Tunduru District Council

NALIKA Authorized Association

Tunduru Pilot Wildlife Management Area

Resource Management Zone Plan

2009-2013

June 2009

Supported by:

APPROVAL PAGE

Implementation of this Plan has been approved by

……………………………………………………

E.M. Tarimo Director of Wildlife Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism Dar-es-Salaam

Date:……………………………………………………………

______ii RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES...... ii ACRONYMS USED IN THE REPORT ...... iii AKNOWLEDGEMENT...... iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... v 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ...... 1 1.1 Introduction ...... 1 1.2 Vision ...... 1 1.3 Importance of the Resource Management Zone Plan ...... 1 1.4 Policy Framework ...... 2 1.5 Planning Process and Constraints ...... 5 1.5.1 Planning Process ...... 5 1.5.2 Planning Constraints ...... 5 2. ANALYSIS OF THE INFORMATION DATA SHEET ...... 7 2.1 Background Information ...... 7 2.2 Analysis of Problems, Issues and Concerns ...... 8 2.3 Analysis of Outstanding Resources and Values ...... 11 2.4 Analysis of TWMA Significance ...... 13 3. MANAGEMENT ZONE SCHEME ...... 14 4.1. Sasawala Nature Management Zone (28,732.11186 Ha) ...... 15 4.2. Misisima Local Hunting Zone (12,332.07302 Ha) ...... 15 4.3. Mbarang’andu Tourist Hunting Zone (70,060.81514 Ha) ...... 16 4.4. Identification and Implementation of Zones on the Ground ...... 16 4. TWMA MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS ...... 20 4.1. Visitor Use, Development and Revenue Program (VUDRP) ...... 20 4.1.1 Program Purpose ...... 20 4.1.2 Tourism Development and Revenue Principles ...... 20 4.1.3 Program Objectives, Targets and Activities ...... 21 4.2 Administration and Operations Program (AOP) ...... 22 4.2.1 Program Purpose ...... 22 4.2.2 Administration and WMA Operations Principles ...... 22 4.2.3 Program objectives, targets and activities ...... 22 4.3 Wildlife-people Pelations Program (WPRP)...... 23 4.3.1 Program Purpose ...... 23 4.3.2 Local People Relation Principles ...... 24 4.3.3 Program Objectives, Targets and Activities ...... 24 4.4. Natural Resources Management Program (NRMP) ...... 25 4.4.1 Program Purpose ...... 25 4.4.2 Natural Resources Management Principles ...... 26 4.4.3 Program Objectives, Targets and Activities ...... 26 5. ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENTS ...... 28 5.1 Impacts on Local Economy and Revenue ...... 29 5.2 Local Communities Social Conditions ...... 29 5.3 Wildlife and Biodiversity Conservation ...... 30 5.4 Ecosystem Maintenance and Ecological Integrity ...... 30

______i RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area 6. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RMZP ...... 31 6.1 Implementation Framework ...... 31 6.2 Implementation risks ...... 31 REFERENCES ...... 32 ANNEX 1: PLANNING PARTICIPANTS ...... 33 ANNEX 2:THE PROCESS OF PREPARING A WMA-RMZP ...... 35

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Location of the Proposed Tunduru WMA ...... 17 Figure 2: Land Cover Map for Tunduru WMA ...... 18 Figure 3: Management Zone for the proposed WMA ...... 19

______ii RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area ACRONYMS USED IN THE REPORT

AA……………………….. Authorised Association AOP……………………… Administrative and Operations Program AOPB…………………… Annual Operation Plan and Budget CCDB…………………… Community Conservation and Development Bank CDP…………………….. Community Development Policy EA………………………. Environmental assessment FMP…………………….. Fire Management Plan GMP……………………. General Management Plan LGRP…………………… Local Government Reform Programme TWMA………………… Tunduru Wildlife Management Area NALIKA……………… Authorized Association for the Tunduru WMA MZP……………………. Management Zone Plan MZS……………………. Management Zone Scheme NGOs………………….. Non Governmental Organisations NRMP…………………. Natural Resources Management Program NSGRP……………….. National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty RDS……………………. Rural Development Strategy RMZP………………….. Resource Management Zone Plan SME...... Small and Medium Enterprise VEO……………………. Village Executive Officer VLUP…………………… Village Land Use Plan VUDRP………………….. Visitor, Development and Revenue Program WEO……………………. Ward Executive Officer WMA……………………. Wildlife Management Area WMAs………………….. Wildlife Management Areas WPRP………………….. Wildlife-People Relations Program WWF…………………… Wild Wide Fund for Nature

______iii RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area AKNOWLEDGEMENT

Financial support to develop the Resource Management Zone Plan (RMZP) for the Tunduru Pilot Wildlife Management Area was provided by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Tanzanian Programme Office. Technical facilitation to design the RMZP was provided by the College of African Wildlife Management-Mweka. The NALIKA Authorized Association extends sincere gratitude to all of those that supported the development of the RMZP.

______iv RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In order to implement the Wildlife Policy of 1998 (Revised, 2007) the Government of Tanzania developed and approved several strategies including development and approval of the Wildlife Conservation (Wildlife Management Areas) Regulations in 2002 (Revised, 2005). Subsequently the Government of Tanzania completed and approved the Guidelines for Designation and Management of Wildlife Management Areas in December 2005. The Wildlife Conservation (Wildlife Management Areas) Regulations 2005 calls for the development of a General Management Plan (GMP) or Resource Management Zone Plan (RMZP) before the establishment of WMAs in order to guarantee sustainable conservation of wildlife resources in local community lands and safeguard the interests of rural communities. A RMZP, which operates for five years only, is an interim document before a GMP is developed.

Reflecting on these policy and legal requirements, the NALIKA Authorised Association (AA) that comprises of ten villages (Rahaleo, Mbugulaji, Kajima, Twendembele, Kindamba, Huria, Darajambili, Namwinyu, Namakungwa, and Nandanyende) and that is responsible for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area (TWMA) organized a workshop in June 2008 to analyse information data sheet of the prospective WMA and develop the RMZP. Thus this document is a result of the workshop organised by the Nalika Authorised Association.

The RMZP is a document that sets for the basic management and development philosophy of the TWMA, provides current image of the reality, defines the desired future of the TWMA and provides for the means of changing the negative situation and achieving the desired future over a period of 5 years.

During the workshop, the local authority and the process were guided by the following documents:

 The Wildlife Conservation (Wildlife Management Areas) Regulation, 2002 (Revised, 2005);  The Guidelines for Designation and Management of Wildlife Management Areas, 2005;  A joint Village Land Use Plan (VLUP); and  The Village Land Act No. 5 of 1999.

The first step was to identify the planning and management issues that would be addressed by the RMZP. Based on the information data sheet analysis, stakeholders identified the following major management problems:

 Inadequate conservation awareness amongst the local population;  Tree felling and charcoal burning;  Inadequate funding;  Poor infrastructure;  Property damage by wildlife;  Poaching; and  Wildfires.

The second step was to identify outstanding resources values. In any protected area there are many important resources and values. For planning purposes, the stakeholders agreed to focus on what was termed as outstanding resource values. Based on the information data sheet analysis, four outstanding resources values of the TWMA were identified as follows:-

 Revenue from tourism, photographic and hunting activities;  Wilderness character of the area;  Variety of wildlife, including birdlife; and  Refugee for wildlife of the adjacent core protected areas

Defining vision was the third stage of the planning process. In the participatory workshop, vision was defined as the reason or reasons for which the area was set aside and exists as a

______v RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area proposed Wildlife Management Area. Stakeholders agreed the following vision TWMA is “integrated, well managed and self-financing protected area in which nationally-important biodiversity is protected, essential ecological processes are sustained and local people and stakeholders fully support and tangibly benefit from wildlife conservation efforts in the area”.

Having defined the vision for which the TWMA was established, the stakeholders defined the significance of the TWMA. Both vision and significance established the framework on which the RMZP was based. The TWMA is significant because it is one of the most important WMA in Tanzania with vital potentials to generate revenue from tourism, photographic and hunting activities for the development of the villages.

Together with the analysis of the information data sheet, the Wildlife Conservation (Wildlife Management Areas) Regulation, 2005 requires villages to undertake technical decisions on zoning. The zoning is defined as a planning technique used for evaluating and classifying WMA lands. Zoning describes activities that can and/or cannot occur in each area of the prospective WMA, the rationale behind each decision on uses and levels of developments and it sets the limits of acceptable use and change.

The following three management zones for the TWMA were developed:

 Sasawala Nature Management Zone (SNMZ);  Misisima Local Hunting Zone (MLHZ); and  Mbarang’andu Tourist Hunting Zone (MTHZ).

The chapter on management zone scheme describes, in details, each of the zone mentioned above. Also the zone map was prepared to guide the implementation of the management zone scheme.

In order to implement the management zone scheme stakeholders developed the following four programs:

 Visitor use, development and revenue program

The overall aim of this program is to enhance visitor enjoyment and satisfaction and generate revenue that would make TWMA and the villages self-financing through non-consumptive and consumptive tourism and through rational use and allocation of revenue generated from the area.

 Administration and operations program

This program aims at increasing efficiency and effectiveness of the TWMA operations through the provision of relevant facilities, infrastructure and training to TWMA staff. Also the program shall implement activities for coordinating implementation of the RMZP.

 Protected area-community relations program

The program aims at supporting community livelihoods in order to ensure that the relationships between people and wildlife are improved and maintain. Improved relationship would guarantee sustained conservation support from the local people of the ten villages.

 Natural resources management program

Natural resources management program is aimed at protecting biodiversity and entire ecosystem. Also the program is aimed at ensuring that natural resource data is available for making rational management decisions.

Under each program, overriding principles that would be used to implement and monitor the program are described. Also objectives, target and activities for each target are described for each program.

