John H. Cochrane February 2021 Contact: Hoover Institution, Stanford
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The Deficit Myth: Modern Monetary Theory and How to Build a Better
PANOECONOMICUS, 2021, Vol. 68, Issue 3, pp. 405-414 Book review Received: 09 May 2020. Boris Begović The Deficit Myth: Modern University of Belgrade, School of Law, Serbia Monetary Theory and [email protected] How to Build a Better Economy by Stephanie Kelton John Murray Publishers, 2020. According to the title, this book is about a theory (a monetary one) and about a policy proposal (improvement of resource allocation and speeding up economic growth, with perhaps some redistribution). According to Stephane Kelton, the author of the book, it is about widespread myths and the way that these myths can be overcome. It is Modern Monetary Theory (MMT), humbly referred to as a Copernican revolution by the au- thor, that will dispel all these myths. Just for the record, these myths are conventional wisdoms, insights accepted by most academic economists worldwide, all mainstream economists, and virtually all decision-makers, wither elected representatives or civil servants in the central banks and ministries of finance. So, all of them are wrong and MMT and its representatives are right. Nonetheless, being in the minority, or rather alone, does not necessarily mean that you are wrong. The majority opinion is not necessarily right only because it is held by the majority. After all, Nicolaus Copernicus was (almost) alone when he made the scientific revolution. So, it is necessary to consider the insights of the MMT, the argu- ments that those insights are based on, and the evidence that supports them to see whether that theory is superior in explaining reality. At the end of the day, the purpose of economic theory is to explain reality, to identify causality relations, and to enable us to understand why people behave the way they do. -
The Rock-Star Appeal of Modern Monetary Theory
The Rock-Star Appeal of Modern Monetary Theory thenation.com/article/the-rock-star-appeal-of-modern-monetary-theory Economic Policy Ethical Economics Feature May 22-29, 2017, Issue The Rock-Star Appeal of Modern Monetary Theory The Sanders generation and a new economic idea. By Atossa Araxia Abrahamian Twitter May 8, 2017 fb tw mail Print May 8, 2017 1/7 (Illustration by Victor Juhasz) Ready to fight back? Sign up for Take Action Now and get three actions in your inbox every week. You will receive occasional promotional offers for programs that support The Nation’s journalism. You can read our Privacy Policy here. In early 2013, Congress entered a death struggle—or a debt struggle, if you will—over the future of the US economy. A spate of old tax cuts and spending programs were due to expire almost simultaneously, and Congress couldn’t agree on a budget, nor on how much the government could borrow to keep its engines running. Cue the predictable partisan chaos: House Republicans were staunchly opposed to raising the debt ceiling without corresponding cuts to spending, and Democrats, while plenty weary of running up debt, too, wouldn’t sign on to the Republicans’ proposed austerity. In the absence of political consensus, and with time running out, a curious solution bubbled up from the depths of the economic blogosphere. What if the Treasury minted a $1 trillion coin, deposited it in the government’s account at the Federal Reserve, and continued on with business as usual? The workaround was technically authorized by an obscure law that applies to commemorative platinum coins, and it didn’t require congressional approval, so the GOP couldn’t get in the way. -
Harvard Kennedy School Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government Study Group, February 28, 2019
1 Harvard Kennedy School Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government Study Group, February 28, 2019 MMT (Modern Monetary Theory): What Is It and Can It Help? Paul Sheard, M-RCBG Senior Fellow, Harvard Kennedy School ([email protected]) What Is It? MMT is an approach to understanding/analyzing monetary and fiscal operations, and their economic and economic policy implications, that focuses on the fact that governments create money when they run a budget deficit (so they do not have to borrow in order to spend and cannot “run out” of money) and that pays close attention to the balance sheet mechanics of monetary and fiscal operations. Can It Help? Yes, because at a time in which the developed world appears to be “running out” of conventional monetary and fiscal policy ammunition, MMT casts a more optimistic and less constraining light on the ability of governments to stimulate aggregate demand and prevent deflation. Adopting an MMT lens, rather than being blinkered by the current conceptual and institutional orthodoxy, provides a much easier segue into the coordination of monetary and fiscal policy responses that will be needed in the next major economic downturn. Some context and background: - The current macroeconomic policy framework is based on a clear distinction between monetary and fiscal policy and assigns the primary role for “macroeconomic stabilization” (full employment and price stability and latterly usually financial stability) to an independent, technocratic central bank, which uses a “flexible inflation-targeting” framework. - Ten years after the Global Financial Crisis and Great Recession, major central banks are far from having been able to re-stock their monetary policy “ammunition,” government debt levels are high, and there is much hand- wringing about central banks being “the only game in town” and concern about how, from this starting point, central banks and fiscal authorities will be able to cope with another serious downturn. -
