PRISM❖ Vol. 2, no. 2 03/2011 PRISM Vol. 2, no. 2 2, no. Vol. ❖ 03/2011 www.ndu.edu A JOURNAL OF THE CENTER FOR COMPLEX OPERATIONS PRISM ABOUT CENTER FOR COMPLEX OPERATIONS (CCO) CCO WAS ESTABLISHED TO: PRISM is published by the National Defense University Press for the Center for ❖❖ Serve as an information clearinghouse and knowledge Enhancing the U.S. Government’s Ability to Publisher Complex Operations. PRISM is a security studies journal chartered to inform manager for complex operations training and education, members of U.S. Federal agencies, allies, and other partners on complex and Prepare for Complex Operations acting as a central repository for information on areas Dr. Hans Binnendijk integrated national security operations; reconstruction and nation-building; such as training and curricula, training and education pro- CCO, a center within the Institute for National Strategic relevant policy and strategy; lessons learned; and developments in training and vider institutions, complex operations events, and subject Editor and Research Director Studies at National Defense University, links U.S. education to transform America’s security and development apparatus to meet matter experts Government education and training institutions, including Michael Miklaucic tomorrow’s challenges better while promoting freedom today. related centers of excellence, lessons learned programs, ❖❖ Develop a complex operations training and education com- munity of practice to catalyze innovation and development Developmental Editor and academia, to foster unity of effort in reconstruction and stability operations, counterinsurgency, and irregular of new knowledge, connect members for networking, share Melanne A. Civic, Esq. COMMUNICATIONS warfare—collectively called “complex operations.” existing knowledge, and cultivate foundations of trust and The Department of Defense, with support from the habits of collaboration across the community Constructive comments and contributions are important to us. Direct Managing Editor State Department and U.S. Agency for International communications to the link on the NDU Press Web site (ndupress.ndu.edu) or ❖❖ Serve as a feedback and information conduit to the Office Dr. Jeffrey D. Smotherman Development, established CCO as an innovative write to: of the Secretary of Defense and broader U.S. Government interagency partnership. policy leadership to support guidance and problem-solving Production Supervisor Editor, PRISM across the community of practice Tara J. Parekh National Defense University Press ❖❖ Enable more effective networking, coordination, and 260 Fifth Avenue (Building 64, Room 3605) synchronization to support the preparation of Depart- Copy Editors Fort Lesley J. McNair Washington, DC 20319 ment of Defense and other U.S. Government personnel Dr. John J. Church for complex operations Calvin B. Kelley Telephone: ❖❖ Support lessons learned processes and best practices George C. Maerz (202) 685-3442 compilation in the area of complex operations Lisa M. Yambrick FAX: (202) 685-3581 ❖❖ Identify education and training gaps in the Department of Internet Publications Editor Email: [email protected] Defense and other Federal departments and agencies and PRISM online: ndupress.ndu.edu Joanna E. Seich facilitate efforts to fill those gaps. Advisory Board CONTRIBUTIONS Visit the CCO Web site at: http://ccoportal.org Dr. Gordon Adams Dr. Pauline H. Baker PRISM welcomes submission of scholarly, independent research from security Ambassador Rick Barton policymakers and shapers, security analysts, academic specialists, and civilians Dr. Joseph J. Collins (ex officio) from the United States and abroad. Submit articles for consideration to the address Ambassador James F. Dobbins above or by email to [email protected] with “Attention Submissions Editor” in the Ambassador John E. Herbst (ex officio) subject line. For further information, see the guidelines on the NDU Press Web site LtCol Frank G. Hoffman, USMCR (Ret.) at ndupress.ndu.edu. Dr. David Kilcullen Ambassador Jacques Paul Klein NDU Press is the National Defense University’s cross-component, professional MG William L. Nash, USA (Ret.) military and academic publishing house. It publishes books, policy briefs, occasional papers, monographs, and special reports on national security strategy, defense policy, Dr. William Reno national military strategy, regional security affairs, and global strategic problems. Dr. James A. Schear Dr. Joanna Spear This is the authoritative, official U.S. Department of Defense edition ofPRISM . Any Dr. Ruth Wedgwood copyrighted portions of this journal may not be reproduced or extracted without permission of the copyright proprietors. PRISM should be acknowledged whenever material is quoted from or