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A JOURNAL OF COMPOSITION THEORY ISSN : 0731-6755

Scope, Opportunities, Challenges and Growthin Operations - A Study Dr. R. Jayanthi Associate Professor Vidhya Sagar Women's College Department of Commerce Karthik Kumaran S Technical Lead – Incessant Technologies, Sydney, Australia.

ABSTRACT (Operational Research, O.R., or ) includes a great deal of problem-solving techniques like Mathematical models, and to aid in decision-making. O.R. is employed to analyze complex real-world , generally with the objective of improving or optimizing performance. Operational Research (O.R.) is the discipline of applying appropriate analytical methods to help make better decisions. Also a method of mathematically based analysis for providing a Quantitativebasis for management decisions. Operations Research can be defined as the science of decision-making. It has been successful in providing a systematic and scientific approach to all kinds of government, , , and operations. Operations Research is a splendid area for graduates of to use their knowledge and skills in creative ways to solve complex problems and have an impact on critical decisions. An exciting area of called Operations Research combines mathematics, statistics, , physics, , , and social to solve real-world business problems. Numerous companies in industry require Operations Research professionals to apply mathematical techniques to a wide range of challenging questions. The main purpose of this paper is to investigatemethodicallythe Scope, Opportunity, Challenges and Growthof the new time and also the new abilities required to adapt to those will bediscussed about in Operations Research. This study was done based on secondary data collected from multiple sources of evidence, in addition to books, journals, websites, and newspapers. “Operations Research is the securing of improvement in social systems by means of scientific method - C.West Churchman” KEYWORDS: Scope, Opportunity, Challenges, Growth, Operations Research and Organization. INTRODUCTION Operations Research (Operational Research, O.R., or ) includes a great deal of problem-solving techniques like Mathematical models, Statistics and algorithms to aid in decision-making. O.R. is employed to analyze complex real-world systems, generally with the objective of improving or optimizing performance. Operational Research (O.R.) is the discipline of applying appropriate analytical methods to help make better decisions. Also a method of mathematically based analysis for providing a Quantitative basis for management decisions.

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Operations Research can be defined as the science of decision-making. It has been successful in providing a systematic and scientific approach to all kinds of government, military, manufacturing, and service operations. Operations Research is a splendid area for graduates of mathematics to use their knowledge and skills in creative ways to solve complex problems and have an impact on critical decisions. An exciting area of applied mathematics called Operations Research combines mathematics, statistics, computer science, physics, engineering, economics, and social sciences to solve real-world business problems. Numerous companies in industry require Operations Research professionals to apply mathematical techniques to a wide range of challenging questions. Operations Research is the method of analysis by which management receives aid for their decisions. Though the name of this method, Operation Research (O.R.) is relatively new, but the method used for this is not a new one. Operation Research is concerned with the application of the principles and the methods of science to the problems of . The subject of operation research was born during Second World in U.K., and was used for . During II, a group of , having representatives from mathematics, statistics, physical and social sciences were entrusted to the study of various military operations. This team was very successful and greatly contributed to the meticulous handling of entire operation and related problems of the operation. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objective of the present study is to review the following: i. Origin of Operations Research. ii. History and Evolution of Operations Research. iii. Objectives of OperationsResearch iv. Scope of Operations Research. v. Opportunities of Operations Research. vi. Challenges of Operations Research. vii. Growth of Operations Research. viii. Tools of Operations Research. ix. Advantages and Limitations of Operations Research. x. Applications of Operations Research. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The study has been done mainly on the basis of secondary data and information available from books and published works and reports. ORIGIN OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH The ambiguous term operations research (O.R.) was coined during World War II, when the British military management called upon a group of scientists together to apply a scientific approach in the study of military operations to win the / conflict. The main objective was to allocate scarce resources in an effective manner to various military operations and to the activities within each operation. The effectiveness of Operations Research in military spread in it to other government departments and industry. Due to the availability of faster and flexible facilities and the number of qualified Operations Researchprofessionals, it is now widely used in military, business, industry, transportation, public health, crime investigation, etc.