______vi RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area The last chapter is on Environmental Assessment (EA) of RMZP. Environmental assessment of the proposed actions indicated that in a short-term the TWMA revenue, biodiversity and the ecosystem in general would be adversely affected by the implementation of the RMZP proposed programs. The implementation of the RMZP would require heavy initial financial investments. This will have short-term adverse effects on financial resources and the budgets of the village governments. However, in the long-term, the TWMA shall benefit financially from increased income resulting from diversified visitor uses and other revenue generating activities like hunting. Also, in a short-term, establishment of campsites and development of new road network shall adversely affect the biophysical resources and the entire ecosystem. The RMZP proposes Environmental Impacts Assessment (EIA) for all new physical developments in the TWMA, as measure to ensure sustainable utilisation of the wildlife resources in the area. Further more, the RMZP recommends studies after the implementation of some physical developments, as feedback mitigation measures.

In order to ensure effective and efficient implementation of the RMZP the following activities need to be given the highest priority:

 Development and circulation of Kiswahili version of the RMZP;  Submission of the RMZP to the Director of Wildlife for WMA approval processes;  Development and implementation of a monitoring plan, with objectively verifiable performance indicators;  Formation of RMZP implementation team;  Development of annual operation plan and budget;  Purchase of essential movable and fixed assets; and  Ensure that staffs of the Nalika AA are trained and ready to implement the RMZP.

______vii RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1.1 Introduction

The first Wildlife Policy of Tanzania was adopted in 1998, and revised in 2007. The policy provides the framework for the establishment of a new form of land use, Wildlife Management Area (WMA), for the purposes of effecting community-based conservation. The policy aims at involving rural communities and other stakeholders in taking joint responsibility for the sustainable management of wildlife and other natural resources inside village lands. The policy also aims at resolving conflicts between local people and wildlife authorities, sharing information and improving livelihoods of local community through wildlife management programs.

In order to support the implementation of the Wildlife Policy, the Government developed and approved the Wildlife Conservation (Wildlife Management Areas) Regulations in 2002. Subsequently the Government completed and approved the Guidelines for Designation and Management of Wildlife Management Areas in December 2002. The Guidelines were intended to serve as practical tools used to establish and manage Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) in the pilot districts of Tanzania. Nalika area formed by land from Namwinyu, Ligunga and Kalulu wards in Tunduru was selected as one of the pilot WMA.

In order to guarantee sustainable conservation of wildlife resources in WMAs, and safeguard the interests of traditional communities, the Wildlife Conservation (Wildlife Management Areas) Regulations 2002 calls for the development of a General Management Plan (GMP) or Resources Management Zone Plan (RMZP) before the establishment of WMAs. A RMZP, which operates for five years only, as an interim measure before GMP.

Reflecting on these policy and legal requirements, a Resource Management Zone Plan was developed through the support from WWF through a reconnaissance survey and workshop organised by NALIKA AA in June 2008. The objective of the workshop was:

 NALIKA AA to become familiar with the WMA;  Undertake problems and threats analysis for TWMA;  Identify resources values of the TWMA;  Define purposes and significance of the TWMA;  Define the desired future for the TWMA;  Develop Management Zone Scheme (MZS) and Resource Management Zone Plan (RMZP) for the TWMA;  Prepare management programs; and  Develop environmental statements.

Thus this document is an output of the workshops that were organised by the NALIKA AA of the ten villages of the Tunduru district. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF – TPO) provided financial support to prepare the RMZP and technical support was provided by the College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka.

1.2 Vision

The vision of the TWMA is “integrated, well managed and self-financing protected area in which nationally-important biodiversity is protected, essential ecological processes are sustained, and stakeholders fully support and tangibly benefit from wildlife conservation efforts in the area”.

1.3 Importance of the Resource Management Zone Plan

This RMZP is a document that sets for the basic management and development philosophy of the TWMA, provides current image of the reality, defines the desired future of the Tunduru WMA and provides for the means of changing the negative situation and achieving the desired future over a period of five (5) years. The document includes the following major information:

______1 RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area

 Analysis of the in formation data sheet i.e. existing situations (issues, resource values, protected area purposes and significance);  Desired situation for the protected area (vision, goal and management objectives);  Rationale for management zone scheme;  Description of activities that can and cannot occur in each management zone;  Limits of acceptable change and uses; and  Environmental statements.

Through the RMZP process, TWMA managers and stakeholders were able to identify problems, envision the future under past trends and existing conditions and develop strategies and a program of actions for achieving desired future conditions. Therefore the RMZP provides managers with a framework for day-to-day operations and management as well as long-term management, thus ensures continuity in management. Also the RMZP would be used as a public relations document to help direct and raise funding for actions identified in the plan. The RMZP provides a framework for rational allocation and the use of limited resources in the ten villages.

Without a RMZP, it would be very difficult to achieve sustainable conservation of the TWMA, because development and use activities would occur on a haphazard basis, often in response to individual interests, political and socio-economic pressures. The results would likely to be lost opportunities and irreversible damage to the TWMA.

1.4 Policy Framework

For the past few years, the Government of Tanzania has been implementing reforms aimed at addressing development problems affecting social and economic conditions of rural populations. In line with this the reforms of local governments are well underway. The local government reforms are implemented under the Local Government Reform Programme (LGRP). The LGRP promotes decentralisation of rights and responsibilities from central to local government levels. The capacity development of the latter, have repeatedly been stated as objectives of local government reform in Tanzania. The first phase of local government reform for 38 reforming districts focused upon building the capacity of district (and municipal) authorities. The reforms are designed directly to improve the capacity at local levels to serve the local population and to support the ‘fundamental level of governance in Tanzania i.e. the village governments. The local levels, the district, the ward and especially the village, have become more crucial for socio-economic development, service delivery, representation and management. These are crucial aspects in support of community approach to natural resources management, including the establishment and subsequent management of WMA.

Following the launching of a broad policy framework, Tanzania Development Vision 2025, which stipulates the vision, mission, goals and targets to be achieved with respect to economic growth and poverty eradication by the year 2025, several policies have been formulated for different development sectors. The formulation of Tanzania Development Vision 2025 emanated from the Government realisation that previous development policy were not in consonance with the principles of ongoing local, national, regional and global developments. The following policies and strategies support the principle and practise of WMA.

1.4.1 The Tanzania Development Vision 2025

The Tanzania Development Vision 2025 is an economic and social development vision, which emanates from reforms that have been pursued since 1986. The vision is a result of public participation in the process, which begun in 1995. The Vision is aimed at three main target areas:

______2 RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area Achievement Strategies and Characteristics High quality Self sufficiency in food and food security, a high degree of education at livelihood all levels, gender equality and feminine empowerment, access to quality health care and safe water, increased life expectancy, reduction in infant and mortality rates and the absence of abject poverty. Good Tanzanian society should be characterised by moral and cultural governance and uprightness, strong adherence to - and respect for - the law, an the rule of law absence of corruption and other vices A strong and A diversified and semi-industrialised economy, macro-economic competitive stability, a growth rate of 8% or more per annum, a physical economy infrastructure capable of coping with the vision requirements. Finally Tanzania should be an active and competitive player in the regional and world markets.

1.4.2 The National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction

The National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction (NSGRP) or MKUKUTA is a revised version of the Poverty Reduction Strategy of 2000. The Strategy has three main outcomes and number of goals within each of these.

Growth of income  To ensure sound economic management and the reduction  To promote sustainable and broad-based growth of poverty  To improve food availability and accessibility  To reduce income poverty of both men and women in urban areas  To provide reliable and affordable energy to consumers Improved quality  To ensure equitable access to quality primary and secondary of life and social education for boys and girls, universal literacy among men and well-being women, and expansion of higher, technical and vocational education  To improve the survival, health and well-being of all children and women and of specially vulnerable groups  To ensure access to clean, affordable and safe water, sanitation, decent shelter and a safe and sustainable environment. This will reduce vulnerability to environmental risks  To ensure adequate social protection and the provision of basic needs and services for vulnerable people  To ensure effective systems that allow access for all people to quality and affordable public services Good  To ensure that structures and systems of governance as well as governance and the rule of law are democratic, participatory, representative, accountability accountable and inclusive  To ensure equitable allocation of public resources - with corruption effectively addressed  To put in place an effective public service framework as a foundation for service delivery improvements and poverty reduction  To ensure that the rights of poor and vulnerable groups are protected and promoted in the justice system  To reduce political and social exclusion and intolerance  To improve personal and material security, reduce crime and eliminate sexual abuse and domestic violence  To enhance and promote national cultural identities

______3 RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area

1.4.3 Rural Development Strategy

The Rural Development Strategy (RDS) provides policy guidelines for projects aiming at reducing rural poverty. Like the PRSP, the Rural Development Strategy recognises decentralised government and democratisation as important elements of society. Rural men and women should be empowered to manage natural resources for their own benefit.

1.4.4 Community Development Policy (1996)

The Community Development Policy (CDP) encourages individuals, families, groups and associations to undertake development activities in order to contribute to the pronounced government objectives of self-reliance. To provide advice and train families etc. is seen as an important in reaching poverty alleviation.

1.4.5 The National Land Policy (1995)

This promotes land tenure systems, facilitating social and economic development, without upsetting the ecological balance of the environment. It is noted in the policy that wetlands have often been regarded as wastelands and considered useless for social and economic development; the policy seeks to reverse this negative perception by proposing that wetlands are properly studied.

1.4.6 The Wildlife Policy (1998) Revised 2007

There are several strategies that promote management of Wildlife Management Area by the local governments. A strategy for conserving and managing wildlife resources clearly states that wildlife management responsibility of the settled and areas outside core protected areas (National Parks, Ngorongoro Conservation Area and Game Reserves) shall be devolved to rural people and private sector. A strategy for protecting wildlife illegal aims at devolving responsibility of containing illegal use of wildlife in WMAs to rural communities. A strategy for protecting biological diversity aims at establishing a new category of protected area to be known as Wildlife Management Area for the purposes of effecting community based conservation. A strategy for ensuring that wildlife conservation competes with other forms of land use aims at involving rural communities and other stakeholders in taking joint responsibility for the sustainable management of wildlife and other natural resources. Strategies for recognising an intrinsic value of wildlife to rural communities aims at encouraging resident hunting which benefit rural communities in WMAs on those land hunting is conducted.

