DOCSLIB.ORG

Download the Full Article As Pdf ⬇︎

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download the Full Article As Pdf ⬇︎ TipFrom ofthe an Iceberg Text by Nathalie Lasselin. Photos by Nathalie Lasselin, Mjee De Carufel and Benedicte Lasselin to My Tap Water — Diving the Arctic Underworld & the St Lawrence River 46 X-RAY MAG : 91 : 2019 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO feature Fresh Water Dramatic scenery in the Great Canadian North. PREVIOUS PAGE: Ice forms into strange shapes in the Arctic. Award-winning underwater cin- ematographer and documen- tary producer Nathalie Lasselin reflects upon her dive expedi- tions in the Arctic and her epic project to raise awareness about the state of fresh water in the St Lawrence River, closer to home in Montreal. It was the end of April, and it was sup- posed to be the end of winter. But once again, I had to refrain from putting my thick winter coat on the very top shelf of my wardrobe. I was already looking for the first barbecue party with friends, but the north was calling me—the Great Canadian North—and how could I say no to going back to the floe edge? So, I packed my winter coat, my diving and filming gear, and headed to a small vil- lage in the remote north the endless white sheet of ice, punctuat- amazing animals like polar bears, walrus anchored to the bottom of the ocean called Pond Inlet. It was ed by some iceberg raising from the fro- and, of course, narwhals. With a bit of and the floe, then we test the edge to one of the isolated ham- zen sea, the magic just starts. Each time, luck, patience and ancient Inuit knowl- verify it is solid enough to support a safe lets where the only road I arrive here, I must admit, I become a edge of the territory, I would be the wit- entry into the water. was the sea of either bit emotional, feeling the cold dry air ness of a world one cannot tame. Each We geared up and attached ourselves water or ice. on my face, hearing what I consider the day, fellow divers and I drove on the ice, onto a line. In case the current pushes us The journey was a long real world of silence. The minute I step sometimes for hours, looking for the best too far under the ice, or any other kind one, taking three flights down from the sled. I feel like an astro- seat in the house to enjoy the display of of problem, it was safer to be on a rope from my home town naut putting her feet on a new planet— nature, animal watching and floe edge that does not limit our descent to the of Montreal and then an ephemeral planet upon which the diving alongside magnificent icebergs. bottom, around 30m or so below. embarking on a qamu- landscape is continuously changing, As we descended in the -2°C water, tik (a sled towed by a becoming one of the biggest warning Diving in the Arctic we crossed below the ice upon which snowmobile) to reach signs of climate change on earth. When guiding tours or filming nature algae and marine life from the base of the ice floe edge nearly I was in the most harsh, yet pristine in the Arctic, I look for the best spot to the food chain stick in wintertime. From 80km away. environment in which, each day, the dive. If I find a big crack that seems to the first second, the colors and shapes of The minute one sees cold, wind and sun carved the home of be stable, or an iceberg that is somehow the ice mesmerized us. As we dropped A polar bear is filmed by the author's Arctic expedition team. 47 X-RAY MAG : 91 : 2019 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO feature Fresh Water View under the Arctic ice where one can witness the illumination of an iceberg's inner world into the darkness of the ocean, we wit- but to experience it, to feel it. So, I bring explorers. It was filled with deadly rap- nessed the illumination of the iceberg’s back images, films and stories to be ids, eight bridges, two tunnels, and inner world. shared on the big screen. occupied by heavy maritime traffic and Reaching the bottom and looking recreational boating. But one day, I just up, we stood in front of a giant iceberg Diving the St Lawrence River couldn’t help it anymore. I had to know that would eventually melt as it made its Heading back home, ready to share what it would be like to be a single drop way south to Newfoundland via what is my Arctic iceberg stories, I flew over of water and follow that 70km journey called the Iceberg Alley. Some of them Montreal. My hometown is actually an alongside Montreal. would simply melt in the salty water, island of two million people on the St while others would be mined, so vodka Lawrence River. I looked down at the A daring undertaking and beer could be produced with the greenish-brown body of water and won- So, I started the Urban Water Odyssey unique, rich fresh water of the iceberg. dered what I could possibly find down Project. Not only it would be an under- Each year, the Inuits and the scientific there. It was certainly not the most sexy water traverse that nobody had ever community restate the same eye open- or inviting place to dive. In fact, it was dared to try before, but it would be a ers: Temperatures are rising, ice is form- such an uninviting thought, that I tried scientific mission, and most importantly, ing later in the season, and there are to put away that curious question, but I it would be a project to raise awareness. less animals. But still, if we can enjoy the wanted an answer. The melting glaciers and icebergs are