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HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH After The Industrial Revolution, different sections like manufacture, marketing, financing occured in industrial enterprises. Approaches of problems between these sections and finding better solutions caused the evolution of Operations Research. History of Operations Research, is believed that (1791-1871) is the father of Operational Research due to the fact that his research into the cost of transportation and sorting of mail resulted in England’s universal Penny Post in 1840. The name operations research emerged/ evolved in the year 1940. During World War 2, a team of (Blackett’s Circus) in UK applied scientific techniques to research military operations to win the war and the techniques thus developed was named as operation research. As a formal discipline, operations research originated from the efforts of army advisors at the time of World War II. In the years following the war, the methods started to be employed extensively to problems in business, industry and society. Ever since then, OR has developed into a subject frequently employed in industries including petrochemicals, , airlines, finance, government, etc. Thus, the Operational Research began during World War II in Great Britain with the establishment of groups of scientists to analyze the strategic and tactical problems associated with military operations. The aim was to discover the most efficient usage of limited military resources by the application of quantitative techniques. At the conclusion of war different things happened to operations research in the Great Britain and in the United States. In the UK expenses on defense research were lowered; this resulted in the discharge of numerous Operational Research workers from the military at a time when business managers were facing the need to restore much of Britain’s production facilities which had been ruined in war. Professionals in the nationalized basic industries, specifically, needed assistance from the operations research men leaving the . To the contrary, defense research in US was increased and operations research. was expanded at the conclusion of war. The majority of the experienced workers stayed in the service of the army. The ultimate involvement of science in industrial problems of the executive type in the US is a result of the advent of Second Industrial revolution. World war II had sparked scientific advances in the study of communication, computation, & control which produced the technological grounds for . In early 1950s industry started to take in a few of the Operational Research workers who left the army. Thus operations research started to spread and expand in the United States. India was among the few nations which began utilizing operations research since 1949, the first Operational Research unit was established at Hyderabad which was named Regional Research Laboratory. At the same time an additional unit was launched in Defense Science Laboratory to fix the Stores, Purchase and Planning Problems. In 1953 at Calcutta, an operations research unit was established in Indian Statistical Institute. The objective was to use operations research techniques in National Planning and Survey. In 1955, Operations Research Society of India was created, which is among the first members of International Federation of Operations Research societies. OBJECTIVES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH  Decision making and improve its quality.  Identify optimum solution.  Integrating the systems.  Improve the objectivity of analysis.

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 Minimize the cost and maximize the .  Improve the .  Success in and leadership. The intent of Operational Research is  To learn about management and administration of socio-cultural behavior and economic factors that exist as bottleneck to effective implementation and  To develop more effective approaches to the programming. SCOPE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH In its recent years of organised development, Operations Research has solved successfully many cases of research for military, the government and industry. The basic problem in most of the developing countries in Asia and Africa is to remove poverty and hunger as quickly as possible. So there is a great scope for , statisticians, administrators, politicians and technicians working in a team to solve this problem by an Operations Research approach. On the other hand, with the explosion of population and consequent of food, every country is facing the problem of optimum allocation of land for various crops in accordance with climatic conditions and available facilities. The problem of optimal of water from a resource like a canal for irrigation purposes is faced by developing country. Hence a good amount of scientific work can be done in this direction. In the of , there is a claim of problems, starting from the pro- curement of material to the dispatch of finished products. Management is always interested in optimizing profits. Hence in order to provide decision on scientific basis, Operations Research study team considers various alternative methods and their effects on existing . The Operations Research approach is equally useful for the , administrators, planners, irrigation or agricultural experts and statisticians etc. Operation research approach helps in operation management. Operation management can be defined as the management of systems for providing or services, and is concerned with the design and operation of systems for the manufacture, transport, supply or service. The operating systems convert the inputs to the satisfaction of customers need. Thus the operation management is concerned with the optimum utilization of resources i.e. effective utilization of resources with minimum loss, underutilization or waste. In other words, it is concerned with the satisfactory customer service and optimum resource utilization. Inputs for an may be material, machine and human resource. Operations Research study is complete only when we also consider human factors to the alternatives made available. Operations Research is done by a team of scientists or experts from different related disciplines. For example, for solving a problem related to the management, Operations Research team must include an who knows about stores and material management, a cost accountant a mathematician-cum-statistician. For large and complicated problems, the team must include a mathematician, a statistician, one or two , an economist, computer programmer, psychologist etc. OPPORTUNITIES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH Specific Operations Research Opportunities  Healthcare– Cancer treatment planning, (influenza) vaccine composition, medical planning, in-home health care, …