1.4.7 The National Tourism Policy (1999)

The policy recognises that most tourist attractions lie within local communities or in their vicinities and in most cases co-exist side by side with the communities in wildlife areas. It is for such reasons that it is imperative for communities living within or around these areas to be fully involved in the development and management of these attractions and in addition, to get a share of the income generated from tourist activities within their areas. Formation and subsequent management of WMA would help communities to participate in the process of tourism management in Tanzania.

1.4.8 The National Forest Policy (1998)

It is relevant because of the coverage of mangroves and swamp forest and because forests have important functions in water catchments areas. It sets out general guidelines for managing forest resources, aimed at ensuring a sustainable supply of forest products and services, and generally acknowledges the need for cross-sectoral regulation. So does the Mineral Act (1998) require license holders to take all appropriate measures for the protection for the environment, including wetland areas.

______4 RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area 1.4.9 Beekeeping Policy (1998)

This policy from 1998 has the objective of enhancing sustainable contribution to the sector for socio-economic development and environmental conservation, covering honeybees.

1.4.10 Small and Medium Enterprise Development Policy (2003)

Small and Medium Enterprise Development Policy of 2003 was prepared in a participatory basis covering a wide spectrum of entrepreneurs and government officials. The Policy is designed to empower SMEs in rural as well as urban areas to boost the contribution to the national economy.

1.5 Planning Process and Constraints

1.5.1 Planning Process

Through a support from the Tunduru District Wildlife Office, the Authorised Association (AA) of ten villages (Rahaleo, Mbugulaji, Kajima, Twendembele, Kindamba, Huria, Darajambili, Namwinyu, Namakungwa, and Nandanyende) responsible for the TWMA identified a need to develop a RMZP. Due to resources constraints the AA could not afford to develop a WMA General Management Plan (GMP) as required by the Wildlife Conservation (Wildlife Management Areas) Regulations, 2002, Nalika AA opted for the development of RMZP which is at the same level of acceptance as GMP for establishment of WMA.

Through the use of baseline data of the TWMA and a series of consultative meetings, the AA analysed the situation of the area. The analysis provided information on the following aspects:

 Issues, concerns and problems facing TWMA;  Policy and legal frameworks that govern the WMAs; and  Constraints to the implementation of the RMZP.

Subsequently the Nalika AA organized two technical workshops comprising of the district government officials and the AA members between 4th and 10th June 2008 to develop the RMZP for the TWMA. Also representatives from the local government, Non Govermental Organisations (NGOs) and other stakeholders participated in the workshops. The RMZP was the major output of the workshops.

1.5.2 Planning Constraints

Before defining the specific management objectives for the TWMA the constraints on its management and any other major threats to the area’s values was identified. Constraints may take different forms such as legal obligations, constraints of tenure, prior usage of land, health and safety considerations, managerial constraints, obligations to neighbors and visitors, international obligations and other policy considerations. The planning process recognized and tooked into account the constraints of developing and subsequent implementation of the RMZP. The Chapter on Plan of Actions has proposed mechanisms that would reduce the adverse effects of these limitations. These mechanisms would minimize the risks and threats that may lead to failure in implementing the RMZP.

 The Wildlife Conservation (Wildlife Management Areas) Regulation, 2002

The Wildlife Conservation (Wildlife Management Areas) Regulation, 2002 provide the legal framework that shall apply to village land set aside for wildlife conservation. The Regulations provides the legal framework for the establishment and subsequent management of Wildlife Management Areas. Eighth Schedule of the Regulations (Made under Regulation 36(3)) outlines the process and the format for the Resource Management Zone Plan (RMZP). Thus the process and the format of this RMZP were guided by these Regulations.

______5 RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area

 The Guidelines for Designation and Management of Wildlife Management Areas (2002)

The Guidelines define Wildlife Management Areas as areas declared by the Minister to be so and set aside by village government for the purpose of biological natural resource conservation.

 A joint Village Land Use Plan (VLUP)

Preparation of a joint Village Land Use Plans (VLUP) is a prerequisite to the establishment of Wildlife Management Area. A joint VLUP would help to solve or avoid land use conflicts between two or more neighbouring villages, and to improve the management of the shared areas. Part IV of the Regulations clearly states that each application for designating a Wildlife Management Area shall be accompanied by a land Use plan approved by the Village Assembly. Thus the existing VLUP guided the development of the RMZP.

 The Village Land Act (1999)

This Act is essential in terms of land-use planning processes and land-use management. All land is basically vested in the President, within the categories of village land (catered for in the Village Land Act 1999), general land and reserved land. Participatory guidelines have been developed for implementation of the Village Land Act through land-use specification, planning and demarcation.

 Socio-economic constraints

Previously each of the ten villages forming the Nalika AA had a quota for resident hunting. With TWMA, all the villages will conduct resident hunting in the designated zone only. Some villages are located far away from this zone while others are near the area, situation which makes the far away village to access the resident hunting zone with some difficult.

______6 RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area 2. ANALYSIS OF THE INFORMATION DATA SHEET

This chapter presents results of the examination of the information data sheet of the prospective Tunduru Wildlife Management Area. The analyses of existing socio-economic and natural resources data of the area were conducted using different fora and methodologies. Results of the analyses are presented in the form of existing conditions in the TWMA. The existing conditions are described in terms of the following aspects:

 Background information about TWMA;  Problems, concerns or issues;  Outstanding resources and values of the TWMA;  Existing purposes of the TWMA; and  Existing significance of the TWMA.

2.1 Background Information

2.1.1 Location and Topography

Tunduru WMA is located at 10º-11º S, 36º 36’-37º 35’ E in Tunduru District, Ruvuma Region in the southern part of Tanzania. The proposed/Pilot Tunduru WMA is part of the Selous- Niassa Wildlife Corridor and comprises an area of bout 111,125 hectares. The area borders Selous Game Reserve and Muhewesi Forest Reserve to the north and Isasawala Forest Reserve to the south. Generally the land is relatively flat with 4% slope making the area not very prone to erosion. The elevation is higher in the north, 1020 meters above sea level, while the lowest part is in the south at 560 meters above sea level. The area is intercepted by a number of rivers, the main ones being Muhewesi, Mikei, Msisima, Likuyu and Lipembe.

2.1.2 Climate

The area has single rain season, November to May with annual average of 1200mm. This rainfall pattern only changed in 1994 where the rains started mid February to June. Warm months are September to May with average of 25ºC with highest temperature being 29ºC and the lowest is 22ºC.

2.1.3 Land Uses

The main land uses in the area are agriculture, human settlements, hunting and lumbering. The main crops are Cashewnut, Maize, Cassava, Simsim, Beans, Rice and Pigeon peas. According to TAWIRI (2006), agricultural is under expansion, where by the number of cultivated plots has increased from 2782 hectares to 9016 hectares from year 2000 to 2006. Livestock keeping is marginally practiced with goat, sheep and cattle being the main livestock raised in the area. Currently the whole area is under tourist hunting with two hunting blocks namely Sasawala and Muhewesi. Morogoro Hunting Safari and Maasai Land Hunting are the two hunting companies undertaking this business in the two hunting blocks respectively.

Table 1: Human Activity Trend

Activity 2000 2006 Trend Iron roofed huts - 1456 Unclear Cultivated farm plots 2782 9016 Increasing Saw pits 230 46 Decreasing Thatch roofed huts 2553 1425 Decreasing Source: TAWIRI (2006)

2.1.4 Human Population

Table 2 provides a summary of human population in the area based on national census that was conducted in 2002.

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Table 2: Human population

Ward Village House holds Male Female Total Kalulu Rahaleo 142 454 482 936 Mbugulaji 211 553 657 1210 Kajima 133 276 228 504 Ligunga Twendembele 226 464 535 999 Kindamba 168 333 358 691 Namwinyu Huria 171 498 458 956 Darajambili 134 377 400 777 Namwiyu 181 534 605 1139 Namakungwa 211 539 548 1087 Ndenyende 175 292 350 642 Source: National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2003)

2.1.5 Vegetation

The vegetation of the area is mainly deciduous Miombo woodland with Brachystegia spp, Julbernadia globiflora, Pterocarpus angolensis, Terminalia spinosa and Combretum spp, being the major vegetation type which is maintained by frequent fires. Other areas are covered by dense thickets, riverine and ground water forest.

2.1.6 Wildlife

According to aerial census (TAWIRI, 2006) there is decreasing trend in the population of large mammals with the exception of Elephants which have shown a stable population (table 3). The area has high degree of habitat heterogeneity and eventually inhabiting variety of wild animals. Common animals in the area are Elephant, Hippopotamus, Leopard, Buffalo, Lion, Hyena, Zebra, Bush pig, Warthog, Hartebeest, Wildebeest, Sable Antelope, Reedbuck, Wild dog, Aardvark, Silver backed jackal, Python, variety of small mammals, variety of reptiles and amphibians and birds.

Table 3: Wildlife population trends

2006 Species 2000 (Estimate) Counted Estimate Elephant 3114 215 3330 Buffalo 6407 94 1456 Duiker 204 1 - Eland - 26 402 Hippopotamus - 3 - Sable Antelope 5335 28 433 Zebra - 8 - Source: TAWIRI (2006)

2.2 Analysis of Problems, Issues and Concerns

The first step in any planning process is to identify the planning and management issues that would be addressed in the RMZP. In this document words issues, problems and concerns are used synonymously. Identifying issues is one of the most important steps in the process because it provides focus for the rest of the planning and zoning efforts.

The area is generally facing severe threats to its continued existence. Such threats if left unattended will block this important ecological link of Selous and Niassa reserves. Those

______8 RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area threats are the uncontrolled and unplanned conversion of land for agricultural use, ribbon development along the major roads, the unsustainable and illegal use of natural resources including the high value poaching of ivory across the national boundaries and uncontrolled fires.

Heavy encroachment and destruction due to conversion of forest for farming and settlement are already taking place in most part of this area. With the high human population growth rate and its impact on the mostly still intact natural habitat, the area is predicted to be destroyed unless adequately managed.