Great North, maybe we will be moved It was a bit crazy to want to traverse the best distress signal of the Arctic, and to save it. Every time I dive there, I real- underwater, this formidable river, which more generally, of the environmental ize how privileged I am not only to see it had stopped even great Europeans health of the planet. Unfortunately, so Lasselin descends down the wall of a giant iceberg in Arctic waters 48 X-RAY MAG : 91 : 2019 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO feature Fresh Water MJEE DE CARUFEL Lasselin snowshoes across the floe edge in the Great Canadian North. few of us can see what is actually able, and they complicated the The dive was monitored on a happening; and well, as so often logistics. In order to be followed Shearwater computer, and I was happens with human nature, if by support staff for the distance, I propelled mainly by Submerge we do not see it, it does not quite would need more than one boat scooters with my own personal exist. But it was what had awak- and one team. modified seat. Crossing the rapids ened me and made me even After a proof of concept of was done on open circuit with an more aware of the fresh water 21km—which I completed in Apeks regulator. situation in the world. six hours using a closed circuit The Great Lakes and the St rebreather, underwater scooter An epic journey Lawrence River hold nearly 25 per- and surface communications, so Last September, in the last hot cent of the earth’s surface fresh I could figure out which azimuth and sunny week of the summer, I water. On top of that, 50 percent (direction) to follow—I felt confi- started my epic journey of 70km of the population in Quebec drink dent I could do the traverse. I was in the St Lawrence River, scooter- it, and our waste water goes back also supported by several manu- ing underwater for more than 30 into it after treatment. facturers who were willing to help hours. The entire expedition took Beyond the feeling that it was with redundancy of equipment over 40 hours, during which time not looking so great to become and adapting my equipment for I had to navigate in low visibil- a freshwater diver, I was going to such an unconventional dive. ity—most of the time, less than a face the most challenging dive For those wondering what kind meter—through a series of high of my life. Despite my experience of equipment I used, the dive was currents, counter-currents and diving deep caves and wrecks, done on a close circuit rebreather swirls. In the shallows, I had to I did not know what to expect from AP Diving, plus a modified escape the maritime traffic and and could not ask for advice from heated scrubber canister from try to avoid the aquatic plants the dive community about this Kiss. I used a Kirby Morgan mask that had grown too long over an body of water, which I wanted and a bidirectional communica- overly hot summer, which had to traverse. Most parts of it had tion system. I also used a heated allowed them to grow all the way not been dived by anybody. The undergarment system by DTEK up to the surface. rapids were supposedly undiv- and an Aqualung Fusion drysuit. During the last step of the Lasselin takes a selfie under the Arctic ice; Top view of an iceberg floating down to Newfoundland in Iceberg Alley (top) 49 X-RAY MAG : 91 : 2019 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO For her dives in the St Lawrence River, Lasselin used a rebreather by AP Diving, a modified heated scrubber canister from Kiss; Kirby Morgan mask; bidirectional com- munication system; DTEK heated undergarment system feature BENEDICTE LASSELIN and Aqualung Fusion drysuit; Shearwater computer; Submerge scooters with a modified seat.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ambient Pressure Diving – Firmware Update Notice V05.02.01
    Ambient Pressure Diving – Firmware Update Notice V05.02.01 New Firmware Firmware Release Date: 19th July 2013 New Firmware (embedded software) has been released for your Vision oxygen controllers and handset. For Quick Install Instructions go to Page 11. IMPORTANT: with thousands of users updating their firmware – we will not be able to give “one on one talk through help” to everyone within the first two weeks of release – even with extra man power we will not be able to cope. It is very easy to upload the new firmware, the new APD Communicator is also upgraded to work better with both types of USB/Serial adaptors, it’s a safe, secure process… you can do it. Please though, read this document and follow the instructions instead of phoning for help. Please don’t tie us up asking questions which are answered in this document, please free up our email and phone system for those who really need help – MP. The last general release firmware was V02.01.04, released in January 2008, while the last hardware specific firmware, V05.00.01 was released on new “lids”, which had updated processors, in October 2012. The new firmware, V05.02.01, is suitable for upload to all “lids” and offers significant improvements on previous versions. It is the result of many years of development, updates, improvements and testing with the software, firmware & hardware development conforming to Annex B of the soon to be released European Standard, EN14143:2013/4 and audited by Lloyds Quality Assurance’s Critical Safety Experts. Firmware Version 05.02.00 is now available for download from the website: http://www.apdiving.com/downloads/software/ .
