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Retropharyngeal Abscess Complicated by IGV Thrombosis Jebmh.com Case Report Retropharyngeal Abscess Complicated by IGV Thrombosis M. Munjal1, J. Kaur2, P. Rishi3, N. Tuli4, S. Munjal5 1Professor and HOD, Department of ENT, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab. 2Senior Resident, Department of ENT, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab. 3Junior Resident, Department of ENT, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab. 4Junior Resident, Department of ENT, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab. 5Medical Student, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab. PRESENTATION OF CASE Corresponding Author: Dr. Japneet Kaur, A 20-year-old lady presented with neck swelling with difficulty in swallowing and Department of ENT, trismus. On clinical examination there was a diffuse swelling involving the neck. Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Lateral radiograph of the neck was taken which showed straightening of the Ludhiana, Punjab. cervical spines with 10-12 mm widening of the prevertebral space (figure 1). E-mail: [email protected] Computed Tomography scan of the neck showed hypodense fluid collection in the DOI: 10.18410/jebmh/2019/609 retropharyngeal space from C4-C8. Ultrasonography of the neck showed Financial or Other Competing Interests: thrombosis in bilateral internal jugular vein. An eccentric soft tissue plaque was None. seen along the mid internal jugular vein measuring 1.8 mm. USG Doppler showed partial thrombosis of bilateral IGV showing ulcerated plaque with luminal How to Cite This Article: narrowing approximately 30% on right side and a soft tissue plaque causing Munjal M, Kaur J, Rishi P, et al. luminal narrowing of up to 25% on left side. Sputum for acid fast bacilli and Retropharyngeal abscess complicated by Mantoux test were negative. Patient was taken up for cervical exploration and IGV thrombosis. J. Evid. Based Med. Healthc. 2019; 6(45), 2923-2925. DOI: around 20-25 cc of pus was drained by putting an incision over maximum bulge 10.18410/jebmh/2019/609 over posterior pharyngeal wall. Submission 20-10-2019, Peer Review 26-10-2019, Acceptance 08-11-2019, CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS Published 11-11-2019. Retropharyngeal Abscess DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Other deep neck space infections (like prevertebral abscess, Ludwig’s angina), foreign body in aerodigestive tract, pneumonia, mediastinitis, epidural abscess, oral cavity infections, epiglottitis, pharyngitis. J. Evid. Based Med. Healthc., pISSN- 2349-2562, eISSN- 2349-2570/ Vol. 6/Issue 45/Nov. 11, 2019 Page 2923 Jebmh.com Case Report posterior paranasal sinuses, and middle ear. An antecedent DISCUSSION OF MANAGEMENT upper respiratory tract infection can result in suppurative adenitis of these retropharyngeal lymph nodes and eventual She was started on broad spectrum intravenous antibiotics abscess formation. along with Ryles tube feeding. The neck swelling subsided Empiric antibiotic therapy should provide coverage for within 4-5 days with improvement in neck movements. group B streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus and Trismus recovered completely within a week. (Figure 2) respiratory anaerobes. Surgical intervention in the form of Patient had an uneventful recovery and was discharged in incision and drainage. Internal jugular vein thrombosis is a 10 days. Aspirate from the abscess was sent for pus culture rare complication of retropharyngeal abscess and has the sensitivity which showed no growth of microorganisms. This potential to spread to adjacent structures and to the is probably attributed to usage of antibiotics prior to the bloodstream and cause sepsis. The retropharyngeal space is procedure. Follow up at 2 weeks showed no evidence of posterior to the pharynx, bound by the buccopharyngeal swelling and the thrombosis also resolved. fascia anteriorly, the prevertebral fascia posteriorly, and the carotid sheaths laterally. It extends superiorly to the base of the skull and inferiorly to the mediastinum. PATHOLOGICAL DISCUSSION Retropharyngeal abscess is a rare infection in adolescents with serious consequences.4 Retropharyngeal A retropharyngeal abscess is a suppurative infection of the abscess if untreated can progress to complications like deep spaces of the neck. In adults, retropharyngeal airway obstruction, mediastinitis, aspiration pneumonia, abscesses are rare in adults and can occur as a result of local epidural abscess, jugular venous thrombosis, necrotizing trauma, such as foreign body ingestion (fishbone), or fasciitis, sepsis, and erosion into the carotid artery. These instrumental procedures (laryngoscopy, endotracheal complications are associated with high morbidity and intubation, feeding tube placement, etc.), or in the particular mortality.5 One of the rare complications is suppurative context of an associated disease.1,2 Risk factors for thrombophlebitis os internal jugular vein. Suppurative retropharyngeal space infection include poor oral hygiene, thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein (IJV) is a diabetes, immunocompromised, and low socioeconomic venous thrombosis due to the infectious involvement of the status. carotid sheath vessels with bacteria and is seen in The patient of clinically retropharyngeal abscess (RPA) association with intravenous catheters or with certain deep presents with symptoms of sore throat, fever, neck stiffness, neck infections.6 pain with neck extension, while respiratory findings (airway Computed Tomography scan of the neck with contrast obstruction or stridor) are rare. When the retropharyngeal is the most useful study to detect internal jugular vein infection is present, the depth of the prevertebral space will thrombosis.7 Due to the frequency of pulmonary emboli that be increased on the lateral neck x-ray. In healthy individuals, accompanies this condition, a CT scan of the chest is often the upper limit of normal of the prevertebral space is 7 mm performed. An ultrasonography is also useful to evaluate for at C2 and 14 mm at C6 in children. In healthy adults, the jugular vein thrombosis and can be used to assess for upper limit of normal of the prevertebral space is 7 mm at thrombus extension.7 C2 and 2 mm at C6. A width of 30 mm at C6 indicates Broad spectrum Intravenous antibiotics are the abscess collection.3 mainstay of treatment in the treatment of suppurative CT of the neck with intravenous contrast is the best thrombophlebitis. Utilisation of Anticoagulation therapy in imaging study to evaluate patients with a retropharyngeal septic thrombophlebitis is controversial. Despite the abscess. In children, ultrasound is preferred as it does not potential life-threatening complications mentioned in the involve radiation and is portable. In experienced hands, US literature, the role of anticoagulation is not recommended in can help determine the size and location of the abscess.3 the absence of extension of the thrombus.8 In older children and adults, trauma to the posterior In predisposed individuals certain deep neck infections pharynx resulting in retropharyngeal infection is the more by a certain strain of bacteria which produces endotoxins likely mechanism through which retropharyngeal abscess and hemagglutinin leads to further invasion, endothelial originates. After suppurative adenitis or trauma results in the inflammation, platelet aggregation, and a suppurative seeding of the retropharyngeal space, cellulitis results and thrombophlebitis. Early in the course of thrombophlebitis, eventually leads to phlegmon and abscess formation in the while the thrombus is firmly attached, antibiotics may be all retropharyngeal space. Retropharyngeal abscesses are often that is necessary to treat the condition.3 polymicrobial infections. Bacteria which commonly Therefore, in a patient with deep neck space infection contribute to these infections include Group A Streptococcus with pharyngitis, septic pulmonary emboli, and persistent pyogenes, Staphylococcus fever despite antimicrobial therapy, one should suspect aureus, Fusobacterium, Haemophilus species, and other jugular vein suppurative thrombophlebitis. Further studies respiratory anaerobic organisms.1,2,3 In younger children can elucidate the most appropriate management of these lesser than 5 years, the retropharyngeal space contains thrombotic events, possibly not requiring anticoagulation to lymph nodes chains that drain the nasopharynx, adenoids, improve clinical outcomes in patients. J. Evid. Based Med. Healthc., pISSN- 2349-2562, eISSN- 2349-2570/ Vol. 6/Issue 45/Nov. 11, 2019 Page 2924 Jebmh.com Case Report REFERENCES [1] Ngan JH, Fok PJ, Lai EC, et al. A prospective study on fish bone ingestion: experience of 358 patients. Ann Surg 1990;211(4):459-462. [2] Arora S, Sharma JK, Pippal SK, et al. Retropharyngeal abscess following a gunshot injury. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2009;75(6):909. [3] Jain H, Knorr TL, Sinha V. Retropharyngeal Abscess. (Updated 2019 Oct 5). In: StatPearls (Internet). Treasure Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing 2019 Jan Figure 1. X-Ray of Soft Tissue of The Neck Showing Paravertebral Widening [4] Harkani A, Hassani R, Ziad T, et al. Retropharyngeal abscess in adults: five case reports and review of the literature. Scientific World J 2011;11:1623-1629. [5] Herzon FS, Martin AD. Medical and surgical treatment of peritonsillar, retropharyngeal, and parapharyngeal abscesses. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2006;8(3):196-202. [6] Vargiami EG, Zafeiriou DI. Eponym: the lemierre syndrome. Eur J Pediatr 2010;169(8):411-414. [7] Kobayashi Y, Takayanagi N, Sugita Y. A case of Lemierre's syndrome with septic pulmonary embolisms. Figure 2. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 2014;88(5):695-699. Post-Operative Picture of the Patient Showing [8] Phua CK, Chadachan VM, Acharya R. Lemierre Improved Mouth syndrome-should we anticoagulate? A case report and Opening review of the literature. Int J Angiol 2013;22(2):137- 142. J. Evid. Based Med. Healthc., pISSN- 2349-2562, eISSN- 2349-2570/ Vol. 6/Issue 45/Nov. 11, 2019 Page 2925 .
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