Workshop participants identified specific issues facing proposed Tunduru Wildlife Management Area. Because management and resource protection issues are not always confined to WMA boundaries, participants identified external issues as well. Therefore analysis of the information data sheet and stakeholder workshop resulted in the identification of the following problems, in terms of priority:

 Property damage by wildlife

Human attack by wild animals specifically Lion, Elephant and Buffalo are very common on areas adjacent to the proposed WMA. Local community properties, mostly crops, were being frequently raided by wildlife from TWMA or nearby conservation areas. Elephant is the major wildlife species which causes crop damage. Also there were incidences whereby Lions cause damages to livestock in areas around the TWMA. Property damage by wildlife is a most important cause of conflicts between wildlife management and other land uses in the area. Conflicts create antipathy of the local people towards wildlife conservation and management. Elephants, Vervet Monkeys, baboons, Warthog, and birds cause the biggest crop loss in areas adjacent TWMA. The problem that used to exist is human killed by lions. This problem has abated recently.

 Shifting agriculture

Agriculture has become one of the major sources of economy for the people around TWMA. There are potentials for large-scale agriculture in certain areas of TWMA. Cashew nut, Cassava, Pigeon pea, Beans and Maize are the main crops in the area. Agriculture and wildlife management are not fully compatible. Wildlife cannot distinguish crops from natural pasture for wildlife. The major cause of wildlife-people conflicts is crop damage by wildlife because of incompatibility of the two land uses.

 Inadequate conservation education

Conservation skills, knowledge and attitude are inadequate amongst the Village leaders. In order to ensure effective and efficient management of TWMA village leaders may require adequate wildlife conservation and management training. It was evident during the workshop that majority of the problems facing TWMA were caused by inadequate training in the conservation and management of natural resources.

 Deforestation in the area

Trees are the most important source of building materials and energy for the local communities of the ten villages. Regeneration of trees in the TWMA is slowed due to excessive tree felling associated with shifting agriculture. Demands for trees have also increased as a result of lack of alternative sources of energy and building materials. The major problems are shifting cultivation, building materials, charcoal and the biggest is unsustainable lumbering in the area.

 Poaching

Illegal harvest of wildlife in the area is very common. Main species that suffer from poaching are Elephant (for Ivory) and Buffalo (for meat).

______9 RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area

 Inadequate working tools

Vehicles, tents, uniforms, firearms and other wildlife management tools were inadequate or lacking for wildlife management duties in the area. Wildlife management activities were seriously constrained due to lack of necessary tools. Destruction of wildlife resources went unabated in and outside the TWMA due to lack of necessary working tools.

 Destruction of water sources and drought

Weather has changed over the years in and around TWMA. Drought has become a normal phenomenon than an exception. Poor water infrastructure compounds problems that are caused by inadequate rainfall in the area. People, livestock, crops and wildlife suffer severely as the result of drought in the area. Severe drought adversely affects crops that in turn affect the local economy in and around TWMA. Poor economy directly caused destruction of natural resources in the area. Majority of rivers in the area are drying due to extensive cutting of trees at its catchments and cultivation near or at water sources.

 Inadequate funding

Funding for management of the TWMA is inadequate. Income that is generated from the Licences Fees and 25% Game Fees is inadequate to support WMA operations and support village developments. Also revenue that is generated from wildlife utilisation in the district is shared amongst the villages in the entire district. Good amount of revenue goes straight to the central government. Other tourism initiatives that are being exercised in the TWMA do not produce tangible benefits due to inadequate wildlife entrepreneurial skills, knowledge and attitudes of the village governments.

 Unskilled labour

For successful wildlife management specialised knowledge, skills and right attitudes are necessary. Wildlife population in the TWMA is declining partly due to lack of skilled labour in the village governments. Also implementation of the RMZP shall not succeed without proper training of the managers of TWMA. Skills in resource inventory, resource protection and wildlife entrepreneurship would be necessary for the successful management of TWMA.

 Wildfires

Wildfires occur frequently inside the TWMA. The major causes of wildfires in the areas are charcoal producers and honey gatherers. Less often tourist in the areas surrounding the TWMA and people passing through the Tunduru-Nangurukuru main road accidentally cause wildfires. Wildfires have overwhelming effects on the biodiversity and ecology of the TWMA when occur at wrong season and magnitude.

 Decreased number of wildlife in the area

Information from local people and TAWIRI (2006) has indicated that the numbers of wildlife has decreased in the area. The major cause of decrease is poaching. Majority of the local people that were interviewed during the preparation of the RMZP had the views that wildlife numbers in the areas had decreased over the years.

 Poverty and ignorance

Poverty of all kinds is evident in the area. Income poverty, diseases and hunger force the local people in the area to engage in illegal wildlife exploitation for food and income. Ignorance is also common in the area. Inadequate knowledge on values of conservation necessitates certain people to cause unnecessary problems to the wildlife conservation authorities in the area.

______10 RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area

2.3 Analysis of Outstanding Resources and Values

In any protected area there are many important resources and values. For planning purposes, the stakeholders agreed to focus on what was termed as outstanding resource values. The term “outstanding” was used to mean extraordinary, exceptional or unique. Outstanding resource values were defined as resources that capture the essence why the protected areas were created and exist, because they helped maintain the integrity of the protected areas system. These could be intangible or tangible resources. These resources are not limited to the boundaries of protected areas. Due to resources (time, staff and money) limitation, protected areas needed a management priority for protecting natural and cultural resources.

The following criteria were developed and used in the identification of outstanding resources and values for the TWMA:

 Unique biological attributes, vegetation types and land forms;  Outstanding natural and physical features;  Critical for maintaining the integrity of the protected areas;  Rare, endemic, endangered, threatened plants and animals;  Sensitive biological and physical resources;  Major cultural, historical and archaeological sites; and  Resources with worldwide recognition.

Experiences of stakeholders, information data sheet and existing documents on Selous and Niassa Game Reserves were the major sources of information in the identification of the following outstanding resources values of the TWMA:

 Part of the selous-niassa wildlife corridor

The area is part of the Selous - Niassa wildlife corridor which is a landscape linkage between Africa's largest protected areas: The Selous Game Reserve of Tanzania, acknowledged as a World Heritage Site and home to Africa's largest elephant, buffalo, sable and other wildlife populations, and the Niassa Game Reserve of Mozambique, well renowned for its large elephant population. The area consists of natural miombo woodland it encompasses a wide variety of wildlife habitats with wooded grassland, substantial areas of open savannah, granite inselbergs, seasonal and permanent wetland, and riverine forests along numerous rivers and streams draining either towards the Rufiji or Ruvuma rivers. The area is part of the corridor that allows the largest herbivore, the African elephant (Loxodonta Africana), to migrate between the two largest elephant ranges of the world.

 Forests and trees (Names in Vernacular)

Unique and abundance of forests and tree species give TWMA unique scenic values. Vernercularly named; Mninga, Mbambakofi, Mgwina, Muwawa, Mininga maji, Mnyenye, Muwanga, Mpuga, Nchenga, Muyombo, Mgelagela, Mtonga, Mpembu, Msuku, Mdala mwezi, Mtetereka, Nyangandembu, and Mchinji are dorminant plant species in the TWMA.

 Medicinal trees (Names in Vernacular)

Mgawa, Mbutu, Mtomoni, Matatu, Msolo, Chibuluka, Msangusangu, Mkuyu, Mjoka, Msondoka, Mpinji, Mbungulaji.

Other useful trees include Mpingo (for curving), Mianzi Pori (for construction), Mkwaju (fruits for both human and wild animals like Baboon and Velvet monkey) and Mahama (fruits are highly preferred by Elephants).

______11 RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area  Rivers

Mbarangandu, Muwesi, Nampungu, Lilasi, Lipembe, Likuyu, Makangaga, and Mkundi are outstanding rivers in the area. Other rivers that provide unique scenic values in the area include Utumwa, Katuli, Rumile, Kisi, Sasawala, Ndemambili, Mtepela, Chingwalangwala, Kapesula, Mikeyi, Majegeja, Naluwale, Michonjo, Mzizima, Ruagala and Mahoyohoyo.

 Valleys

Valleys provide habitat for wildlife and sources of major rvivers in the areas. Valleys also provide outstanding views for would be visitors in the area. Mtawila, Lingwamba, Machonda, Mpumbe, Likoroma, Kungilike, Manganje, Chaosaigembo, Mfunikile, Ngwalangwala, Minjalo, Naitiwi, Njinjiurambo and Gema la mama are some of the unique valleys in the TWMA.

 Natural dams

Natural dams are important natural phenomena. The lakes, ponds, and wetlands formed naturally by wildlife or other natural physical phenomenon increase bio-diversity and improves overall environmental quality. They are the major sources of water and thus major source of water for wildlife. Kanduru, Mnemwajani, Mkwate, Mnungwa, Lilasi, Naluwale, Mpwasi, Chandembo, Katuli, Kawe, Malaika, Maemila, Mkwajuni, Kwakundungu, Machonda, Makereketa and Chechangu are the most significant dams in the area.

 Mountains and hills

The distinction between a hill and a mountain is unclear and largely subjective in accordance to the local people of Nalika AA (TWMA). Nonetheless a hill is generally somewhat lower and less steep than a mountain. Hills have played an important role in the history of the people of these areaa. Many settlements were originally built on hills, either to avoid or curb floods, particularly if they were near a large body of water, or for defence, since they offer a good view of the surrounding land and require would-be attackers to fight uphill. There are outstanding Hill/mountain features in the TWMA. Kilimasera, Lihowela, Chingwalangwala, Binti mboka, Naichanga, Likecha, Narohombaya, Mitumbitumbi, Mlima Bado, Humbiwili and Chipembele are among the outstanding scenic values to the TWMA.

 Revenue from tourism, photographic and hunting activities

There area has great financial and economic potentials if it is exploited for wildlife tourism, photographic and hunting activities.

 Wildlife

The area supports a large number of globally significant, threatened and CITES listed large mammal species. Variety of wildlife species exist in the area. Birds, reptiles, and mammals of different kind exist in the TWMA. This area is part of the corridor connecting Selous Game Reserve in Tanzania and Niassa Reserve in Mosambique, making it important in trans- boundary conservation.Significant wildlife species include Elephant, Lion, Leopard, Zebra, Buffaloes, Eland, Hartebeest and Wildebeest. Rare and threatened wildlife species include Pangolin, Wild Dogs and Greater Kudu.