    [Show full text]
  • Our World-Underwater Scholarship Society ®
    our world-underwater scholarship society ® 47th Annual Awards Program – June 3 - 5, 2021 Welcome to the 47th anniversary celebration of the Our World-Underwater Scholarship Society®. It has always been a great pleasure for me as president of the Society to bring the “family” together each year in New York City, so of course it is with great disappointment that for the second year we are unable to do so. A year ago, as the pandemic was beginning to spread throughout the world, the board of directors made the difficult decision to put all scholarship and internship activities on hold. 2020 was the first time in the Society’s history that we did not put Scholars or Interns in the field. But there is good news – the Society has new energy and is working with our hosts and sponsors to safely get our incoming 2021 Scholars and Interns started on their journeys. We bring three new Rolex Scholars and five new interns into our family for a total of 103 Rolex Scholars and 107 interns since the inception of the Society, and all of this has been accomplished by our all-volunteer organization. Forty-seven years of volunteers have been selfless in their efforts serving as directors, officers, committee members, coordinators, and technical advisors all motivated to support the Society’s mission “to promote educational activities associated with the underwater world.” None of this would have been possible without the incredible support by the Society’s many organizational partners and corporate sponsors throughout the years. The one constant in the Society’s evolution has been Rolex which continues to support the Society as part of its Perpetual Planet Initiative.
    [Show full text]
  • Mission-Tech-Travel-Document-Bh
    Participant Info: Personal and Confidential Print Clearly Name: Birth Date: Last / Family / Surname First / Given Initial Month / Day / Year Address: City: State/Province: Zip/Postal Code: Country: Home Phone: Daytime Phone: Email: Occupation: o Male o Female Emergency Contact: Name: Name: Address: Address: Relationship: Relationship: Home Phone: Home Phone: Work/Cell Phone: Work/Cell Phone: Media Release THIS MODEL AGREEMENT AND RELEASE (“Agreement”) is dated ____________ and is between the undersigned companie(s) (“Photographer”) and the undersigned model/performer (“I”). Agreement as follows: For good and valuable consideration of _______________ , I hereby grant the undersigned Photographer permission to photograph me. I further give my irrevocable consent to Photographer and his/her direct or indirect licensees (International Training, Scuba Diving International, Technical Diving International, Emergency Response Diving International) and assignees to publish, republish or otherwise transmit the images of myself in any medium for all purposes throughout the world. I understand that the images may be altered or modified in any manner. I hereby waive any right that I may have to inspect and approve a finished product or the copy that may be used in connection with an image that the Photographer has taken of me, or the use to which it may be applied. I further release the Photographer and his/her direct or indirect licensees and assignees, from any claims for remuneration associated with any form of damage, foreseen or unforeseen associated with the use of the images. I am of legal age and have the full legal capacity to execute this authorization without the consent or knowledge of any other person.
    [Show full text]
  • X-Ray Magazine L Issue 62
    THE FACTS AND VIEWPOINTS IN THIS SECTION ARE NOT NECESSARILY THE VIEWS OF X-RAY MAG. EQUIPMENT PRESENTED IN THIS SECTION HAS NOT BEEN TESTED BY X-RAY MAG STAFF, NOR ARE THE ITEMS WARRANTEED. INFORMATION PROVIDED IS CONDENSED FROM MANUFACTURERS’ DESCRIPTIONS. TEXTS ARE USUALLY EDITED FOR LENGTH, CLARITY AND STYLE. LINKS ARE ACTIVE AT THE TIME OF PUBLICATION POINT & CLICK ON BOLD LINKS Edited by Rosemary ‘Roz’ E. Lunn Equipment New Yacht Toy Beach Bag When it comes to purchasing your own pri- Sometimes you just fancy a simple day vate submarine, there is quite a choice. snorkelling or playing on the beach, and want an U-Boat Worx has just unveiled their latest easy solution for carrying your kit, and keeping your wallet and contribution; the Super Yacht Sub 3. This keys safe. This brightly coloured and highly functional beach is capable of taking you, plus two friends bag from Subgear has a discrete zipped pocket at the front to a maximum of 300m / 984f. As you for goodies you don’t want to get wet. Fins are securely would expect it comes complete with luxury stored in a separate pocket, with the mask and snorkel leather seating and an air-conditioned envi- J2 stashed in another compartment. (All kit is easily accessed ronment. U-Boat Worx state the six powerful Fourth Element has aug- via elongated zips). The heavy-duty nylon bag benefits thrusters can handle strong currents, and mented their thermal from a number of integrated mesh panels that allow you can get quite decent bottom times.