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 Financial services – Portfolio Optimization (with side constraints such as transaction costs, shared budget, …), balance risk and profit, credit score estimation, …  Energy market – Smart grid, pricing, strategic inventory, …  Mass media – Next generation advertising, product marketing, political campaigning, … CHALLENGES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH Some of Challenges of Operations Research are (a) Shortage of funding, (b) Turnover of trained staff, (c) Difficulty of implementing research skills in program settings, (d) Reluctance or inability of managers to use findings, (e) Need to evaluate capacity building procedures, (f) Length of time needed to achieve critical mass of trained researchers and consumers, (g) Linkages between researchers and managers. There are multiple challenges that Operations Research face on a pretty frequent basis and they are:  - Globalization pertains to the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments among various nations. This is being driven by the reduction of barriers, advancements in information/transportation technology, and more. Operations managers have found themselves facing competition not only from competitors within their country, but from other countries as well. This is why it is so important for operations research to keep up with the trends and software’s that are available to increase their production and ultimately enable them to maintain their .  Sustainability - Sustainability is a frequent issue discussed among various news outlets - with manufacturing being one of the largest factors contributing to conversation. There is much debate over whether or not we will have the appropriate amount of resources needed in order to have a sustainable future. When discussing the concept of sustainability, the three pillars of sustainable usually come into play, which include social, environmental, and economic. Operations managers need to be aware of the outcomes of each of these pillars, including how their production facility or work will affect these factors. Effective operations research will implement practices that will address these concerns pertaining to sustainability.  Effective Communication - Consistency and effectiveness of communication is extremely difficult within organizations. The challenge for operations managers is to be able to communicate effectively with all internal and external stakeholders. This will ultimately allow for more thorough transparency within your production facility, which will aid your factory floor immensely. Having everyone on the same page can boost efficiency within your manufacturing operation with ease and operations research needs to look into software’s that can make this much simpler for them. Effective communication is a must for manufacturing facilities that are seeking to boost operational efficiency in areas such as demand planning, demand , using the plan/forecast, and ultimately implementing this into a proper production plan.  Ethical Conduct - Ethics is defined as a subset of business ethics that is meant to ensure that production functions or activities are not damaging to people or society. Understanding the ethics of business will ensure that you will not fall out of line in terms of keeping the