The identification of exceptional resource and values would allow planners, managers, and decision makers to focus their efforts, limited resources and staff on these most important resources. These exceptional resource and values were integral in determining the TWMA purposes and significance, formed the basis for identifying the area’s primary interpretive themes, and helped set the parameters for developing management zones.

______12 RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area 2.4 Analysis of TWMA Significance

The area’s significance was defined as the area’s importance to our natural and/or cultural heritage. Significance was summarized in statements that describe the reasons the area is important to natural or cultural heritage. Such statements expanded upon the identification of exceptional resource values by adding unique qualifiers and placing the protected area within the context of a region, national, and international importance.

Together with problems and outstanding resource values, significance established the framework on which the RMZP was based. An understanding of significance of the area was particularly important in identifying resource management and interpretation priorities and in determining the type of visitor experience most appropriate to the area.

Stakeholders analysed the information data sheet and developed the following significance statements for the TWMA:

 TWMA is one of the key protected area in the selous-niassa corridor  TWMA is one of then few protected areas in the selous-niassa wildlife corridor that is not fully protected  TWMA is one of the most important WMA in Tanzania with significant potentials to generate revenue from tourism, photographic and hunting activities for the development of the villages;  TWMA is one of the biggest WMA in Tanzania;  It is the only area in the Tunduru district with highest concentration of wildlife; and  TWMA is one of the WMA with highest density of Elephants and Buffaloes in Tanzania.

______13 RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area 3. MANAGEMENT ZONE SCHEME

Management zoning is defined as a planning procedure used for appraising and categorizing protected area lands. The management zoning scheme that is proposed for the TWMA assigning where various management schemes will best resolve existing problems facing the complex, protect outstanding resource values and accomplish defined management objectives by defining what can and what cannot be done in different areas of the TWMA. The difference in the types and levels of use as well as the types and levels of physical development makes a distinction of one management zone from another.

Stakeholders in the development of management zone scheme used no scientifically proven formula. Stakeholders and technical staff of the TWMA used best available information, professional judgments and their experiences to determine the appropriate zoning scheme for the TWMA.

Land use capability and suitability to support different types and levels of use and physical developments were important determinants of the management zone scheme. Locations of existing facilities, existing patterns of use and existing resource conditions did not necessarily influence the process of developing the management zone scheme.

The zoning designations defined in this Resource Zone Management Plan are based on different management importance. During the development of the management zone scheme, primary consideration was given but not limited to the following criteria:

 Land use sustainability;  On-site identifiable land units or management zones;  Introduction of uses and developments that resolves existing management conflicts;  Elimination of uses and developments that either damage resources or create undue burden on TWMA management;  Sustainability of the TWMA;  Protection of outstanding resource values of the TWMA;  Enhancing TWMA significance;  Constraints imposed by landscape and ecological determinants;  Provision of diverse range of appropriate visitor experiences;  Zone scheme that would increase revenue of the TWMA;  Land/environmental capability and suitability to support proposed or existing use and physical developments;  Cultural sustainability;  Use of already impacted areas and resources; and  Increased contribution to local economies and enhance inter-village relations.

The following three management zones for the TWMA (Figure 1):

 Sasawala Nature Management Zone (SNMZ);  Misisima Local Hunting Zone (MLHZ); and  Mbarang’andu Tourist Hunting Zone (MTHZ).

Below is a description of each management zone of the TWMA. The description includes the following important aspects:

 Description of specific boundary;  Rationale or justification for each management zone;  Permissible activities and limits types and levels of uses and physical development that are acceptable in each management zone;  Prohibited uses and physical developments in each management zone; and  Necessary or other conditions for the implementation of each management zone.

Only permissible and prohibited activities were outlined for each zone.

______14 RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area

4.1. Sasawala Nature Management Zone (28,732.11186 Ha)

Rationale To protect outstanding resources values and generate income from different forms for the of tourism including photographic safari. zoning Resources There are a lot of wild animals, beautiful flowering plants and attractive features and value like rivers (Sasawala, Rumile, Mawoyowoyo, and Chingwalangwala), valleys (Mtawila, Lingwamba), hills (Likecha, Lihowela, and Chingwalangwala) and natural dam Mkwate. Good riverine vegetation which is ideal for good production of honey.

Description Sasawala Forest Reserve to the South, Tunduru-Songea road to the North and of Mtungwe Forest Reserve to the West Boundaries Allowed Uses Limits of Acceptable Use Uses 1.Bush Crafting 2.Photographic safari 1 safari 3.Beek keeping Where there is no bush crafting and photographic safaris 4.Walking safaris

Prohibited 1.Mining Uses 2.Fishing 3.Hunting 4.Charcoal burning 5.Construction of houses 6.Tree felling Other  All conditions imposed by the Wildlife Management Area Regulations and Conditions Wildlife Conservation Act, Forest Act, Tourism Act  All conditions imposed by bylaws

4.2. Misisima Local Hunting Zone (12,332.07302 Ha)

Rationale To protect outstanding resources values and generate income from different forms for the of tourism include hunting, tourist camping and walking safaris. zoning Resources Variety of wildlife species, include Elephants, Aardvark, Wilderbeest and Buffaloes. and value Other outstanding resource values include riverine vegetation system. Description Muhewesi Forest Reserve to the North and River Likuyu to the North-west. of Boundaries Allowed Uses Limits of Acceptable Use Uses 1. Resident hunting Based on permits 2. Beekeeping Off-hunting season 3. Walking safaris Off-hunting season 4. Camp sites

Prohibited 1. Mining Uses 2. Charcoal burning 3. Construction of houses 4. Tree felling 5. Tourist Hunting Other  All conditions imposed by the Wildlife Management Area Regulations Conditions  All conditions imposed by bylaws

______15 RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area

4.3. Mbarang’andu Tourist Hunting Zone (70,060.81514 Ha)

Rationale The area has a lot of wild animals which are highly preferred by tourist hunters like for the Elephant, Lion, Leopard and Buffalo. The area also has also has features which zoning are ideal for attracting animals and setting of hunting camps like rivers (Mbarang’andu, Utumwa and Majegeja) and natural dams (Machonda, Maemila, Makereketa and Chechangu).

Resources Variety of wildlife species, include Elephants and Buffaloes. Other outstanding and value resource values include river and mountain systems. Other significant feature includes Historical site namely Chandamali. This is the area where both German and British colonialist at different time during their leadership they used the area as a ranging site. Another site is Naitiwi. This is a saltlick area for wild animals and hence important for the conservation of wildlife in the area.

Description Selous Game Reserve to the North, River Likuyu to the East and Tunduru Songea of road to the South. Boundaries Allowed Uses Limits of Acceptable Uses Uses 1.Tourist hunting 1 hunting company 2.Hunting camps 1 hunting camp at Kalulu (which will be located in the area river Majegeja and Utumwa join) and another at Ngembambili 3.Photographic safari 1 company at a time, off-hunting season 4.Walking safaris 5.Camp site At Mawoyowoyo and Mitepela 6.Bee keeping Off-hunting season Prohibited 1.Mining Uses 2.Charcoal burning 3.Construction of houses 4.Tree felling 5.Resident hunting Other  All conditions imposed by the Wildlife Management Area Regulations Conditions  All conditions imposed by bylaws

4.4. Identification and Implementation of Zones on the Ground

Boundaries were identified based on distinct physical features on the ground.The use of physical features on the ground will facilitate implementation of the zones. Law enforcement officers would be familiarised with these features that distinguish one zone from another. Beacons shall be installed in areas where distinct physical features could not be established or for ensuring awareness of the zoning during natural resource utilization.

______16 RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area

Figure 1: Location of the Proposed Tunduru WMA

______17 RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area

Figure 2: Land Cover Map for Tunduru WMA

______18 RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area

Figure 3: Management Zone for the proposed WMA

______19 RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area

4. TWMA MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS

This chapter describes specific management programs, principles, objectives and actions to be undertaken to achieve objectives of the RMZP and implement the management zone scheme. The activities proposed in this RMZP do not repeat description of management zone scheme but reinforces it by defining specific and practical actions that would help to minimise identified problems, protect outstanding resources and values, and help achieve protected area purposes.

The chapter outlines major RMZP activities i.e. strategic activities with significant contribution to the vision and goal of TWMA. The TWMA management shall continue to identify strategic activities as the implementation of the RMZP unfolds and as circumstances dictate. Routine operations and other activities relevant to the RMZP issues and objectives shall be identified or improved continuously through the development and implementation of Annual Operation Plans and Budgets (AOPB).

The TWMA stakeholders considered and included actions that would be feasible within the village set-up, and policy and legal frameworks. Also the stakeholders described the activities in terms of what needs to be done, and not how and when these activities will be implemented. Details on how and when these activities will be conducted shall be contained in the AOPB. More commonly, the information in this section may not be detailed (Thomas & Middleton, 2003). Detailed description of the management programs assist on-site TWMA managers in better understanding of what the RMZP demands from them over a period of five years. Also detailed description of the program normally helps ease development and implementation of AOPB. AOPB shall contain detailed annual activities and financial plans or budgets. However detailed description of activities, in terms of how and when each activity shall be implemented, will be considered during the development and implementation of a General Management Plan (GMP).

4.1. Visitor Use, Development and Revenue Program (VUDRP)

4.1.1 Program Purpose

The purpose of this program is to enhance visitor enjoyment and satisfaction and generate revenue that would raise and sustain funding for TWMA through non-consumptive and consumptive tourism, through rational use and allocation of revenue generated from the area and through sustained support from stakeholders.

4.1.2 Tourism Development and Revenue Principles

In the next five years the TWMA shall implement VUDRP whilst adhering to the following main principles:

 Principle of integrating tourism into sustainable development programs

The TWMA shall strive to ensure that national policies and strategies on sustainable development are integrated into the implementation of VUDRP. Also efforts to reconcile conflicting resource uses inside the WMA shall be speeded up and strengthened in order to ensure sustainable visitor development.