Modern Monetary Theory: Cautionary Tales from Latin America
Modern Monetary Theory: Cautionary Tales from Latin America Sebastian Edwards* Economics Working Paper 19106 HOOVER INSTITUTION 434 GALVEZ MALL STANFORD UNIVERSITY STANFORD, CA 94305-6010 April 25, 2019 According to Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) it is possible to use expansive monetary policy – money creation by the central bank (i.e. the Federal Reserve) – to finance large fiscal deficits that will ensure full employment and good jobs for everyone, through a “jobs guarantee” program. In this paper I analyze some of Latin America’s historical episodes with MMT-type policies (Chile, Peru. Argentina, and Venezuela). The analysis uses the framework developed by Dornbusch and Edwards (1990, 1991) for studying macroeconomic populism. The four experiments studied in this paper ended up badly, with runaway inflation, huge currency devaluations, and precipitous real wage declines. These experiences offer a cautionary tale for MMT enthusiasts.† JEL Nos: E12, E42, E61, F31 Keywords: Modern Monetary Theory, central bank, inflation, Latin America, hyperinflation The Hoover Institution Economics Working Paper Series allows authors to distribute research for discussion and comment among other researchers. Working papers reflect the views of the author and not the views of the Hoover Institution. * Henry Ford II Distinguished Professor, Anderson Graduate School of Management, UCLA † I have benefited from discussions with Ed Leamer, José De Gregorio, Scott Sumner, and Alejandra Cox. I thank Doug Irwin and John Taylor for their support. 1 1. Introduction During the last few years an apparently new and revolutionary idea has emerged in economic policy circles in the United States: Modern Monetary Theory (MMT). The central tenet of this view is that it is possible to use expansive monetary policy – money creation by the central bank (i.e. -
Modern Monetary Theory: a Marxist Critique
Class, Race and Corporate Power Volume 7 Issue 1 Article 1 2019 Modern Monetary Theory: A Marxist Critique Michael Roberts [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower Part of the Economics Commons Recommended Citation Roberts, Michael (2019) "Modern Monetary Theory: A Marxist Critique," Class, Race and Corporate Power: Vol. 7 : Iss. 1 , Article 1. DOI: 10.25148/CRCP.7.1.008316 Available at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower/vol7/iss1/1 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts, Sciences & Education at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Class, Race and Corporate Power by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Modern Monetary Theory: A Marxist Critique Abstract Compiled from a series of blog posts which can be found at "The Next Recession." Modern monetary theory (MMT) has become flavor of the time among many leftist economic views in recent years. MMT has some traction in the left as it appears to offer theoretical support for policies of fiscal spending funded yb central bank money and running up budget deficits and public debt without earf of crises – and thus backing policies of government spending on infrastructure projects, job creation and industry in direct contrast to neoliberal mainstream policies of austerity and minimal government intervention. Here I will offer my view on the worth of MMT and its policy implications for the labor movement. First, I’ll try and give broad outline to bring out the similarities and difference with Marx’s monetary theory. -
Virus Economics: an American Tragedy, By
THE CURRENT JOB OUTLOOK Regional Labor Review (Fall 2020) Virus Economics: An American Tragedy by Robert Guttmann The Balancing Acts of Virus Economics The world seemed largely distracted with more mundane matters when a new coronavirus, labelled SARS- CoV-2, appeared in late 2019 in Wuhan (China) and then, superbly adapted for human-to-human transmission, launched its planetary march of exponential spread in January 2020. We should have been better prepared for the possibility of a global pandemic even though the last such occurrence of comparable danger happened over a century ago – the “Spanish Flu” of 1918/19. Signs of an impending pandemic have abounded in recent years, with five near misses over the last couple of decades - SARS in 2002, the bird flu in 2005, the swine flu in 2009, MERS in 2012, and Ebola in 2014/15. This heightened threat of pandemics is consequence of stressors our modern capitalist economies have put on the environment altering the relationship between humans and animals – the accelerating destruction of our planet’s biodiversity, erosion of wildlife habitats, animal commerce, increased meat consumption, and changing patterns of movement by certain animals key to the production of new viruses and their zoonotic transmission, notably bats. The sad truth is that, even beyond the new coronavirus, the world will remain susceptible to recurrent pandemics as global threat which makes today’s experience an important trial run for future episodes. From an epidemiological point of view, the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is a formidable foe. It is highly transmissible by inter-personal contact, as an airborne aerosol, or even touch of surface. -