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people and environment of your business safe. Unethical behavior has contributed to the demise of various companies around the globe - which is why understanding them is so important. Being ethical across all functions of your business will ensure that your operation runs smoothly and that you will not turn into one of the companies that have failed due to this. Some examples related to challenges that Operations Research face in the industry are: Fleet Assignment at Delta Airlines:One of the most challenging as well as rewarding application areas of Operations Research has been the airline industry. One such application at Delta Airlines: The problem solved is often referred to as the fleet assignment problem. Delta flies over 2500 domestic flight legs each day and uses about 450 aircraft from 10 different fleets, and the objective was to assign aircraft to flight legs in such a way that revenues from seats are maximized. The tradeoff is quite simple - if a plane is too small then the airline loses potential revenue from passengers who cannot be accommodated on board, and if it is too large then the unoccupied seats represent lost revenue (in addition to the fact that larger aircraft are also more expensive to operate). Thus the objective is to ensure that an aircraft of the "correct" size be available when required and where required. Unfortunately, ensuring that this can happen is tremendously complicated since there are a number of logistical issues that constrain the availability of aircraft at different times and locations. The problem is modeled by a very large mixed-integer linear program - a typical formulation could result in about 60,000 variables and 40,000 constraints. Due to implementation of the model, the financial benefits from this were tremendous; for example, according to Delta the during the period from June 1 to August 31, 1993 were estimated at about $220,000 per day over the old . British Airlines transportation. One of the most challenging as well as rewarding application areas of Operations Research has been the airline industry. Never before have so many people or products needed to be moved around the world. As passengers and consumers we expect everything to run smoothly whether we are flying on holiday or travelling to school, university or work. Operational Research gets involved in a whole range of decisions here starting with the whole booking process where Operations Research is involved in helping to set the ticket and calculate the seat availability through to the flights logistics on the day. Operations Research has a massive part to play in it. Ticket pricing in Airlines: There’s one challenge that every airline faces: Seats on any flight are perishable – once the plane has taken off, there is no possibility of selling any empty seats. This being so, it pays an airline to fill a seat, even at a very low fare, rather than have it take off empty. But obviously it isn’t viable to sell every seat at a low , so a ‘model’ has to be found for selling seats at different prices. The real skill comes in working out how many tickets to sell at each fare. Ideally, on any flight, the airline would first like to see how many people are willing to pay the highest price, sell as many tickets as possible to them, then sell as many as possible at the next highest price. This is where the airline uses Operations Research, by observing the day to day variations in the number of high priced tickets sold, the number of seats that need to be reserved to give high fare passengers the best chance of being able to get on the flight can be estimated. In addition, the profile of bookings – how bookings come in over time - is monitored on a continuous basis, compared with the typical profile for the flight, and the number of seats held back is adjusted according to whether bookings are heavier or lighter than the typical profile.

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GROWTH OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH Operational Research being a new discipline started a bit late in India.India was among the few nations which began utilizing operations research in 1949, the first Operational Research unit was established at Hyderabad which was named Regional Research Laboratory. At the same time an additional unit was launched in Defense Science Laboratory to fix the Stores, Purchase and Planning Problems. In 1953 at Calcutta, an operations research unit was established in Indian Statistical Institute. The objective was to use operations research techniques in National Planning and Survey. In 1955, Operations Research Society of India was created, which is among the first members of International Federation of Operations Research societies. Today, the utilization of operations research techniques have spread out from army to a wide range of departments at all levels. Operational Research subject is very popular and is being taught at graduation and post- graduation level in all the university of the country. It is also being used in industrial establishment extensively to improve decision-making process. One of the major driving forces behind the growth of Operations Research has been the rapid growth in computer technology, the concurrent growth in information systems and automated data storage and retrieval. This has been a great boon, in that Operations Research analysts now have ready access to data that was previously very hard to obtain. Simultaneously, this has also made things difficult because many companies find themselves in the situation of being data-rich but information-poor. In other words, even though the data is all present "somewhere" and in "some form," extracting useful information from these sources is often very difficult. This is one of the reasons why information systems specialists are invaluable to teams involved in any nontrivial Operations Research project. Data collection can have an important effect on the previous step of problem definition as well as on the following step of model formulation. TOOLS OF OPERATION RESEARCH In any area of human endeavor, whether it is a production system, business system or service system where an objective is to be optimized, the problem falls into the domain of operation research. Some of the commonly used techniques of operation research are as follows: , WaitingLine Theory or Queuing Theory, Inventory Control Models, Replacement Problems, Network Analysis, Sequencing, , Assignment Problems, , Integer Programming, Transportation Problems, , Goal Programming, Markov Analysis, , Heuristic Models, Routing Models and Symbolic logic. ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONSOF OPERATIONS RESEARCH Significance and Advantages of Operations Research  Provides a tool for scientific analysis  Provides solution for various business problems  Enables proper deployment of resources  Helps in minimizing waiting and servicing costs  Enables the management to decide when to buy and how much to buy?  Assists in choosing an optimum strategy  Renders great help in optimum  Facilitates the process of decision making

