CONTENTS Chapter No. Description of Chapter Page I INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 State of Punjab 1 1.2 Rapid Urban Growth 2 1.3 Ludhiana 6 1.4 Location 7 1.5 Connectivity 8 1.6 Topography of the town 8 1.7 River & Drains 8 1.8 Climate 9 II NEED FOR MASTER PLAN 10 2.1 CONTEXT 11 2.2 Review of Past Master Plan 12 2.3 Delineation of Local Planning Area 12 III MASTER PLAN OBJECTIVES 14 IV SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC 16 PROFILE 4.1 INTRODUCTION 16 4.2 Population Growth 17 4.3 Ludhiana City 18 4.4 Population 19 4.5 Population Density 20 4.6 Age Structure 21 4.7 Sex Ratio 21 4.8 Religious Composition 22 4.9 Caste Composition 23 4.10 Literacy 24 4.11 Economic Base 25 4.12 Occupational Structure 25 4.13 Industrial Base 27 V PLANNING PROBLEMS-SITUATION ANALYSIS 29 5.1 Background 29 5.2 Inner Zone 29 5.3 Middle Zone 29 5.4 Outer Zone 30 5.5 Problems of Zones 30 5.6 Inner Zone problems 30 5.7 Middle zone problems 36 5.8 Outer zone( Peri urban Area) 64 1 VI SLUMS AND POVERTY IN LUDHIANA 66 6.1 Background 66 6.2 Slums in Ludhiana 68 6.3 Distribution of slum population 70 6.4 Location of slums 71 6.5 Ownership pattern 72 6.6 Household profiles 73 6.7 Type of Housing structures 73 6.8 Evolution of slums 74 6.9 Poverty 75 6.10 Deficiencies in poverty alleviation schemes 77 6.11 Socio-Economic & Demographic Indicators 78 6.12 Evolution of Planning and Urban Development Policy 78 6.13 Conclusion 79 VII TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION 80 7.1 Introduction 80 7.2 Existing Network-Road 81 7.3 Rail Network 85 7.4 Terminals( Bus) 85 7.5 Rail Terminal 88 7.6 Truck Terminal 88 7.7 Pattern of vehicular population 89 7.8 Capacity utilization of Road Net-work 91 7.9 Road accidents 93 7.10 Rail Based Transport 94 7.11 Travel Characteristics 95 7.12 Speed & Delay 97 7.13 Intermediate Public Transport 98 7.14 Parking 99 7.15 Management of Urban Transport 100 7.16 Key Issues 101 VIII INDUSTRIES 103 8.1 Background 103 8.2 Industrial Growth 103 8.3 Employment 104 8.4 Investment & Production 105 8.5 Industrial Focal Points 107 8.6 Key Issues 110 IX ENVIRONMENT 112 9.1 Background 112 9.2 Air Pollution 112 9.3 Water Pollution 115 9.4 Noise Pollution 121 X WATER SUPPLY NETWORK 123 10.1 Background 123 2 10.2 Source of Water Supply 123 10.3 System of Water Supply and Coverage 124 10.4 Connections 127 10.5 Water Supply and Duration. 129 10.6 Key Issues 130 XI SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 133 11.1 Introduction 133 11.2 Type & Quantity of waste generated. 133 11.3 Current Practices of S.W. Management 135 11.4 Solid Waste Collection 136 11.5 Transportation of waste. 139 11.6 Disposal of Solid Waste 140 11.7 Manpower deployed 142 11.8 Key Issues 143 XII SEWERAGE NETWROK 144 12.1 Introduction 144 12.2 Area coverage 144 12.3 Population coverage 146 12.4 Quantity of waste generated 147 12.5 Number of connections 147 12.6 Waste disposal 148 12.7 Key Issues 151 XIII STORM WATER DRAINAGE 152 13.1 Existing Status 152 13.2 Area and Population Coverage 152 13.3 Population 152 13.4 Quantity of Water Generated 153 13.5 Network 153 13.6 Storm Water Disposal 154 XIV HOUSING 156 14.1 Background 156 14.2 Growth of Housing in Ludhiana 157 14.3 Pattern of Housing Use. 159 14.4 Use of Material 160 14.5 Houseless population 160 XV HARITAGE & CONSERVATION 162 15.1 Background 162 15.2 Acts/ Laws 162 15.3 Heritage & Conservation in Ludhiana 162 XVI SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE 165 16.1 Background 165 16.2 Educational Facilities 165 3 16.3 Medical Facilities 169 16.4 Recreational Facilities 171 16.5 Post & Telegraph 175 XVII VISION AND MISSION 177 XVIII PROJECTIONS AND PROPOSALS 183 PART-I Projections 183 PART-II Basic Considerations 185 PART-III Proposals 187 Proposed Landuse Plan 188 Ludhiana Urban Area 190 Shelter 193 Mixed Landuse Zones 200 Transportation 208 Industry 221 Trade & Commerce 225 Environment 235 Physical Infrastructure 242 Social Infrastructure 251 PART-IV ZONING REGULATIONS 267 ANNEXURES 279-297 4 CHAPTER - I Introduction 1.1 STATE OF PUNJAB 1.1.1 Punjab is one of the advanced state in the country, with highly productive agriculture, a well-developed physical infrastructure and a high human development index with industrious, painstaking and entrepreneur skills. It accounts for almost 1.53 per cent of India’s geographical area and 2.37 per cent of its population. State represents a unique example of a fast developing economy based on agriculture despite all physical and developmental odds. State is credited with ushering in the green revolution and white revolution in the country. It today contributes nearly 40% of the wheat and 60% of rice procured for distribution through the public distribution system. An agro-based and agro-oriented industrialization is another prominent feature of the state economy. No less commendable are the efforts to strength the infrastructure, particularly irrigation and power. The cumulative effect of all this is manifest in the high per capita income of the state, a position which Punjab has been holding for most of the years since its formation in 1966. 