 Principle of development and management of sustainable tourism

Planning is the key to the sustainable tourism. In the next five years the TWMA management shall endeavour to ensure that tourism and ecotourism products are accurately identified and tourism plans are designed, appraised, monitored and evaluated for sustainability. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) shall be part and parcel of the development of tourism in the TWMA. Also tourism and ecotourism developments shall take into account the developments and land uses at sub-regional and sub-national levels. Care shall always be taken to make sure that development of tourism in the sub region complies with Government

______20 RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area

laws and regulations. Use of technology shall be encouraged to ensure that efficiency and effectiveness in managing tourism is guaranteed.

 Principle of sustainable tourism program

In order to succeed in the implementation of the VUDRP involvement of key stakeholders, information exchange and capacity to manage tourism is the key. The TWMA shall endeavour to involve key stakeholders at every stage of development and implementation of VUDRP. Also the TWMA shall strive to build and maintain the capacity to manage VUDRP. Information exchange on lesson learned would be encouraged in order to improve the implementation of VUDRP.

 Sustainable funding

Sustainable funding is simply the amount of money TWMA need to provide and sustain a particular level of services over time. It is important to appreciate that sustainable funding does not mean enough money to publicly fund all the community services that WMA should be providing. It is the responsibility of local community to establish what they believe is an appropriate and affordable level of publicly funded services and then to work out how much money is required over time to sustain that particular level. Also local government would need to make sure that the community understood and appreciated that the need to set a funding level inevitably would result in a degree of rationing, the extent of which would be determined by the level at which the sustainable funding path was set. Likewise any policy would need to provide the AA with a mechanism to cope with pressures on funding, reacting to those pressures in a planned, rather than an unplanned, manner; and any policy would need to provide confidence to the AA and local communities that the policy settings were appropriate and able to be met within the parameters set by the sustainable funding framework.

4.1.3 Program Objectives, Targets and Activities

This sub chapter outlines a summary of VUDRP objectives, targets and activities.

Objective 1: To increase and sustain financial contribution of the TWMA to the village governments by 400% by 2013 Target 1.1 Income Activity 1.1.1 Develop a framework for tourism concessions and from ecotourism, contracts including hunting, Activity 1.1.2 Develop and implement ecotourism entrepreneurial stand at Tshs plan 100,000,000 per Activity 1.1.3 Recruit and train project and ecotourism manager to annum by 2013 operate VUDRP Activity 1.1.4 Introduce ecotourism opportunities based on the management zone scheme Activity 1.1.5 Develop and implement marketing plan Target 1.2 Income Activity 1.2.1 Design and implement conservation projects and from non ecotourism funding projects for TWMA sources stand at Activity 1.2.2 Recruit and train project and ecotourism manager to Tshs 100,000,000 implement conservation projects per annum by 2013 Activity 1.2.3 Develop and implement financial monitoring and evaluation plan Activity 1.2.4 Develop and implement financial regulation and procedures manual Objective 2: To help tourists achieve highest possible degree of satisfaction by 2013 Target 2.1 Tourist Activity 2.1.1 Develop tourism satisfaction indicators feedback framework Activity 2.1.2 Develop and implement visitor satisfaction developed by June monitoring plan 2011 Activity 2.1.3 Develop and implement procedures for reviewing and improving tourist programs

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Objective 3: To ensure that ecotourism developments, including hunting, are designed, appraised, monitored and evaluated for sustainability Target 3.1 Activity 3.1.1 Review and implement village land use plans Environmental impact Activity 3.1.2 Develop database on impact of land uses inside the management LPWMA mechanisms Activity 3.1.3 Undertake training on EIA developed/adopted by June 2011

4.2 Administration and Operations Program (AOP)

4.2.1 Program Purpose

The purpose of this program is to boost efficiency and effectiveness of the TWMA operations through the provision of relevant facilities, infrastructure and training to TWMA staff and management. Also the programs shall implement activities that coordinate the implementation of the RMZP.

4.2.2 Administration and WMA Operations Principles

In the next five years the TWMA shall implement AOPB while sticking to the following main principles:

 Professional guidance on the management of TWMA

In the next five years the AA shall listen to and use professional guidance in the management of the LPWMA. Decisions in key management areas shall strictly follow government regulations and professional guidance. However care shall be taken to ensure that guidance provided by various professionals is appropriate to LPWMA real needs, in achieving results through gradual accumulation.

 Adaptive and planned management and collaboration

During the RMZP implementation period and beyond, the AA shall aim at providing services across the board, acting decisively and responding rapidly to changing management needs and circumstances. AA shall collaborate closely with other central government agencies, with local government and with specialist service agencies and other relevant authorities to ensure efficiency and effectiveness of WMA administration and operations. Also the AA shall implement its operations and programs through the development and implementation of AOPB. AOPB shall contain clear annual objectives, targets and activities. AA shall be reviewing AOPB on a regular basis to cope with changing administration and operations needs.

 Use of local and external resources for synergy

The AA shall encourage making effective use of both internal and external resources to achieve synergy in administering operations of the WMA. The AA shall be open to ideas and innovations from within or outside the AA.

4.2.3 Program objectives, targets and activities

This sub chapter outlines a summary of AOPB objectives, targets and activities.

Objective 1: To ensure that operations of the TWMA are efficient and effective by 2013 Target 1.1 Human Activity 1.1.1 Develop and operationalise organisation structure to resources administer the TWMA management Activity 1.1.2 Develop and implement comprehensive Schemes of framework in place Services for staff working with the TWMA

______22 RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area

by June 2011` Activity 1.1.3 Develop and implement a comprehensive Human Resource Development plan Activity 1.1.4 Develop and implement staff performance evaluation Activity 1.1.5 Recruit and deploy appropriate staff Activity 1.1.6 Develop and implement Human Resources Policy and Procedures Activity 1.1.6 Develop HIV/AIDS Operational Procedures and Action Plan. Target 1.2 Anti- Activity 1.2.1 Identify law enforcement staff and material resources poaching need management Activity 1.2.2 Recruit Community Scouts based on Scheme of framework developed Service by June 2011 Activity 1.2.3 Develop and implement scout training plan Activity 1.2.4 Develop and implement Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to establish law enforcement network with adjacent authorities Activity 1.2.5 Provide law enforcement equipment and facilities Activity 1.2.6 Develop and implement anti-poaching schedule Objective 2: To ensure that facilities and infrastructure for TWMA operations exist and properly maintained by 2013 Target 2.1 Facility Activity 2.1.1 Develop facility replacement and infrastructure and infrastructure management policy and procedures management Activity 2.1.2 Develop and implement facility and infrastructure framework developed maintenance budget and schedules by June 2011 Activity 2.1.3 Construct water dams Target 2.2 Adequate Activity 2.2.1 Develop a list and prepare a budget of equipment administration facility required for efficient TWMA administration and acquired by June operations 2010 Activity 2.2.2 Develop and submit a funding proposal to secure the needed equipment Target 2.3 Relevant Activity 2.2.1 Develop a list and prepare a budget of infrastructure infrastructure in place required for efficient and effective TWMA administration and and maintained by operations June 2012 Activity 2.2.2 Develop and submit a funding proposal to secure and maintained required infrastructure Activity 2.2.3 Mark WMA boundaries, including zones Objective 3: Ensure that RMZP is approved and AOPB is developed and fully implemented annually by June 2010 Target 3.1 AOPB Activity 3.1.1 Tables the draft RMZP to the Director of Wildlife for framework developed endorsement by December 2009 Activity 3.1.2 Develop AOPB format Activity 3.1.3 Develop and implement Annual Operation Plan and Budget to implement the RMZP Activity 3.1.4 Form and operationalise RMZP implementation team Activity 3.1.5 Develop and implement a monitoring plan

4.3 Wildlife-people Pelations Program (WPRP)

4.3.1 Program Purpose

The program aims at supporting community livelihoods in order to ensure that the relationships between people and wildlife are improved and maintain. Improved relationship would guarantee sustained wildlife conservation support from the local people of the three villages. Also good neighbourhood would ensure that indigenous knowledge is mainstreamed into sustainable management of the TWMA.

______23 RMZP for the Tunduru Wildlife Management Area

4.3.2 Local People Relation Principles

In the next five years the AA shall strive to implement the RMZP through maintaining the following key principles:

 Integrate traditional structures in the management of the TWMA

Whenever necessary the AA shall work through the use of tribal systems to ensure strong leadership, management skills, and the election of successful management committees. Also the AA shall work with community and local government to create a community-elected management body. Clear regulations on how to work with traditional structures are necessary and shall be promoted. The traditional roles and responsibilities in the management of TWMA shall be regularly reviewed and adapted to changing conditions.

 Ecology of TWMA

The AA shall strive to ensure that any community action takes into account the ecology of the area. Also biological and ecological monitoring is necessary and shall be community-based. Planning, monitoring, and evaluation should be done regularly and by communities. Information from monitoring should be shared with all the community and used to take action.

 Recognising existing uses

When implementing the RMZP the need for the local people to continue subsistence harvesting must be recognized and accommodated. Where possible the AA shall strive to ensure that existing land and resource use by communities is accommodated in the RMZP management process.

 Addressing causes of people-wildlife conflicts

During the implementation of the RMZP efforts shall be made to make sure that causes of people-wildlife conflicts are identified to form the basis for conflict resolution. Addressing causes of conflicts is a key in improving and sustaining good relationship between people and wildlife.

4.3.3 Program Objectives, Targets and Activities

This sub chapter outlines a summary of WPRP objectives, targets and activities.

Objective 1: Conflicts between people and wildlife reduced by 50% by 2013 Target 1.1 Conflicts Activity 1.1.1 Develop wildlife-community conflicts profile resolution framework Activity 1.1.2 Establish and operationalise Tunduru stakeholder developed by June forum 2013 Activity 1.1.3 Review and implement land use plans Activity 1.1.4 Develop and implement conflict management plan and conflict monitoring plan Activity 1.1.5 Develop and implement policy, procedures, guidelines and bye laws on human settlements and movement of people and livestock in the area Activity 1.1.6 Provide voter education to ensure election of best leaders to resolve conflicts

Target 1.2 Property Activity 1.2.1 Develop profile on damage caused by wildlife on damage by wildlife local community minimized by June Activity 1.2.2 Review and implement land use plans 2013 Activity 1.2.3 Develop local policy and operational procedures on minimizing damage and impacts caused by wildlife on people’s properties

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Activity 1.2.4 Establish mechanisms to minimize property damage by wildlife Activity 1.2.5 Monitor incidences of wildlife damages to local people profile.

