic m lie cu ta tta pi en a M uss ri s G johns ottu a co G en civ et rro i m en o ta ic bav e ci e et st ra MMic s rb e i Gene tt ta on tu e d s t a s vic i o guo cu ras e icr us d ni h tt rv to M ot s ta ic G a a ria cr tu si m Gee a lin e i ro u su ne by a Mic s l s tti tis n tt s M tu y a lo et a si o h yl P P ta th nica cr tom ys is oi oia cr ie Mi yc ph ns s an n is rr N tom ys le si V a a ta yi yc a n iv r lei ta n lom b e e ic gh to ty m am ni V rra ha O to tu n o iv c rd toni O s a ts s er iv s y p a du ra e on m ys w u V Vive me tt i lo m s a s iv in i Ty lo y ic ri e r ga a y om ud a Crra ra T n ull P ive t z sp Tyl s b is a Viv t a ibe ila s r t ra e ticng my y e te ho P d r ti a tha ylo om a n ic M ar o ric s lu T yl ir ve tr a a xu u ci n T m vi s i c do P ru la vettga s ul y ro x ar s indic y f m ces gal ur a z a m ys no or u do e ylo m a s i id s x ylo a T lo ch y s ia he ur n y ib m a m rm u e T h om r s us s ns C ano h to u i Pa aph je is h s t an d sc rd bc y rap ic oo Ar g h ro o hi m s w A c um en d ni C o y ex rc tic b itu he m der tog tis a l ro s R om ys n a b ar e he m u i H li in vatakii R ys n em Diplodi tu eo m to s ig a r Rh o ls nu C a triv on he a ua s hr lu gal irg g R on ti r o s e d per co te P Cy toga d ho ata o u n thus r erb gm don le ve a P io noga le y se i o n vi gn rio na o a i S do ul s n il l w nu gm o f hro tu a ur e bennes s Si m on c Pr ilu us to ig d o ina e P io rus v ni S o op a is rio nai iv m don n on ns n lu b e t ig o n i iz te ai r en rri tii S o ar o lu us g n gm d sc ru al us Si o on a s O s pla en gm d m t ru ni s Si o n pidu s oc big ce is gm o s u o i od hi c lo ino ps S n lte s F bu s igm do to ui e s us S o n sutn F lis m m do ir lle ns eli s a ig o h a fro s ilv n S m ni m e ul ig on la r Fel a str S odonod p i rg is mm n nde Felis a gig a ri i nig rita SiS odo le ie n s ri m itt an Ly ch p ig ys p nx c Ly auses S om s lzm n ot y to i tes ana x ly n om s di ba s Lyn n A y ys ee ro lu d x th m w d o M x pa en ch o t hy tic ir s I hy ys s n a r is t m y o ki is ci Lyn di ch o m m cns Pu no nu I yo ys poie m ny x s th m a v a P ru hthyh o oyru lae y u x fu Ic Ic tic s e a ma conctru s s y p zue Ac go m eu mys ne in u a N co e i L o ar ni ti om v irai eopa n o o ustic ys e o Leopa yx un lo e s rrss s r j d r N om feu s lu L du ub i Neu tic ys m eu y eop rdu s at s mys in ct s geof us om ug da Le ar guigna Neu tico rr co L op du fr ustic fe s eoparar s oy e s s leu nu L du tig i Neu y ys a e r N om m im eli op d s c in n o at tz a us oloc us ae id l e s Le rd j h ip ys w si ae o us aco P h m s en el Le p olo R o y c u o ardam bi id om u ez pa u n ta ip id ca n P P rd s ic h ip s ve s a a u w o R y s nu li rd rd s ie la Rh om y tri el P ofe ofe p d d m s n a ard ii ipi o au iri n r lis lis a h id ar co do t b li R ip c c er fe emm adias Rh mys a st lis do ys m a C m inck pi om ys og a i id hr r ra ar Rh p om c la te LeptC c m ii hi id o te n a al or R ip ys ni ve s a ra a at Rh m s lvi u il c ur a o y u ic ur al at id m f od P P us c a ip do ys m a a ara h pi m s n n se c R hi o y i th th rv a R id m es us erer a l do u st P a sa l hip pi co u ri an patr R hi s en ne lis ther e o R y v rd ca P Pan laex om ys ga a an a a id m s st e the the le ip do y lia s r o h pi m ma i ru ra a on R hi do ys em Pa p R pi m s cru P n ar ca hi o y a an the dus R id m m t r p do ys Ne her a un Rhi pi m s N o hi o n i S eo fe a tig cia R d ge ig m fe lis ipi lu re ilo lis d ris h s s do n ia R y y hii n e rd m s c p bu i eomeo tan s Ho Smi opulo ep p s ru o H m sa A Ae in ys c om o lod la ys pe r a o th to m aom a end P th er on r lo s igli rio e iu f i ay y ansa us n riu m at Ch aw om lro n P od m s a br s ys a riono on la e lis A a my inc s t ru om om tu Nand lin id m h aso ta M don s en T ma mys es a an s om so no ip ni i p g Tho ys e M s nia ardi T m niv tis ani cr bi homa o s ro M s a co T s y c us ani p