1.1.2 Development in the state of Punjab has been the outcome of the interplay of a variety of factors including physical, political, economic, demographic and geographic. Being a border state, both external and internal changes have influenced the path of development. Historically, Punjab has experienced many upheavals and turmoils, which, in turn, have influenced building brave and unique character of Punjabis and opened its path of development. The contours of administrative map of Punjab have undergone extraordinary changes in the past. The nomenclature ‘Punjab’ was widely used during the reign of Akbar (A.D. 1556-1605). It was known as the Kingdom of Lahore during the reign of Ranjit Singh (1700-1839). The British occupied it in 1849 and merged Delhi and the Hissar division of the former Northwest Province (now Uttar Pradesh) with Punjab in 1858. In 1901, Punjab’s border districts situated across the Indus were taken away to form the Northwest Frontier Province. Subsequently, Delhi was separated from Punjab. 1.1.3 At the time of the partition of the Indian sub-continent in 1947. Punjab was bifurcated into two parts: West Punjab (Pakistan) and East Punjab (India). Of its 3, 59,179 square kilometers and 29 districts, only 1, 52,649 square kilometers and 13 districts were left with Indian Punjab. The two Punjab’s were partitioned on religious 5 grounds. The most fertile, prosperous and developed western part went to Pakistan and the relatively backward eastern part remained in India. 1.1.4 With massive migration, post-partition Punjab was faced with the daunting task of providing basic infrastructure necessary to accommodate 40 lakh displaced persons. They were put in refugee camps, institutions and other available structures in insanitary conditions. The immediate task was to create the infrastructure to accommodate the refugee population. New towns were constructed and economic projects initiated for the resettlement of refugees from rural areas. The pattern, established during the period, has continued to guide the path of development in the state. 1.1.5 In 1956, at the time of the reorganization of states, the former PEPSU territory was merged with Punjab. In 1966, the state was further reorganized under the Reorganization Act 1966. There was a strong demand for the reorganization of the state on a linguistic basis so that satisfaction of regional sentiments could be harmonized with the process of development. The Punjabi speaking areas were carved out of the erstwhile Punjab on 1 November 1966. The Hindi speaking areas in the north were merged with Himachal Pradesh. The southern Hindi speaking areas were constituted into a new state of Haryana. The Punjabi speaking state was created in 1966, with 11 districts, including Rupnagar. The reorganization reduced Punjab to about two-fifths the size attained after the merger of PEPSU in 1956. This was one-seventh the area of Punjab before Independence. The state now is a linguistic unit inhabited by Punjabi speaking people with 20 districts. 1.2 RAPID URBAN GROWTH 1.2.1 Punjab is urbanizing rapidly and its future seems to be urban. With urbanization standing at 33.95%, Punjab is ranked fifth major urbanized state of India after Tamil Nadu (43.86%), Maharashtra (42.40%), Gujarat (37.35%) and Karnataka (33.98%) and most urbanized states in the northwest region of the country. The percentage of urban population in Punjab has been on the rise continuously. 1.2.2 Looking at the growth of urban population vis-à-vis total population of state during last century (1991-2001) it has been observed that while total population of the state merely increased approximately 3 times (7.5 to 24.28 millions), during this very period urban population recorded enormous increase of 9 times (0.9 to 8.25 million) 6 indicating a sharp rise in urban population. However, during the same period rural population grew only by 2.5 times (6.61 to 16.2 million). In 1901 when every 8th person was an urbanite, in 2001 every 3rd person came to live in the cities/ towns.