    [Show full text]
  • Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine the Journal of the South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (Incorporated in Ictoria)V A0020660B
    Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine The Journal of the South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (Incorporated in ictoria)V A0020660B ISSN 1833 3516 Volume 37 No. 3 ABN 29 299 823 713 September 2007 Aerobic fitness and scuba diving Deep decompression stops – do they improve safety? HBO and cancer – friend or foe? The man who thought his wife was a hat Improving diving medicine courses Print Post Approved PP 331758/0015 CONTENTS Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Volume 37 No. 3 September 2007 Editorial SPUMS notices & news 117 The Editor’s offering – diving medicine education 152 Diploma of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine requirements 152 Approved extracts of minutes of the SPUMS Executive Review articles Committee Meeting, held on 118 Aerobic fitness and underwater diving 19 April 2007 at Oceans Resort, Neal W Pollock Tutukaka, New Zealand 125 Deep decompression stops 153 Dates and venues of the SPUMS Andrew Fock Annual Scientific Meetings 154 Greetings from the new SPUMS Webmaster 155 ANZ College of Anaesthetists SPUMS ASM 2007 Special Interest Group in Diving 133 Hyperbaric oxygenation in the patient with malignancy: and Hyperbaric Medicine (SIG- friend or foe? DHM) Heather M Macdonald Case report Letter to the Editor 139 Transient prosopagnosia resulting from a cerebral gas 164 Project Stickybeak and DAN embolism while diving AP dive accident reporting Colin M Wilson, Martin DJ Sayer and A Gordon Murchison project John Lippmann Short communication 143 Effects of a single hyperbaric oxygen exposure on haematocrit, prothrombin time, serum calcium,
    [Show full text]
  • Commando Escape
    Commando Escape Buoyancy Compensator User Instruction Manual Contents Important Information ........................................................................................ 3 Intended Use....................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 4 Equipment Stowage ........................................................................................... 6 Zip Pockets .......................................................................................................... 6 Surface Trim & Weighting ................................................................................. 6 Cylinder Mounting Options ............................................................................... 7 Mounting Cylinders ........................................................................................... 8 Pre Dive Inspection .......................................................................................... 10 Donning the BCD ............................................................................................. 10 Buoyancy Control ............................................................................................ 11 Inflating the BCD ................................................................................................ 11 Power Inflator ............................................................................................. 11 Oral Inflation
    [Show full text]
  • IMPORTANT NOTICE Please Read This Document Before Using the Product As New Features Will Require You to Modify Your Operational Techniques
    [Type text] AP Restricted HP Hoses & Progressive-Opening Oxygen Cylinder Valves IMPORTANT NOTICE Please read this document before using the product as new features will require you to modify your operational techniques. Prevention of Oxygen Fires Closed Circuit Rebreathers, over the past 22 years, have brought about the widespread use of pure oxygen by divers. All Nitrox trained divers know that handling pure oxygen requires special care, regarding operation & use, cleanliness, lubrication and replacement regimes but over time it has become clear that protocols for handling oxygen have to be reviewed and improved. Oxygen fires are thankfully quite rare, but when they do occur, they can result in serious damage to people and possessions and every effort has to be made to avoid them. From our research into oxygen fires, six important facts Jump out: 1) Oxygen fires always occur when the valve is opened. 2) The diver’s perception of what is slow opening is WRONG. 3) Rented or borrowed cylinders represent a greater risk than the diver using his original cylinders. 4) 50% of oxygen fires start in the HP hose. 5) 50% of fires start in the 1st stage. 6) The oxygen HP hose always burns in an O2 fire and is falsely seen as the culprit. Type Testing: For type approval testing of oxygen compatibility of AP components and valves; testing is done by instantly pressurising products with hot oxygen to between 290 and 350 bar. (Instant pressurisation = <20mS; hot oxygen = 70oC ). Fast pressurisation is something that divers get away with, while there is no contamination present.