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 Management can know the reactions of the integrated business systems  Helps a lot in the preparation of future managers Better Systems: Often, an Operations Research approach is initiated to analyze a particular problem of decision making such as best location for factories, whether to open a new warehouse, etc. It also helps in selecting economical means of transportation, jobs sequencing, production scheduling, replacement of old machinery, etc. Better Control: The management of large organizations recognize that it is a difficult and costly affair to provide continuous executive supervision to every routine work. An Operations Research approach may provide the executive with an analytical and quantitative basis to identify the problem area. The most frequently adopted applications in this category deal with production scheduling and inventory replenishment. Better Decisions:Operations Research models help in improved decision making and reduce the risk of making erroneous decisions. Operations Research approach gives the executive an improved insight into how he makes his decisions. Better Co-ordination: An operations-research-oriented planning model helps in coordinating different divisions of a company. Limitations of Operations Research  The inherent limitations concerning mathematical expressions  High costs are involved in the use of Operations Researchtechniques  Operations Research does not take into consideration the intangible factors  Operations Research is only a tool of analysis and not the complete decision-making process  Other limitations o Bias o Inadequate objective functions o Internal resistance o Competence o Reliability of the prepared solution Dependence on an Electronic Computer:Operations Research techniques try to find out an optimal solution taking into account all the factors. In the modern society, these factors are enormous and expressing them in quantity and establishing relationships among these require voluminous calculations that can only be handled by computers. Non-Quantifiable Factors:Operations Research techniques provide a solution only when all the elements related to a problem can be quantified. All relevant variables do not lend themselves to quantification. Factors that cannot be quantified find no place in Operations Research models. Distance between Manager and Operations Researcher:Operations Research being specialist's job requires a mathematician or a statistician, who might not be aware of the business problems. Similarly, a manager fails to understand the complex working of Operations Research. Thus, there is a gap between the two. and Time Costs: When the basic data are subjected to frequent changes, incorporating them into the Operations Research models is a costly affair. Moreover, a fairly good solution at present may be more desirable than a perfect Operations Research solution available after sometime. Implementation: Implementation of decisions is a delicate task. It must take into account the complexities of human relations and behaviour.

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APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH Operations Research is a problem solving and decision taking technique. It is considered a kit of scientific and programmable rules which provides the management a “quantitative basis” for decisions concerning the operation under its control. Today, almost all fields of business and government utilizing the benefits of Operations Research. There are voluminous of applications of Operations Research. Some areas of management where Operations Researchtechniques have been successfully utilized are as follow: 1. Allocation and Distribution in :  Optimal allocation of resources such as men materials machines, time and money to projects.  Determination and deployment of proper workforce.  Project scheduling, monitoring and control. 2. Production and Facilities Planning:  Factory size and location decision.  Estimation of number of facilities required.  Preparation of forecasts for the various inventory items and computation of economic order quantities and reorder levels.  Scheduling and sequencing of production runs by proper allocation of machines.  Transportation loading and unloading,  Warehouse location decision.  Maintenance policy decisions. 3. Programmes Decisions:  What, when and how to purchase to minimize procurement cost.  Bidding and replacement policies 4. Marketing:  Advertising budget allocation.  Product introduction timing.  Selection of advertising media.  Selection of product mix.  Customer’s of size, colour and packaging of various products. 5. Organization Behaviour:  Selection of personnel, determination of retirement age and skills.  Recruitment policies and assignment of jobs.  Recruitment of employees.  Scheduling of training programs. 6. Finance:  Capital requirements, cash flow analysis.  Credit policies, credit risks etc.  decision.  Profit plan for the company. 7. Research and Development:  Product introduction planning.  Control of R&D projects.  Determination of areas for research and development.