ss not lor ma m a il i s en ica a o so m ph n pa ta ud ta Th a ys o lca l da a m m yl u a eo c ta ho so h v h M javani tyl T a ys ys uc tus M a a m m m uc no P a n o so o s o r h n is c Th a as y rh uste Ur at is ja a m m m yr in n omanisag c va ho o so p ve S in ulio n T Th a s bycei te u n ic m my mer pha S s t e a ho o bo in St S m tet ricu ns T as s c ep no m u r is m ys h rh uts ts ad sp o mym ro an in ia ac is Th so o er o us ki ia gi t a as s rh tem ga yla mm opo D Co in r n ho o ae ir s ic e us chb mi te T Th somys b nk u e lo h nc a a ys o an ro do e er om ys ay rh n m ge kii h omm p us Rh in ta ito n T as o po re os us a e sis m as s u R in s nt ch o m y a r rom h o um iq u Th m ys o h in ce uit s ho so m aet oc C oc ro at a T a o m e e s re tis m as pr on ru ra ros u n o m ys m o to nico sis Th o m ys m E th so h so m ra is la e n rn T a o a us s D riu da is m as p le m ic m icu ho m ys e ris ot er s s T o m ys st he os im Th o m ve T ri b u as o il as kii a um ic m m as s re s pir s orn ho m ys o ow s us ib is T ho m s an u T T p iri T so my z ari ap ap in cu a o ac iv s ir ir ch m om s s t ud eu us us aq h ma y ca er T ro ter ue T ho om s n a n r T s y ci s pi do es a om ys ru rTapius n tris om s m y v ie h a so ch i kii e ns T om a is w s Ta ruro is h m s de ow T p s en T ho la lin ap iru cos T omy s a tus iru s b pisei as y s k sti Tapi s a a m om y ve u ird ho s om e r gu ii T ma s ys n us s o a m h i tus Th om so ds E indi h a dap a Equ q c T m ys ho lis s uu us m r ci eu E us s Tho so ys ra m quus he k a m g a i ian m so ys nn n E quaggami g ho a m ci so q on T om so ys ud uu us h m h s Eq E s T ma o s u E uu qu g o as y os qu re Th m om nt s u s a us vy o s e u s s fr z i Th a m tic e ic eb om to o ua s m anusra h ia nt q u ip T ns fro s a id H E lic u ia y um ip Hippi quu at K s om t pi us un er ys di d s fe K pt us is E on ion d r a om os ns q p us Sc ter bi e uu rin e ap la co E s c vi c s a quu h ip lle S y ch i ydr al i m s es C C s u e ibi y rr is is r r ov n B bim to l ps tr C oc oci odtin Bi s ica e en is ro id d us y ap vic ns c ur ur ov s re gniv ei id a b a p i ibim u b i onn ur e i B ox s us isira s C a cc ce y ni mua su Cr ro thomen a a Len om so s g di oc c ri in er ius a id id i r tt oniu ar s u ur Bla pa rson p u C ra a sis e ters us cin ro o le c atte ni ri Cro ci rie pi ru pat o so i s s c du n du B cep s s ngsu n C id ra ta ra ruce tter iu ri a ce r u b lis Bru a on hebin es C oc ra run B ep rs s ial uf ro id el uc te ius er cid ur g ne r at niu is u a on a B p son gr ra m iu ce errs s C n al s ru tte 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corh oris o inus C btusiro hryso stris Ele C spalax ph hrys vi antuluospalax t llosus s bra r E chyrevelya lephan hynchni tulus us Elep rufesc hantu ens Elep lus in hant tufi ulus r Elep upes hantu tris E lus ed leph war antulu dii s pilic ElepElep audu hhaantunt s ululuss fumy Petrogale godmani Elep scuru hant uss ulus fuscip Pe Eleph es trodromus antulu s rev tetrad oili actylus Elephan Mac tulu rosce s roz Rhlides eti yncho prob cyoosci Rhy n cirdneus Rhy ncho ei nch cyon ocyon peter Ples udzu si iorycRt hynchocy ngw eropu ensis s madon agchrys ascaoripyg ensuiss Orycte ropu Elep s afer has a ntiqu Eleph us as tili ensis E Eleph lepha as cy s na prio E madicustes lephas n Elep aumann has m i Elep naidri has ensis maxim Elep us has io Lo lensis xodon ta afri Mamm cana Mammu uthu thu s exi Mammu s colu lis thu mbi Ste s primig godo en n trig ius Steg onoce odon o phalu riental s Steg is odon fl Steg orens Stegoomas is mas todon todon warin platen gi Cuvie sis Ma roniu mmut s hyo 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ndro padix lagus in Thylog ustus ale b Th runii yloga le calab Thylog yi Thylo ale bro gale la wni natus Thylog ale Thylo chris gale s tensen Thyl tigma i ogale tica thetis Thylog Prot ale bill emnod ardier Prot on br ii emnodon ehus