based on its content. Please visit NDU Press and PRISM online at ndupress.ndu.edu for more on upcoming Subscriptions for individuals: http://bookstore.gpo.gov issues, an electronic archive of PRISM articles, and access to other publications. The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department ISSN 2157–0663 of Defense or any other agency of the Federal Government. TITLE FEATURES 3 Human Security in Complex Operations by Mary Kaldor 15 Enhancing U.S. Support for UN Peacekeeping by Nancy Soderberg 29 Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts: Putting the Inter into the Interagency ndupress.ndu.edu by Eric A. Jorgensen 47 Interagency National Security Teams: Can Social Science Contribute? by James Douglas Orton with Christopher J. Lamb 65 The Comprehensive Approach in Afghanistan by James G. Stavridis 77 Conflict Prevention in East Africa: The Indirect Approach by Brian L. Losey 91 Rethinking the Fundamentals of State-building by Roger B. Myerson 101 Nation-building Interventions and National Security: An Australian Perspective by Michael G. Smith and Rebecca Shrimpton 115 The Commander as Investor: Changing CERP Practices by Rebecca Patterson and Jonathan Robinson 127 Airpower in Counterinsurgency and Stability Operations by Norton A. Schwartz FROM THE FIELD 135 Ministerial Advisors: Developing Capacity for an Enduring Security Force by James A. Schear, William B. Caldwell IV, and Frank C. DiGiovanni 145 Metrics for the Haiti Stabilization Initiative by David C. Becker and Robert Grossman-Vermaas LESSONS LEARNED 159 Civil-Military Operations in Kenya’s Rift Valley: Sociocultural Impacts at the Local Level by Jessica Lee and Maureen Farrell 169 ISAF Lessons Learned: A German Perspective by Rainer Glatz PRPRISM 2, no. 2 ISMFEATURES | 1 AUTHOR INTERVIEW 177 An Interview with William E. Ward BOOK REVIEW 185 Zero-Sum Future: American Power in an Age of Anxiety Reviewed by Michael J. Mazarr 2 | FEATURES PRISM 2, no. 2 Human Security in Complex Operations BY MARY KALDOR omplex operations take place in zones of insecurity. In these zones, ordinary people face a range of everyday risks and dangers. They risk being killed, tortured, kidnapped, robbed, C raped, or displaced from their homes. They risk dying from hunger, lack of shelter, disease, or lack of access to health care. They are vulnerable to man-made and natural disasters—hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, or fires. These risks and dangers feed on each other. They are very difficult to eliminate; hence, the current preoccupation with “persistent conflict” or “forever wars.” These have a tendency to spread both to neighboring regions—growing zones of insecurity in places such as East Africa, Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Middle East, or the Balkans—and, indeed, to the inner cities of the industrialized West. Yet our security forces, largely based on conventional military forces designed to meet a foreign attack, are unsuited to address these risks and dangers; indeed, the application of con- ventional military force can often make things worse—as we have learned painfully in Iraq and Afghanistan. Already, a range of private actors, security contractors, nongovernmental organiza- tions (NGOs), militia, warlords, and criminal gangs have rushed to fill the vacuum created by the failure of public institutions to provide security, contributing both to security and, more often than not, to greater insecurity. Human security is a concept that can facilitate both the way we understand complex opera- tions and how we design the toolkit for addressing these risks and dangers. It offers a narrative that is quite different from the war on terror and it implies a set of principles for using both Mary Kaldor is Professor of Global Governance at the London School of Economics, where she is also the Director of its Centre for the Study of Global Governance. This article draws on her recent book, coauthored with Lieutenant Colonel Shannon D. Beebe, USA, The Ultimate Weapon Is No Weapon: Human Security and the New Rules of War and Peace (PublicAffairs, 2010). PRISM 2, no. 2 FEATURES | 3 KALDOR military and civil capabilities combined. In foreign enemies. It is about addressing the this essay, I first define human security and variety of risks and dangers experienced in then elaborate the principles of human secu- those places where complex operations are rity. I briefly suggest the differences between conducted. It is about both freedom from fear a human security approach and contemporary and freedom from want. This is perhaps the counterinsurgency doctrines. Finally, I deal most contested aspect of the definition of with the criticisms that have been leveled at human security. The so-called broad