    [Show full text]
  • Ambient Pressure Diving Ltd
    Ambient Pressure Diving Ltd Equipment Inspection following a diving incident. A step by step guide: 1) Photography: It is absolutely essential to photograph everything. Sometime later when you are working through scenarios, you will need to know what was connected to what, which side each cylinder was, how close to his body was it mounted, did he have dive reel etc – the possibilities of future questions are endless and the photos taken at this stage could prove invaluable. I would strongly advise that the photographer be a separate person to the equipment examiner and ensure the photographer is briefed on getting a shot of everything both prior and during dis-assembly. 2) Record Keeping: Again, it is absolutely essential to record everything you do and find. E.g. If you are inspecting the diluent side and find no fault then write “No fault found” – you are going to need this data later. The equipment inspection is a time for data collection – leave the analysis of the cause of the incident until afterwards, when you have all the data in and you have time to cross- reference with autopsy findings and statements. 3) Autopsy: All too often a verdict of “death by drowning” is recorded. A proper autopsy can reveal much: Contact Dr M. Calder – [email protected] Telephone: 01223 277220 – he’s a pathologist specialising in deaths in water. 3) Recovery: On the bottom: The divers need to be briefed on what to look for: Does the diver have his mouthpiece in? Mask On? Is he heavy on the bottom or semi-floating? Is there a beeping noise? If so –where is it coming from? Are there any bubbles – if so where from? Ensure they do not touch the cylinder valves.
    [Show full text]
  • APV100 Balanced Auto Air Manual
    Ambient Pressure Diving Ltd. Tested to EN 250:2000 A1:2006 Auto Air Instruction Manual Water-Ma-Trout Industrial Estate Helston EC Type Examination By: Cornwall SGS United Kingdom Ltd. United Kingdom Weston-Super-Mare TR13 0LW Somerset BS22 6WA TEL: (+44) 01326 563834 Notified Body number 0120 Important: unlike the original Auto Air FAX: (+44) 01326 565945 Email: [email protected] this is a balanced regulator and therefore Website: www.apdiving.com 01/13 0088 does not need adjusting. Ambient Pressure Diving Ltd. Tested to EN 250:2000 A1:2006 Auto Air Instruction Manual Water-Ma-Trout Industrial Estate Helston EC Type Examination By: Cornwall SGS United Kingdom Ltd. United Kingdom Weston-Super-Mare TR13 0LW Somerset BS22 6WA TEL: (+44) 01326 563834 Notified Body number 0120 Important: unlike the original Auto Air FAX: (+44) 01326 565945 Email: [email protected] this is a balanced regulator and therefore Website: www.apdiving.com 01/13 0088 does not need adjusting. 2 Contents Warranty 19 Introduction ..............................................................3 All AP Diving products are sold on the understanding that only British Law applies in cases of warranty claims and product Getting to know your Auto Air .................................4 liability, regardless of where the equipment is purchased or used. Getting Started.........................................................5 The Auto Air is warranted against faulty materials and workmanship for a period of one year from the date of purchase. If a fault occurs Using your Auto Air..................................................6 AP Diving will repair or replace at their own discretion and so all Buoyancy Control ....................................................6 claims must be referred directly to AP Diving.
    [Show full text]
  • The Jump Jacket MK4 Instruction Manual
    The Jump Jacket MK4 Instruction Manual Version June 2008 Produced by Gary Jones and A.P.Valves JUMP JACKET MK4 THE JUMP JACKET Mk4 INTRODUCTION The Jump Jacket Mk.4 has been designed to be used in the commercial diving industry, specifically for surface air and mixed gas diving, to allow the diver total control of his buoyancy. The emphasis has been heavily placed on safety and efficiency, allowing the diver greater flexibility under water without drawing on emergency energy levels. Expanding on the safety features of the MK.3 Jacket, the general concept is to give the diver more control of his buoyancy and expand his options in an emergency situation. GENERAL DESCRIPTION The Mk.4 Jacket has been designed to be used in conjunction with a KMB.17 b/c diving helmet. As well as the normal buoyancy control and performance expected of the previous jackets, the Mk.4 offers direct feed supply to the jacket from the divers main gas supply, also an emergency supply from the diver’s bailout. Another safety feature is the ability to buddy breathe two divers from one umbilical supply in an emergency situation. With the incorporation of a helmet safety harness, the Mk.4 Jump Jacket is the only stand alone commercial diver’s buoyancy control unit that incorporates a full recovery diver’s harness, helmet harness and bailout backpack. The Mk.4 Jacket has been designed to be used with an umbilical supply, but can be used independently if required. The pressure relief /dump valves allow the Jacket to be passed in and out of diving systems without rupture or damage to the inner bladder and gives the diver total control of his buoyancy.