anak Protemn odon Protem tumbuna Prot nodon emnod hopei on roec Pro hus temnodon nombe Dorcop Dorco sis hag p eni Dorc sis atra opsis ta muelle D ri orcopsi Dorc s luct opsulu uosa Dorco s macle psulus ayi vanheur Macro ni pus greyi Macr opus e M ugenii acropu Mac s agilis ropus Macr dorsalis opus parma M acropu Macr s parry opus ruf i ogriseus Macr opus irm Macropu a Macrop s rob us anti ustus lopinus Macr opus ruf Macro us Wallabipus bern a k ardus itchener Wa i llabia bic Mac olor ropus fe rragus Macro pus gig Mac anteus L ropu agorche s fuligino stes lep sus Lagorc orides hestes Lagor conspici L ches llatus agorch tes hirs estes as utus omatus Seto nix brachyu Onychoga rus Onycho lea lun galea u ata nguife Onych ra ogale Tro a fraen Petrogale coenensis p ata Lago osodon mi strophu nor s fasciat Procop us todon gi Pr lli ocopto Procopto don gol don iah browne S orum imosthe nurus o Metas cciden thenuru talis s newto Sthen nae urus tind Sthe alei nurus st Sth irlingi enurus Sthe atlas nurus a nderson Betton i gia p B usilla ettongia lesueur Bettong Betton ia tropica gia gaima Bet rdi tongia p enicillat Propleopu a Ae s oscilla pyprym ns Borunga nus ru boodi fescens e hatch Caloprymnu eri s ca mpestris Potorou P s longip otorous es gilbertii Po torous p latyops Potor Hypsipr ous trida ymnodon mosc ctylus Pseudo h chirulus atus mayeri Pse udochiru lus caroli Pseudo chirulus Pseudo larvatus P chirulus seudoch forbesi irulus sc Ps hlegeli Peudochse udociruluhirus ca Pseudoc lus necinerscens hirulus he eus rbertens Pseu is docheir Ps us occide eudoche ntalis P irus per etauroide egrinus s ayama ruens Petau is H roides volan emibeli s deus lem uroides Pseud ochirops P coronat seudoch us irops albe Pseudoch rtisii irops Pse cupreus udochirop s corin P nae etropseu des dahli Pseudoch irops arche Pet ri aurus no rfolcens Pe is taurus grac PPe ilis etaurtauuruss br b eviiacencepssis Peta urus abi Pe di taurus australis Dactylo psila kam buayai Dactylops ila mega Dactylop lura sila tatei Dacty lopsi la trivirgata Dactylo Gymno nax palp belideus ator Ta leadbea rsipes ro teri Disto stratus echurus pe nnatus Acrobate s pygmaeus Pe Pha trogale xanth langer r othschildi opus P halange r mimicus Phalange Ph r matabi alanger o ru Pha rientalis langer ale xandrae Phalange r intercas P tellanus halanger carmelita Phala e nger ves Ph titus alanger s Pha ericeus langer gymnotis Phalang er lullulae Phalange r ornatus Phal anger ma Strig tanim ocuscus p Spilocus elengen cus kraemersis Spil i ocuscus m aculatus Spilocus cus wilsoni Spilocus Spi cus rufoni locuscus pa ger Ailurops puensis melanotis Ailurop s ursinus Strigocusc us celebe Trich nsis osuru Tr s cunning ichosuru hami s caninus Tr ichosurus Wyul vulpecula da squam icaudata Cercarte tus concin Cercarte nus tus nanus C ercartetus Ce lepidus rcartetus caudatus Bur Lasiorhriamysnu pa s latifrronvuss Lasiorh inus krefftii Phascolo nus gigas Phascolo Vombamtusys hmedi s acketutsi Vo mbatus u Zygomat rsinus di ur us trilobus Maok opia ronald Dip i rotodon op tatum e Palorche a stes azeal PhaThylacole scolarctoo carnifex s cinereus Dasyurus sis spartacus Dasyuru s geoffroii Dasyur us viverrin e Da us ta syurus albo lei punctatus D tsii asyurus m Dasyurus aculatus hallucatus ri Sarcophi lcatus lus harrisii Pha tti Pha scolosorex d scolosore oriae x dorsalis us Neophascogale rsiae lorentzii Myoic Myoictis leucura tis wavicus nsis M yoictis walla rtoenni talis M cei id yoictis mela Parantechinu s s apicalis icalis Pseudan techinus mimulus Petrogale brachyotis ioti P Pseudantec seudantechinu hinus rory s macdo i is P nnellensis enths us seudantechi oxan Pseudan nus ningbing techinus wooll eyae rnatus Pseudantech us inus bilar nust Da ni sycercus blythi Dasy cercus crist edeni D icauda schout datus asykaluta r s longicau osamondae efua Das s d Anyuteroides by chinus agrnilisei silii An ris Antechtechinus leo inus bellus