Target 1.3 Livestock- Activity 1.3.1 Develop profile on livestock-wildlife diseases wildlife disease incidences in the area incidences reduced Activity 1.3.2 Review and implement land use plans by 30% by June 2013 Activity 1.3.3 Develop and operationalise a local policy, procedures and guidelines on livestock keeping Activity 1.3.4 Monitor livestock-wildlife disease incidences Objective 2: Attitudes of local people towards wildlife improved by June 2013 Target 2.1 75% of the Activity 2.1.1 Study and develop profile on local people attitudes local population is towards wildlife willing to support Activity 2.1.2 Review and implement land use plans conservation by June Activity 2.1.3 Develop and implement ways of improving local 2013 people attitudes towards wildlife Activity 2.1.4 Monitor attitudes of local people towards wildlife Objective 3: Local people incomes increase by 20% and social conditions improve by June 2013 Target 3.1 Income of Activity 3.1.1 Study and develop income profile of local people in each resident stand the three/four villages at US$ 1 a day by Activity 3.1.2 Develop and implement natural resources utilisation June 2013 policy, procedures, guidelines and bye laws Activity 3.1.3 Establish and operationalise Community Conservation and Development Bank (CCDB) Activity 3.1.4 Provide training on wildlife entrepreneurial skills and project planning Activity 3.1.5 Monitor incomes of local people Target 3.2 Social Activity 3.2.1 Study and develop social condition profile of the local conditions of the local people people reach United Activity 3.2.2 Develop and implement health improvement and Nation Development HIV/AIDS strategy Program (UNDP) Activity 3.2.3 Monitor health conditions of local people standards by June Activity 3.2.4 Support primary, secondary and tertiary education 2013 and training programs Activity 3.2.5 Improve agriculture for sustainable conservation Objective 4: Indigenous knowledge and traditional systems integrated into planning and management of TWMA by June 2013 Target 4.1 Activity 4.1.1 Establish and operationalise indigenous knowledge Framework for local policy, procedures and guidelines integrating local Activity 4.1.2 Monitor use of relevant local knowledge in the knowledge in TWMA LPWMA management process management process Activity 4.1.3 Study and document local knowledge relevant to in place and LPWMA management process operational by June 2013

4.4. Natural Resources Management Program (NRMP)

4.4.1 Program Purpose

Natural resource management program purpose is to protect biodiversity and the Selous- Tunduru-Niassa ecosystem for sustainable livelihoods. Also the program is aimed at ensuring that natural resource data is available for rational decisions on management of LPWMA.

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4.4.2 Natural Resources Management Principles

In the next five years the AA shall strive to management the LPWMA based on the following key natural resources management principles:

 Economic principle

Full-cost pricing of the natural resources is the essence of economic principle. The Nalika AA shall ensure that there is no price distortion by removing government subsidies for resource use. Also costs shall be internalised by ensuring that resource users pay for the external effects. The Nalika AA shall ensure that there is constant income from natural resource by estimating and invest user costs to maintain income-generating capacity of natural resources.

 Sustainability principle

The Nalika AA shall ensure that there is sustainable harvest and constant stock by increasing renewable resources to make up for loss on non-renewable resources. Precautionary principle to safeguard ecological functions in the face of uncertainty would be observed during the implementation of the RMZP. Also the Nalika AA would encourage use of natural resources in ways that ensure non-declining stream of benefits for all, and without weakening ecological functions of the resources.

 Social principle

The Nalika AA shall ensure that there is equitable distribution of natural resources property and user rights i.e. distribute secure property rights or use rights to those that are in dire need. Community management of natural resources shall be encouraged and rely on relevant community institutions for managing common resources for sustainability. Critical support shall be given to community institutions and information, technology, training and credits to enable sound resource management by them.

 Ecosystem principle

The Nalika AA shall strive to ensure that all natural resource management decisions are made to safeguard the Selous-Tunduru-Niassa ecosystem. Thus principles of ecosystem planning and management shall be adhered in the implementation of the NRMP.

4.4.3 Program Objectives, Targets and Activities

Objective 1: Wildfire reduced to an ecologically acceptable level by June 2013 Target 1.1 Incidences Activity 1.1.1 Study and develop wildfire profile of wildfire reduced by Activity 1.1.2 Develop and implement Fire Technical Detailed 40% by June 2013 Management Plan Activity 1.1.3 Develop and operationalise policy, procedures, guidelines and bye laws on the use and management of fire in the area Activity 1.1.4 Monitor incidences and extent of wildfire Activity 1.1.5 Establish wildfire database Objective 2: Wildlife populations maintained at ecologically acceptable levels by June 2013 Target 2.1 Wildlife- Activity 2.1.1 Study and develop wildlife-livestock disease livestock disease incidence profile in the area incidences reduced Activity 2.1.2 Review and implement land use plans by 50% by June 2013 Activity 2.1.3 Develop and implement technical detailed disease management plan Activity 2.1.4 Monitor disease incidences in the area Activity 2.1.5 Establish disease database

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Target 2.2 Wildlife Activity 2.2.1 Study and develop wildlife-livestock habitat profile habitat management Activity 2.2.2 Develop and implement wildlife-livestock habitat framework technical detailed management plan established by June Activity 2.2.3 Monitor habitat condition and use by wildlife and 2011 livestock Activity 2.2.4 Develop habitat condition and use database Activity 2.2.5 Improve wildlife-livestock habitat including water availability for wildlife and livestock Target 2.3 Wildlife Activity 2.3.1 Study and develop wildlife species profile monitoring framework Activity 2.3.2 Undertake annual counts of numbers of key wildlife in place by June species 2011 Activity 2.3.3 Develop wildlife database Activity 2.3.4 Monitor wildlife populations Activity 2.3.5 Use census data to determine annual wildlife utilisation quotas Target 2.4 Illegal Activity 2.4.1 Study and develop profile on illegal harvest of natural harvest controlled by resources in the area June 2011 Activity 2.4.2 Develop mechanisms for sustainable utilisation of wildlife resources Activity 2.4.3 Develop mechanisms to combat illegal harvest of wildlife resources Activity 2.4.4 Develop policy, procedures, guidelines and bye laws on wildlife resource utilisation Activity 2.4.5 Develop and operationalise database on illegal harvest of wildlife resources Target 2.5 Wildlife Activity 2.5.1 Develop database format (manual database) database established Activity 2.5.2 Train local people on the management of manual by June 2011 database Activity 2.5.3 Purchase necessary equipment and operationalise natural resources database

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5. ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENTS

Environmental impact will focus on change in condition of the resource or environment due to the proposals in the RMZP (including non-action alternative, or continuation of existing action). Environmental assessment (EA) will examines potential impacts of proposed actions in order to propose measures that would insure that environmental quality is maintained, restored, and enhanced. EA is a planning tool that assists planners and managers do a better job. The EA will help the technical people of the Tunduru District to achieve the following:

 Recommend actions with positive environmental effects and where there were negative effects, the least possible negative impacts were considered;  Recommend actions to resolve existing problem by not creating a series of other problems;  Identify mitigation actions to reduce, eliminate or offset adverse effects and incorporate these actions directly into the RMZP process; and  Make informed decisions with full understanding of the potential consequences.

It was not possible for the technical people to examine the effects of all the RMZP proposals on the TWMA environments. Thus the technical staff of the district selected the following eight major proposals for the assessment:

 Confining resident hunting on one part of the TWMA;  Develop and implement framework for ecotourism concessions and contracts; and  Implementation of zoning scheme. . The technical staff defined the environment to mean physical, biological, cultural, socio- economic aspects and their interrelationships. Based on this definition the planning teams identified the following important environments for environmental assessment:

 Local economy and revenue;  Local communities social conditions;  Wildlife and biodiversity conservation; and  Ecosystem maintenance and ecological integrity.

In a short-term, the TWMA local economy and revenue, biodiversity and the ecosystem would be adversely affected by the implementation of the RMZP proposed programs. The implementation of the RMZP would require heavy initial financial investments. This will have short-term adverse effects on financial resources and the budgets of the village governments. However, in the long-term, the TWMA shall benefit financially from increased income resulting from the introduction of ecotourism programs and tourist hunting receipts that were channelled to the central government. Also, in a short-term, establishment of campsites and development of new road network shall adversely affect the biophysical resources and the entire ecosystem. The RMZP proposes Environmental Impacts Assessment (EIA) for all new physical developments in the TWMA, as a direct mitigation measure. Also the RMZP recommends studies before the implementation of some physical developments, as feedback mitigation measures.

Confining resident hunting to the one management area, the Misisina Local Hunting Zone, would make hunting for meat to local people living away from the zone a bit difficult. This might encourage those communities living away from this zone to participate in illegal hunting in other zones. The NALIKA WMA should find solution to this problem, by providing alternatives to wildlife meat or facilitating local people living away from Misisima Local Hunting Zone to access meat from this zone.

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Specific environmental statements are summarized below.