    [Show full text]
  • Gru+Stuart a Technical Report
    MATE INTERNATIONAL ROV COMPETITION 2019 EXPLORER CLASS NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE, UNITED KINGDOM NUROVERS PRESENTS GRU+STUART A TECHNICAL REPORT CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER | CEO CHIEF TECHNOLOGY OFFICER | CTO JUNWEI FAN EDWARD LAND CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER | CFO CHIEF HUMAN RESOURCE OFFICER | CHRO ALEX WILLIS JOSEPH GURMAN ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS DIVISION MECHANICAL CHIEF MARINE CHIEF PAMENAS SENJANGA ROHAN CHANDRATRE LOUIS TAN MATTHEW BUNTING MECHANICAL DEPUTY CHIEF MARINE DIVISION SYSTEMS CHIEF CHRISTIAN VIEIRA JAMES MOORE KACPER FLORIANSKI MECHANICAL DIVISION MARGARITA KOUROUNIOTI SYSTEMS DEPUTY CHIEF ALADDINE BOUSSAKTA DARYL CHAN HELEN BRIDGLAND ALBRIGHT TSHISEKEDI KIRSTEN SHOESMITH SYSTEMS DIVISION NATHAN TSHIBUYI LEONARDOS VLAMIS ANTOINE PETTY SAMUEL KIRTLEY KUANG KYAW SET MARK HAZELL AMIR MOHAMMADIKARBALAEI MENTORS PAWEL CZAPLEWSKI EBENEZER KOYA DR MARYAM HAROUTUNIAN ADAM FOY DAVID LEUNG JOSEPH SCOTT JANE LEE CHRIS HEMINGWAY MACIEJ KALINOWSKI CHANYOUNG KANG Contents MAIN TEXT 1. ABSTRACT 4 2. COMPANY OVERVIEW 5 2.1 ROLES & STRUCTURE 5 2.2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT 5 2.3 SUB-TEAM MANAGEMENT (CASE STUDY: SYSTEMS) 6 3. DESIGN RATIONALE 7 3.1 FLEXIBILITY 7 4. ELECTRICAL DESIGN 9 4.1 POWER SYSTEM 9 4.2 FUSE SELECTION 10 5. MARINE DESIGN 11 5.1 BUOYANCY 11 5.2 FRAME 11 5.3 THRUSTERS 11 5.4 MICRO-ROV (STUART) 12 5.5 LIFT BAG 12 5.6 ENCLOSURES 13 5.7 TETHER 13 6. MECHANICAL DESIGN 14 6.1 ACTUATOR 14 6.2 ARM AND GRIPPER 14 6.3 RELEASE MECHANISM 15 7. SYSTEMS DESIGN 17 7.1 THREE-LAYER SYSTEM 17 7.2 LOW-LEVEL & ELECTRONICS 18 7.3 RASPBERRY PI 19 7.4 SURFACE CONTROL STATION 21 7.5 COMMUNICATION 21 7.6 CONTROL 22 7.7 GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE 23 7.8 VISION 24 7.9 MAIN 24 8.
    [Show full text]
  • And Below-Ground Microbial Interactions with Arabidopsis
    Impacts of sub-ambient and elevated CO2 on above- and below-ground microbial interactions with Arabidopsis. Alex Williams Department of Animal and Plant Science, The University of Sheffield Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Submitted: December 2017 This work is dedicated to Pauline Williams. The most beautiful life I knew. iii Abstract Over recent years, an increasing body of evidence has suggested that elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations can alter plant microbial interactions. However, there is limited consensus whether these impacts will be positive or negative for plants in terms of disease resistance. Accordingly, there is a pressing need to gain a better understanding of the molecular and physiological mechanisms by which CO2 shapes the plant’s ability to interact with its biotic environment, which is essential to predict impacts of future climate scenarios on crop production. The work described in this thesis has used a range of CO2 concentrations, from past through present to future predicted concentrations, to study the immune response of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to aboveground pathogens and belowground rhizosphere bacteria. Furthermore, a novel developmental correction was established, which enables assessing the direct immunological effects of CO2 on microbial interactions without bias from age-related resistance arising from the stimulatory effects of CO2 on plant development. Changes in disease resistance at elevated CO2 (eCO2), against the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina (Pc) and the obligate biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) were associated with changes in production and sensitivity of the phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA and salicylic acid (SA), respectively. However, priming of SA-dependent defence was not the only mechanisms contributing to eCO2-induced resistance against Hpa.
    [Show full text]