ttatus Ant s echinus flav fron ipes ivirgatus Antechin Antech us adustus inus stuartii A seri Ant ntechinus go s kai echinus sub dmani tropicus ndei Antec i hinus minim bocage us ineptus Antech inus swainsonii M lus urexia naso rysophi Mu stannarius rexia longic homys Murexia audata melanurus thomasi Murexia r mys nyikae M othschildi ho urexia habb ema silindensis Pha maquensis scogale pirat homys na a anti Phas thomys gr cogale tapoa Phasco tafa s gale calura mmomys giga anus Sminthop mmomys ibe sis fuliginosus a Smintho us psis butleri mys dolichur ammo ps Sminth omys canice opsis archeri amm Sminthop sis gilberti metes ammomys co Smint ridulus hopsis murina ammommysys kauru Sminth ammo opsis leucopus Smintho untingi psis dolichura ammomys b ys macmillani Smin Grammom thopsis hirtipes Sminthopsis innae youngsoni rammomys mryas Sminthopsis Grammomys d psammophila Sminthopsis o insularis oldea Malpaisomys Smint ys bravoi Shopsis griseove Canariom minthopsis aitkenter arani ni Canariomys tam Sm loringi Smiinthopsis virgi Thallomys nthopsis douglaniae ulcus si Thallomys paed Sminth ys nigricauda S opsis macrour Thallom minthopsis bin a tridgei di Thallomys shor Sminthopsis incomtus crassicaudata Dasymys Ningaui ridei lus Dasymys rufu Ningau mys montanus Ning i yvonneae Dasy aui timealeyi pes S Dasymys nudi minthopsis long symys foxi Sminthop icaudata Da sis granulipes rringtoni Desmomys ha A eni ntechinomys la esmomys yald Planigale niger D tenuirostris skii Mylomys dybow Planig lomys rex Pl ale gilesi My anigale ingrami Pelomys fallax Planigale s hopkinsi Pla maculata Pelomy nigale novaegu ineae s minor Th Pelomy e ylacinus cynoce omys campana Myrme phalus Pel cobius fasciatu s mys isseli Pelo umilio Echymipera Petrogale concinna Rhabdomys p davidi Echymipera ka lubu anthis nairobae Arvic manni Echymipera Arvicanthis neu Rhy rufescens nchomeles p rattorum his blicki Arvicant s Echy nthis abyssinicu mipera echinista Arvica Ech ymipera clara his rufinicuuss Micro AArvrvicicaannthit s nilot peroryctes aplini Microperoryctes rgei murina Arvicanthis anso ittendorfi Micropero Lemniscomys m ryctes papuensis Microperorycte s s longicauda niscomys bastrriatubarus Pe LeLemmniscomys roryctes SP NOW Peroryct ra es raffrayana Lemniscomys zeb Peroryctes br oadbenti alia Lemniscomys ros Peroryct linulus Peraminae GEN NOW Lemniscomys eles eremiana eveari Lemniscomys ros s hoogstraali Perameles nasu Lemniscomy Perameles gu ta lda nnii Lemniscomys grise mys macculus Perameles bouga Lemnisco Isoodon inville ieri auratus Lemniscomys bell omys buettneri Isoodon Leimac Isoodon obesulus macrourus Vernaya fulva ii andeleuria nolthen Macrotis V M leucura nilagirica Chae acrotis lagotis Vandeleuria ropus ecaudatus a Vandeleuria olerace s yemeni Notoryctes typhlops Myomyscu Notoryctes cau rinus yomyscus brockmani M yscus angolensis Dromiciops gliroi Myom Gracilinan des bocaudata us microtarsus Stenocephalemys al uda cephalemys griseica Gracilina Steno Gr nus agilis acilinanus acerama nocephalemys albipes Gr rcae Ste acilinanus marica i tenocephalemys rupp S lectorum Gracilinanus emiliae Praomys de Gracilinanus dryas Praomys morio Mastomys pernanus Cryptonanus ignitus Cryptonanus agricola mys shortridgei C i Masto ryptonanus guahybae Heimyscus fumosus Cryp niae tonanus chacoensis Hylomyscus den Cryp tonanus unduaviensis Hylomyscus stella scus parvus Thylamys elegans Hylomy Thylam ys pallidior Hylomyscus alleni Hylomyscus baeri Thylamys s Thylamys macru tarutsei Hylomyscus carillu Thylamys pusillus Hylomyscus aeta yscus grandis Thylamys sponsorius Hylom Th ylamys cinderella us verreauxii MZeyolomtoysmycs hildegardeae Thylamys venustus Thylamys velutinus Zelotomys woosnami Thylamys karimii Colomys goysl iplumbengi us Lestodelphys halli Nilopegam Marmo sops cracens tomys kollmannspergeri Maasstomys huberti Marmosops invictus Marmosops handleyi Mastomys coucha Marmosops