Comment for the Treasury Select Committee Capital Inquiry
Comment for the Treasury Select Committee Capital Inquiry Recovery and Resolution Anat R. Admati George G.C. Parker Professor of Finance and Economics Graduate School of Business, Stanford University March 5, 2017 1. Introduction I commend the Treasury Committee for undertaking this extremely important inquiry. Since the financial sector is such a large part of the UK economy, these issues are critical. A large, fragile and reckless system has the potential to cause enormous harm to UK citizens and beyond. My short answer to the main question of whether current regulations, including resolution plans, have “ended too big to fail” is No. This opinion is hardly controversial. Many share it, including former governor of the Bank of England Sir Mervyn King who called for radical reforms in his 2016 book, asserting that without reform, another financial crisis is certain. The banking system, and particularly the largest UK financial institutions, remains much too fragile and inefficient, and it continues to endanger UK citizens unnecessarily. Too big to fail institutions distort competition, misallocate resources and harm both by borrowing too much and taking excessive risk and by misconduct. The Bank of England has not done all it can to address the too-big-to-fail problem and protect the public. Individuals representing the Bank of England have made misleading statements in this regard. I will try to clarify the issues and explain these statements briefly. I, and others, have written extensively since 2010 exposing the persistent flaws in the regulations. UK citizens ultimately bear the consequences of this policy failure, and they are significant and unnecessary. -
The Monetary and Fiscal Nexus of Neo-Chartalism: a Friendly Critique
JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ISSUES Vol. XLVII No. 1 March 2013 DOI 10.2753/JEI0021-3624470101 The Monetary and Fiscal Nexus of Neo-Chartalism: A Friendly Critique Marc Lavoie Abstract: A number of post-Keynesian authors, called the neo-chartalists, have argued that the government does not face a budget constraint similar to that of households and that government with sovereign currencies run no risk of default, even with high debt-to-GDP ratio. This stands in contrast to countries in the eurozone, where the central bank does not normally purchase sovereign debt. While these claims now seem to be accepted by some economists, neo-chartalists have also made a number of controversial claims, including that the government spends simply by crediting a private-sector-bank account at the central bank; that the government does need to borrow to deficit-spend; and that taxes do not finance government expenditures. This paper shows that these surprising statements do have some logic, once one assumes the consolidation of the government sector and the central bank into a unique entity, the state. The paper further argues, however, that these paradoxical claims end up being counter-productive since consolidation is counter-factual. Keywords: central bank, clearing and settlement system, eurozone, neo-chartalism JEL Classification Codes: B5, E5, E63 The global financial crisis has exposed the weaknesses of mainstream economics and it has given a boost to heterodox theories, in particular, Keynesian theories. The mainstream view about the irrelevance of fiscal activism has been strongly criticized by the active use of fiscal policy in the midst of the global financial crisis. -
Myths About the Stability and Efficiency of Global Finance
Myths about the Stability and Efficiency of Global Finance Anat Admati Graduate School of Business Stanford University Fields / OECD-NAEC / Rebuilding Macroeconomics Symposium on Systemic Recovery, April 27, 2021 1 Is the financial system “sufficiently” resilient? NO, it is too fragile every day!! Is the system efficient? NO, it is bloated and distorted every day!! Is there a tradeoff between resiliency and efficiency in finance? NO, finance can be improved at no social cost!! Power in Finance: People, Institutions, and Markets Financial Institutions and Markets Central Banks Individuals Non-Financial Institutions and Markets Governments and (“Real Economy”) their Institutions Including media The Economy is a Web of Legal Promises (IOUs), People and Entities What happens if a “shock” disrupts someone’s ability to fulfill promise? ● Household debt ● Small and medium size enterprise debt ● Corporate debt ● Contingent liabilities (derivatives, insurance) ● Other contracts How Finance Can Benefit Society Payment Money Risk Guiding System Across Time Sharing Investments Cash or private beneficial exchange Insurance and Scrutiny, pricing, debt claims diversification monitoring Should be trustworthy and efficient. Making Finance Work Too Little… Too Much… ● “Unbanked” ● Huge, complex, and opaque system. ● Cumbersome payments and trade ● Highly interconnected ● Difficult to save and fund investments ● Enormous “systemic” institutions ● Exposure to downside risks ● Appears inefficient and reckless How to enable “enough” finance but avoid “too much?” Key for “Proper” Financial Development Education Effective laws, Technology (financial literacy) regulations, and (mostly for enforcement payment system) Literacy and effective rules and enforcement are key Myths about Global Finance: All are False! The financial system Reformed regulations Global financial is much safer than it are “science-based” markets allocate was before 2007 and address “TBTF” resources efficiently [These events] present a challenge to standard economic theory…. -