5.1 Impacts on Local Economy and Revenue

Description One of the objectives of the TWMA is to ensure that revenue operational and development costs are met. This could be achieved through rationalizing operational costs and increasing income through a variety of means, including development and implementation of financial regulation and procedures manuals. Local economy and revenue could as well be improved through the implementation of tourism and local community programs. Plan elements Hunting and ecotourism developments, marketing TWMA locally and affecting topic internationally, establishment of new visitor facilities, and protecting wildlife of the TWMA. Impacts if plan Diversifying visitor opportunities, improving visitor facilities and infrastructure, is implemented protecting all attractions of the TWMA and marketing the TWMA will increase the number of visitors, thus boost the revenue. Increased expenditures on operations will ensure efficiency and effectiveness. Impacts if plan TWMA and the community will continue to face financial problems, thus not continue to drain financial resources from tax payers that could be available implemented for alternative development projects elsewhere in the villages. TWMA would fail to undertake its operations thus fail to protect outstanding resources values of the area. Comments Marketing efforts intensified and access to the park eased. Running costs rationalized. Self-financing proposed mechanisms implemented

5.2 Local Communities Social Conditions

Description This RMZP seeks to ensure good working relationship between TWMA and all relevant stakeholders, reduce illegal activities and increase support from the neighbouring human communities. But also the RMZP intends to improve social conditions of the local people in the area. Plan elements Community conservation promoted, human-wildlife conflicts minimised and affecting topic sustainable land uses adjacent the TWMA promoted. Also establishment of entrepreneurial programs, ecotourism and hunting programs would boost the income of villages thus provide opportunity for improved social programs. Impacts if plan Local people knowledge and attitude enhanced. Local economies stimulated is implemented by increased visitors’ activities in the TWMA. Wildlife-people relations improved. Support to the TWMA from stakeholders will be increased and effects of high human density on TWMA reduced. Entrepreneurial programs established and social programs supported. Impacts if plan Ignorance on conservation issues and poverty will increase resentment of not local people and encroachment into TWMA. Support from local people will be implemented difficult as well. Poverty will increase thus more use and destruction of natural resources. Comments Providing support to community initiated projects, developing stakeholder forum and enhance extension services will reduce the dependence of neighbouring human communities on TWMA resources and reduce the conflicts of use. Tourism and social programs will reduce poverty hence reduce dependency on use of natural resources.

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5.3 Wildlife and Biodiversity Conservation

Description TWMA is one of the sites with high concentration of wildlife and high biodiversity values in the district and northern Tanzania. Plan elements Increased law enforcement activities, providing law enforcement facilities and affecting topic infrastructure, research and monitoring, carrying out EIA on any new introductions, reduce human-wildlife conflicts. Impacts if plan Joint patrols, increased number of Range Posts, improve the relationship is implemented between the TWMA and surrounding human communities will increase protection of Biodiversity. Research and monitoring will provide adequate management information for biodiversity. Carrying out EIA of any introduction will help secure biodiversity value of TWMA. Impacts if plan Loss of wildlife species and biodiversity and loss of wilderness character. not Tourism will deteriorate and revenue adversely affected. Ecological implemented imbalances are evident if wildlife and biodiversity deteriorates. Comments Ensure that the management zone scheme is implemented and all physical developments are subjected to EIA.

5.4 Ecosystem Maintenance and Ecological Integrity

Description Maintenance of ecological integrity is a key in minimizing chances of extinction of the species of the TWMA and protected areas adjacent to it. Plan elements Joint development and implementation of the ecosystem management plan, affecting topic increased number of Ranger Posts and support review and implementation of land use plan in areas surrounding TWMA Impacts if plan Free movement of genetic materials. is implemented Impacts if plan Increased poaching and incompatible activities and subsequent blockage of not migratory roots and extinction of certain species. implemented Comments Ensure that the ecosystem-wide management plan is developed and implemented

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6. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RMZP

6.1 Implementation Framework

Implementation is the most difficult and possibly the weakest stage of RMZP cycle in majority of WMA systems. Clear programs and defined processes are keys to ensure effective and efficient implementation of the RMZP.

At the implementation stage, the management zone scheme and plan of actions are put into practice through the allocation and disbursement of funds. A major priority during this stage is to ensure that planned activities are carried out in the way and within the period that was planned. In order to ensure that the RMZP is effectively and efficiently implemented, the formation of Implementation Team and preparation of Annual Operation Plan and Budget (AOPB) are necessary. This process must also be linked to the district planning process. Other essentials of effective and efficient implementation of the RMZP are:

 Development and circulation of Kiswahili version of the RMZP;  Submission of the RMZP to the Director of Wildlife for WMA approval processes;  Development and implementation of a monitoring plan, with objectively verifiable performance indicators;  Purchase of essential movable and fixed assets;  Linking RMZP to the district planning process;  Development of a monitoring and evaluation plan;  Linking RMZP to the village government institutions; and  Training of Nalika AA members on the implementation of the RMZP.

6.2 Implementation risks

Before defining the specific management objectives for TWMA, the constraints on its management and any other major threats to the area’s values should be identified. Constraints may take different forms such as legal obligations, constraints of tenure, prior usage of land, health and safety considerations, managerial constraints, obligations to neighbours and visitors, international obligations and other policy considerations.

The planning team recognized and took into account the constraints to the development and subsequent implementation of the RMZP. The Chapter on Plan of Actions has proposed mechanisms that would reduce the adverse effects of these limitations. These mechanisms would minimize the risks and threats that may lead to failure in implementing the RMZP.

 Leadership;  Continued influx of people in the district; and  Failure to implement land use plans.

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REFERENCES National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2003). 2002 Tanzania Human Population Census, Tanzania Government Printers, Dar-es-Salaam

TAWIRI (2006). Aerial Wildlife Census in Selous-Niassa Wildlife Corridor, Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha

The Government of Tanzania (2002). Guidelines for Designation and Management of Wildlife Management Areas, Tanzania Government Printers, Dar-es-Salaam

The Wildlife Conservation Act (1974). The Wildlife Conservation (Wildlife Management Areas) Regulations, 2005, Tanzania Government Printers, Dar-es-Salaam

Thomas, Lee and Middleton, Julie (2003). Guidelines for Management Planning of Protected Areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge

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ANNEX 1: PLANNING PARTICIPANTS

Name Title 1 SAIDI MASUDI MWENYEKITI 2 ALLY GISYI MJUMBE 3 SAID PACHANYA MJUMBE 4 LAIKA SUDI MJUMBE 5 FATU KAONDO MJUMBE 6 JAFALI ABDALA MJUMBE 7 MOHAMED IBORA MJUMBE 8 AIBA MATOLA MJUMBE 9 SAID KISANGA MJUMBE 10 KASSIM ALLY MJUMBE 11 EPHRAIM NGONYANI MJUMBE 12 DAUDI KILINDA MJUMBE 13 RASHID SHAWEJI MJUMBE 14 MWANAHAWA KACHONGO MJUMBE 15 ABDALLA NASSOR MHASIBU 16 AUSI JABILI MJUMBE 17 SALUM MOHAMED MJUMBE 18 OMARY HAKIM MJUMBE 19 MAIMUNA AMIRI MJUMBE 20 MARIAM MDOGO MJUMBE 21 FATU AZIZI MJUMBE 22 ZAINAB MSAJI MJUMBE 23 HADIJA ISSA MJUMBE 24 LAIKA HASSAN MJUMBE 25 FATU YASSIN MJUMBE 26 HAWA ALLY MJUMBE 27 ALLY KASIM MJUMBE 28 RASHID LIKENYA MJUMBE 29 MOHAMED NIDALA MJUMBE 30 ISSAKITOWELO MJUMBE 31 ADIJA TWALIB MJUMBE 32 MARIAM KAKONGE MJUMBE 33 SAID MIZINGA MJUMBE 34 RASHI LULANGA MJUMBE 35 MUSTAPHA NDOMONDO MJUMBE 36 ASAMTA MLELWA MJUMBE 37 SAID ALLY MJUMBE 38 JESTA NIHAMBA MJUMBE 39 HANA MOHAMED MJUMBE 40 YASIN NGOLILO MJUMBE 41 ISMAIL KHALIFA MJUMBE 42 SALANJE MAUMBO MJUMBE 43 ZUBERI ISSA MJUMBE 44 MOHAMED MNYAU MJUMBE 45 HASSAN MDOKA MJUMBE 46 RAJABU SIMBA MWEKA HAZINA 47 LOGAI LOGAI MJUMBE 48 ABDALLA YUSUPH MJUMBE 49 RASHID ZUBERI MJUMBE 50 ZAINABU HALIPH MJUMBE 51 ZAINABU MALIKUSEMA MJUMBE 52 ALLY ABDALA MJUMBE

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53 MOHAMED KALANJE MJUMBE 54 OMARY MAPUNDA MJUMBE 55 ISMAIL ABDALLA MJUMBE 56 SHAWEJI MATUMLA MJUMBE 57 MAMBO JUMA MJUMBE 58 JONATHAN HAULE MJUMBE 59 MOHAMED ALLY MJUMBE 60 STANLEY HAULE MJUMBE 61 ALIMU MOHAMED MJUMBE 62 PHANUEL MAMGOGWA MJUMBE 63 EBERCHARD HALLA MJUMBE 64 BROWN KANJENJE MJUMBE 65 CHALALE NAUN MJUMBE 66 CASMIR PATTY MJUMBE 67 SALUM MOHAMED MJUMBE 68 MAJIDI KINGO MJUMBE 69 ZAINAB MOHAMED KATIBU 70 DICKSON KOISHWA MJUMBE 71 ADIJA AMULI MJUMBE 72 AJIBU LAUMU MJUMBE 73 SAID STELEKA MJUMBE 74 HILARI MUSICHOGO MJUMBE

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ANNEX 2: THE PROCESS OF PREPARING A WMA-RMZP

The process was copied from the Wildlife Conservation Act (1974) (Wildlife Management Areas) Regulations, 2005 (G.N. No. 283 published on 16/9/2005).

1. Conduct a technical workshop comprising of planning team and the AA which shall:

(a) Analyse the information data sheet of the prospective Wildlife Management Area (b) Undertake technical decisions on zoning, based o the Information data sheet (c) Describe activities that can and cannot occur in each zone (d) Set limits of use or acceptable change (e) Describe the rationale for existing and proposed development activities in each zone (f) Provide environmental statement on proposed actions

2. Tables the draft Resource Management Zone Plan to the Director for endorsement

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This Plan was Discussed and Accepted by the District Authority

……………………………………… …………………………. ……………………

District Executive Director Signature Date

Tunduru District

SIGNED INFRONT OF ME, Today……………… Month…………….Year…………….

NAME:…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

DESIGNATION:………………………………………………………………………………………...

SIGNATURE:……………………………………………………………………………………………

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