parvidens Mastomys natalensis throleucus Marmosops crei Mastomys ery Marm ghtoni osops juninensis Mastomys awashensis Praomys verschureni Marmosops pinheiroi Marmosops bishopi Praomys lukolelae Marmosops fusca tus Praomys degraaffi nor Marmo Petroga Praomys mi sops neblina le burb Marmosop i dgei i s impavidus Praomys jackson Marmosops ocellatus omys derooi Pra ltoni Marmosops noctivagus Praomys da Marmos ops paulensis Praomys petteri Praomys hartwigi Marmosops incanus Didelphis pernigra Praomys obscurus Didelphis imperfec ta Praomys rostratus raomys tullbergi Didelphis albiventris P Didelphis marsupialis Praomys misonnei Didelphis aurita Praomys mutoni nninki Didelphis virginiana Tokudaia mue Ph ilander deltae Tokudaia tokunoshimensis Tokudaia osimensis Philander andersoni Ph mus argenteus Philandeilander mrc mondolfii Apode ilhennyi Apodemus speciosus Apodemus agrarius Philander opossum Philander frenatus Apodemus chevrieri Lutreolina crassicaudata Apodemus peninsulae emus latronum Chironectes minimus Apod Metachirus nudicaudatus Apodemus semotus Monodelphis palliolata Apodemus draco Mono Apodemus gurkha Mono delphis glirina delphis domestica Apodemus mystacinus Apodemus epimelas Monodelphis brevicaudata Monodelphis iheringi Apodemus pallipes Monod elphis americana us uralensis ApApododeem us witherbyi Monodelphis sorex Monodelphis dimidiata Apodemus alpicola Monodelphis ronal di Apodemus sylvaticus Apodemus hyrcanicus Monodelphis unistriata Monodelphis rubida Apodemus flavicollis Monodelphis adusta Apodemus ponticus odemus rusiges Monodelphis reigi Ap Monodelphis umbristriata Malacomys edwardsi Monodelphis osgoodi Malacomys longipes cansdalei Monodelphis theresa Malacomys Monodelphis scalops Muriculus imberbis Monodelphis maraxina Mus pahari Monodelphis emiliae Mus vulcani Monodelphis kunsi Mus crociduroides Micoureus phaeus Mus mayori Micoureus regina Mus saxicola Micoureus alstoni Mus platythrix Mus fernandoni Micoureus constantiae Micoureus demerarae Mus phillipsi M icoureus paraguayanus Mus shortridgei Mus caroli Marmosa quichua Marmosa murina Mus cookii Ma rmosa tyleriana Mus cervicolor Mus famulus Marmosa Marmosa andelrepsoindia Mus terricolor Marm osa xerophila Mus booduga Mus fragilicauda Marmosa robinsoni Marmosa mexicana Mus spretus Marmos a rubra Mus musculus Mus spicilegus Chacodelphys formosa Tlacuatzin canescens Mus macedonicus Hyladelphys kalin owskii Petrogale persephone Mus cypriacus Mus sorella Caluromys lanatus Caluromys derbianus Mus baoulei Caluromys phila nder Mus bufo Mus triton Caluromysiops irrupta Glironia venusta Mus setulosus Caenolestes convela tus s mahomet MMuu s orangiae Caenolestes condorensis Caenolestes fuliginosus Mus goundae Caenolestes caniventer Mus mattheyi Mus haussa Lestoros inca Rhyncholestes raphanurus Mus oubanguii Zaglossus bartoni Mus indutus Mus callewaerti Zaglossus attenboroughi Zaglossus bruijnii Mus musculoides Zaglossus hacketti Mus setzeri Mus minutoides Tachyglossus aculeatus Megalibgwilia ramsayi Mus tenellus Ornithorhynchus anatinus Mus neavei 10 25 50 100 150 200 Today Time (Millions of years ago) c)

f d

b c a g e i h

FIGURE 3. Bioregion map and phylogenetic tree of world mammals with ancestral range reconstruction, generated with Infomap Bioregions. a) Phylogenetic tree of 5747 mammals computed from Faurby and Svenning (2015), fully zoomable on the online application. Ancestral ranges were reconstructed under Fitch parsimony. Pie charts depict most parsimonious ancestral ranges at nodes, and current distributions for extant species. Branch lines are scaled to the number of terminals subtending each branch, in order to improve visualization of the overall tree structure. b) Magnified part of the tree, highlighting the rock-wallabies (genus Petrogale) which are currently distributed across several bioregions in Australia. This analysis suggests that all rock-wallabies, including the yellow-footed rock-wallaby (Petrogale xanthopus), which is the most indicative species of the southeast bioregion (i), originated from a common ancestor in northern Australia. c) Bioregion map of world mammals using species point occurrences from GBIF. White areas have insufficient data and were excluded from the analysis. Colors are used consistently across the subfigures. Table 2 shows information about labeled bioregions.