Ten Years After the Crisis: Looking Back, Looking Forward
TEN YEARS AFTER THE CRISIS: LOOKING BACK, LOOKING FORWARD 22 September 2017 A CEPR conference Sponsored by the Brevan Howard Centre for Financial Analysis, Imperial College Business School Hosted by EY, 25 Churchill Place, London E14 5RB PROGRAMME 08:30 - 09:00 Coffee and registration 09:00 - 09:45 Opening address by Mario Monti (Università Bocconi) FINANCIAL STABILITY: HAS REGULATORY REFORM GONE FAR ENOUGH? Moderator: Martin Sandbu (Financial Times) 09:45 - 09:50 Introduction 09:50 - 11:15 Vittorio Grilli (JP Morgan and CEPR) Catherine L. Mann (OECD) John Vickers (University of Oxford) 11:15 - 11:45 Coffee Break KEY ISSUES: TOO BIG TO FAIL, DERIVATIVE MARKETS, SHADOW BANKING Moderator: Martin Sandbu (Financial Times) 11:45 - 11:50 Introduction 11:50 - 13:15 Tamim Bayoumi (IMF) Charles Goodhart (London School of Economics and CEPR) Tom Huertas (EY) 13:15 - 13:45 Lunch 13:45 - 14:15 Keynote Speech: “The Great Recession as Great Refutation” Paul Krugman (Princeton University and CEPR) 1 WHERE COULD THE NEXT CRISIS COME FROM? ADVANCED & EMERGING ECONOMIES Moderator: Stephanie Flanders 14:15 - 14:20 Introduction 14:20 - 15:45 Christian Thimann (AXA) Paul Tucker (Harvard University and Chair, Systemic Risk Council) Shang-Jin Wei (Columbia Business School and CEPR) 15:45 - 16:15 Coffee Break CONCLUSIONS: PERSPECTIVES NOW AND IN 2007 Moderator: Stephanie Flanders 16:15 - 16:20 Introduction 16:20 - 17:45 Anat Admati (Stanford University) Randy Kroszner (University of Chicago, Booth School of Business) Klaus Regling (European Stability Mechanism) 17:45 Drinks Reception 2 TEN YEARS AFTER THE CRISIS: LOOKING BACK, LOOKING FORWARD 22 September 2017 A CEPR conference Sponsored by the Brevan Howard Centre for Financial Analysis, Imperial College Business School Hosted by EY, 25 Churchill Place, London E14 5RB BIOGRAPHIES Anat Admati is the George G.C. -
Curriculum Vitae: February 2021
Curriculum Vitae: February 2021 Personal Name: Dirk Krueger Information Address: Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, The Ronald O. Perelman Center for Political Science and Economics, 133 South 36th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Phone: (215) 573-1424 Fax: (215) 573 2057 Email, www: [email protected], https://web.sas.upenn.edu/dkrueger Education MA, Ph. D. Economics, University of Minnesota, 1999 Diplom in Economics, University of Bielefeld (Germany), 1995 Current Positions University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Walter H. and Leonore C. Annenberg Professor in the Social Sciences and Professor of Economics, Secondary Appointment in Finance at Wharton International Economic Review Editor: January 2020 to present The Econometric Society Elected Fellow (elected 2020) Other Affiliations National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA Research Associate, 2009 to present, Faculty Research Fellow, 2002-09 Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, UK Research Fellow 2009 to present, Research Affiliate, 2004-09 Netspar, Tilburg, Netherlands Research Fellow, 2008 to present Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany Research Fellow, CFS, 2004 to present Past Positions Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany Full Professor (C4), Chair for Macroeconomics, 2004 to 2006 University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Assistant, Associate, Full Professor, 2003-2004, 2007-2008, 2008-2018 Stanford University, Stanford, CA Assistant Professor of Economics: 1999-2003, Hoover Fellow, 2002-03 Editorial Positions: -
Coining It in How Companies Are Hoping That It’S Business As Usual
COINING IT IN HOW COMPANIES ARE HOPING THAT IT’S BUSINESS AS USUAL Coining it in How companies are hoping that it’s business as usual 1 Introduction Despite the global financial crisis, despite phenomenal quantities of public money being needed to keep the financial system afloat, despite many of the world’s economies being plunged into recession as a consequence, the men in charge of the world’s major companies (they are, almost without exception, men) are continuing to enjoy their pay and rewards. Executive pay is rocketing. How is it possible? It is possible because executive pay and bonuses are linked with company performance or, in other words, with how much profit gets made. And the real scandal – a bigger scandal even than the bloated size of executives’ pay – is that these profits are continuing to be turned in at grossly excessive levels. Ordinary people are paying the costs of the crisis. Companies, and their investors, are still enjoying good times. This report looks beyond the bonus into how business is setting unrealistic targets for corporate returns, the pursuit of which triggers false expectations, erroneous behaviour, threats to investment and ‘forced’ pressure to reduce labour costs. The policy of setting unrealistic rates of return on equity spilled over into the rest of the economy from the finance sector. This policy is unsustainable. Coining it in: How companies are hoping that it’s business as usual 1/32 2 Taking a lead from the banks We’ll begin by considering the banks. It was the banks which drove the world headlong into the financial crisis of 2007-8.