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 Selection of projects and preparation of their budgets.  Reliability and control of development projects. Thus it may be concluded that operations research can be widely utilized in management decisions and can also be used as corrective measure. Following the end of World War II, interest in Operations Research turned to peacetime applications. There are now many Operations Researchdepartments in industry, government, and academia throughout the world. Examples of where Operations Research has been successful in recent years are the following:  Airline Industry (routing and flight plans, crew scheduling, ): Operations Research techniques are used by airlines and rail companies to offer varying fares and make higher revenues by filling more seats at different prices - an Operations Research technique known as Yield Management. All airlines depend on the effective use of Operations Research techniques to make them operate at a profit.  Telecommunications (network routing, queue control);  Manufacturing Industry (system throughput and bottleneck analysis, inventory control, production scheduling, capacity planning);  Healthcare (hospital management, facility design):Hospital managers use Operations Research to make decisions such as determining the optimal utilization of operating rooms and personnel, assessing the risks posed by patients with various medical conditions, and deciding necessary levels of perishable medicine in stock.  Transportation (traffic control, logistics, network flow, airport terminal layout, location planning).  Retailing:In supermarkets, data from store loyalty card schemes is analyzed by Operations Research groups to advise on merchandising policies and profitability improvement. Operations Research methods are also used to decide when and where new store developments should be made.  Financial Services:Operations Research practitioners address issues such as portfolio and , planning and analysis of customer service. They are widely employed in Credit Risk Management—a vital area for lenders needing to ensure that they find the optimum balance of risk and revenue.  Government Sector:Operations Research is a key contributor in modernizing government services and making them more efficient. Some OR applications include modeling the impact of performance related paying for teachers, evaluating government call-centers, projecting the size of the prison population, and national defense. There are many mathematical techniques that were developed specifically for Operations Research applications. These techniques arose from basic mathematical ideas and became major areas of expertise for industrial operations. Application areas of Operations Research- Strategic planning, , Pricing and revenue management, Logistics and site location, Optimization, Marketing research, Scheduling, Portfolio management, Inventory analysis, Forecasting, Sales analysis, Auctioning and Risk analysis.

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CONCLUSION  Operations Research tells how decision-making problems are characterized.  Operations Research is a tool that can do a great deal to improve productivity.  Charles Babbage (1791-1871) is the father of Operational Research due to the fact that his research into the cost of transportation and sorting of mail resulted in England’s universal Penny Post in 1840.  At end of World War II, interest in Operations Research turned to peacetime applications.  Major driving forces behind the growth of Operations Research has been the rapid growth in computer technology, the concurrent growth in information systems and automated data storage and retrieval.  India was among the few nations which began utilizing operations research since 1949.  Operations Research has been successful in recent years in the following sector namely Airlines, Telecommunications, Manufacturing Industry, Health Care, Transportation, Retailing, Financial Services and Government Sector.  There are many mathematical techniques that were developed specifically for Operations Research applications. These techniques arose from basic mathematical ideas and became major areas of expertise for industrial operations.  Operational Research needs to be integrated as an essential part of monitoring and evaluation efforts in all industries. “Operations Research is the securing of improvement in social systems by means of scientific method - C.West Churchman” REFERENCES 1. Hillier, F. S. and G. J. Lieberman., Introduction to Operations Research, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 10th Edition [2015]. 2. J. K. Sharma, Operations Research – Theory and Applications, Macmillan Publishers India, 5th Edition (2012). 3. Taha H. A., Operations Research, Pearson Publisher; 9th Edition (2010). 4. Winston, W.L., Operations Research - Applications and Algorithms. 3rd Edition, Duxbury Press, Wadsworth Publishing Company, (1994). 5. D.S. Hira, P.K. Gupta, Operations Research, S. Chand & Company Ltd Publisher, (Revised Edition - 2014). 6. C.R. Kothari, An Introduction to Operational Research, Vikas Publications, Third edition (2008). 7. C.K.Mustafi , Operations Research – Methods and Practice, New Age International Pvt Ltd Publisher, Fourth edition (1998). 8. www.google.com 9. www.investopedia.com(Operations Research) 10. www.wikipedia.com (Operations Research) 11. Operation research journals 12. Four Current Challenges for ; https://www.planettogether.com/blog/current-challenges-for-operations-management [Accessed on 28/08/2019].

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13. Operation Research: Applications, Methodology and Tools; http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/ergonomics/operation-research/operation-research- applications-methodology-and-tools/90745[Accessed on 28/08/2019]. 14. Brief History of Operations Research; http://www.universalteacherpublications.com/univ/ebooks/or/Ch1/advlim.htm [Accessed on 28/08/2019].

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