no more than a few square degrees. For example, Mammals we identified more than 10 bioregions for Australia, a We identified 62 bioregions of mammals, which we landmass known to contain a high number of species show together with their phylogenetic tree and ancestral and ecosystems (see Table 2). range reconstructions in Figure 3 (see Supplementary We acknowledge that the automated cleaning steps Material available on Dryad for detailed results). Some described above for species occurrences are probably of the bioregions are very large, reflecting major not sufficient to fully validate the distribution data continental-wide differences, whereas others comprise set. Careful revision of specimens and localities by 202 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY VOL. 66

TABLE 2. Highlighted mammalian bioregions, sorted on species richness

Location Records Species Cells Most common Most indicative species (records) species (score)

(a) South America 69,757 1448 254 Glossophaga soricina (1588) Uroderma bilobatum (36) Pallas’s long-tongued bat Tent-making Bat (b) Africa 38,258 1105 323 Mastomys natalensis (991) Mus musculoides (58) Common African rat Kasai mouse (c) Malay Archipelago 8788 576 103 Rattus exulans (370) Ptenochirus jagori (155) Polynesian rat Greater Musky Fruit Bat (d) North America 279,416 812 426 Peromyscus maniculatus (17,600) Thomomys bottae (3.3) Deer mouse Valley Pocket Gopher (e) Andes 4709 394 46 Phyllotis xanthopygus (280) Akodon albiventer (189) Yellow-rumped leaf-eared mouse White-bellied grass mouse (f) Europe 635,148 389 266 Meles meles (46,299) Talpa europaea (1.2) Eurasian badger European mole (g) New Guinea 5107 325 46 Syconycteris australis (260) Echymipera kalubu (220) Southern blossom bat Common Echymipera (h) SE Australia 298,374 269 39 Phascolarctos cinereus (26,029) Petaurus australis (2.2) Koala Yellow-bellied glider (i) SE Australia 43,669 147 22 Macropus robustus (9,176) Petrogale xanthopus (6.2) Hill wallaroo Yellow-footed rock-wallaby

Notes: For exact locations, the indices (a)–(i) are displayed on the bioregion map in Figure 3. Common names taken from Encyclopedia of Life at http://eol.org taxonomists, and increased spatial sampling, are some when the map of interest has coarser resolution than the of the time-consuming tasks required to produce chosen reference map in some or most of the areas, but more reliable data sets (Maldonado et al. 2015; Meyer finer resolution in other areas. Therefore, the globally et al. 2016). As a consequence, our results may be best GOF map may have areas of finer resolution where affected by sampling biases, inaccurate georeferencing, the local GOF is poor, whereas the bioregions in the and/or incorrect identifications. These issues prevent reference map covering the same area may have better us from discerning, for example, whether the scattered local GOF. See Hargrove et al. (2006) for a detailed occurrence of small bioregions in Russia is a real description of the method. biological result or, more likely, an artifact of the scarce The results of the comparison show a generally publicly available data for that region. good fit between the bioregions identified by Infomap Bioregions and the WWF ecoregions. The fit was better for amphibians (global GOF 0.65) than for mammals Validation (0.54), which might be related to the data used for We further evaluated the performance of Infomap map creation (range polygons vs. point occurrences, Bioregions by comparing the bioregions identified for respectively). The spatial visualization of the GOF scores mammals and amphibians with the widely used World shows that the fit is very good for most areas. Differences Wildlife Fund (WWF) ecoregions (Olson et al. 2001), see are mainly associated with a number of very small Figure 4. For these analyses we used the mapcurves bioregions, mostly in the Andes for amphibians and algorithm (Hargrove et al. 2006) as implemented by mostly in Asia and northern Africa for mammals. For van Loon (2006). Mapcurves is a quantitative method mammals, many of the small bioregions recognized to compare the spatial concordance between categorical by Infomap Bioregions seem to derive from low data maps, by calculating a goodness of fit (GOF) for each availability. A low fit is also partly an artifact of polygon in a map of interest based on the degree of the asymmetry of the measure as mentioned above, spatial overlap with the polygons of a reference map. especially for amphibians in the Andes. The results can be summarized in a global GOF score. We also compared the bioregions identified by Mapcurves is resolution independent, does not require Infomap Bioregions to the zoogeographic regions from the same number of categories in both maps, and any Holt et al. (2013), which for the amphibians were polygon in a map that can be exactly comprised of a set based on approximately the same data, but delimited of polygons in the reference map will show a perfect using a beta-diversity method including phylogenetic fit. However, the algorithm generally indicates a poor fit information. The GOF was overall very good, with when a finer resolution map is compared to a coarser a global GOF score of 0.77 for amphibians and 0.42 map. A limitation of this asymmetry becomes apparent for mammals (see Supplementary Material available 2016 EDLER ET AL.—INFOMAP BIOREGIONS 203

FIGURE 4. Comparison between Infomap bioregions and WWF ecoregions using the Mapcurves algorithm (Hargrove et al. 2006). a) Infomap bioregions for the amphibian data set; b) Infomap bioregions for the mammalian data set; c) WWF ecoregions from Olson et al. (2001); d) Mapcurves as a measure for the GOF for the Infomap bioregions with respect to the WWF ecoregions. The graph shows the percentage of bioregions with a GOF score better than the corresponding value on the horizontal axis (zero to one). A perfect fit for all bioregions would be indicated by a horizontal line at the top; e) GOF map of the Infomap bioregions for amphibians and the total GOF score; f) GOF map of the Infomap bioregions for mammals and the total GOF score. The fit of the bioregions to the WWF ecoregions is generally very good, with the exception of several very small bioregions identified by Infomap Bioregions. on Dryad). In summary, the results of the pairwise adaptive spatial resolution, can process millions of comparisons show that bioregions delimited by Infomap records in a few minutes, and applies bipartite network Bioregions generally correspond well to commonly clustering that outperforms traditional methods based used bioregionalization maps, despite differences in the on similarity indices. Moreover, the user can load underlying data and methodology applied. phylogenetic data for the species and explore how the bioregions map to the phylogenetic tree. We validated the application on two large data sets of amphibians CONCLUSIONS and mammals and anticipate that Infomap Bioregions Designed to make data-driven identification of will become a standard tool in many studies in bioregions simple and effective, we introduced the web ecology, evolution, conservation biology, and historical application Infomap Bioregions and demonstrated its biogeography. flexibility. A user can load species data from both point occurrences and range polygons, modify parameters directly in the web interface, and export results to AVAILABILITY AND FORTHCOMING EXTENSIONS various formats for high-quality printing or further Infomap Bioregions is made open source under the biogeographical analyses. The web application uses GNU AGPL v3+ license. It is written in JavaScript and 204 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY VOL. 66 builds on a set of open source libraries (see dependencies Goldberg E.E., Lancaster L.T., Ree R.H. 2011. Phylogenetic inference in package.json). Because it is a pure client-side of reciprocal effects between geographic range evolution and application, all data stay and all calculations run on the diversification. Syst. Biol. 60:451–465. Hargrove W.W., Hoffman F.M., Hessburg P.F. 2006. Mapcurves: a user’s computer. Moreover, all heavy calculations run quantitative method for comparing categorical maps. J. Geogr. Syst. in a background thread. Together, this means improved 8:187–208. privacy and performance. Holt B.G., Lessard J.-P., Borregaard M.K., Fritz S.A., Araújo M.B., Infomap Bioregions is available at http://bioregions. Dimitrov D., Fabre P.-H., Graham C.H., Graves G.R., Jønsson K.A., Nogués-Bravo D., Wang Z., Whittaker R.J., jeldså J., Rahbek C. 2013. mapequation.org and the source code is freely available An update of Wallace’s zoogeographic regions of the world. Science at http://github.com/mapequation/bioregions. 339:74–78. Possible forthcoming extensions include batch runs, Kheirkhahzadeh M., Lancichinetti A., Rosvall M. 2016. Efficient additional methods to find indicator species and community detection of network flows for varying markov times bioregions, hierarchical clustering of bioregions, deeper and bipartite networks. Phys. Rev. E 93:032309. Kozak K.H., Wiens J. 2006. Does niche conservatism promote integration of phylogenetic information and significance speciation? A case study in North American Salamanders. clustering with bootstrap to find which bioregional Evolution 60:2604–2621. boundaries are statistically significant. The authors Kreft H., Jetz W. 2010. A framework for delineating biogeographical welcome suggestions for enhancements. regions based on species distributions. J. Biogeogr. 37:2029–2053. Lancichinetti A., Fortunato S. 2009. Community detection algorithms: A comparative analysis. Phys. Rev. E 80:056117. Landis M.J., Matzke N.J., Moore B.R., Huelsenbeck J.P. 2013. Bayesian SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL analysis of biogeography when the number of areas is large. Syst. Biol. 62:789–804. Data available from the Dryad Digital Repository: Maldonado C., Molina C.I., Zizka A., Persson C., Taylor C.M., Albán http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2s201. J., Chilquillo E., Rønsted N., Antonelli A. 2015. Estimating species diversity and distribution in the era of big data: to what extent can we trust public databases? Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 24:973–984. Matzke N.J. 2013. BioGeoBEARS: BioGeography with Bayesian (and FUNDING Likelihood) Evolutionary Analysis in R Scripts. University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. This work was supported by the Swedish Research Matzke N.J. 2014. Model selection in historical biogeography reveals Council (B0569601 to A.A. and 2012-3729 to M.R.); the that founder-event speciation is a crucial process in island clades. European Research Council under the European Union’s Syst. Biol. 63:951–970. Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013 and ERC Meyer C., Weigelt P., Kreft H. 2016. Multidimensional biases, gaps and uncertainties in global plant occurrence information. Ecol. Lett. Grant Agreement n. 331024 to A.A.); a Wallenberg 9:992–1006. Academy Fellowship to A.A.; and the São Paulo Research Morrone J.J. 2006. Biogeographic areas and transition zones of Latin Foundation (2013/04170-8 and 2014/18837-7 to T.G.). 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