Uitheemse Slangen in Nederland

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Uitheemse Slangen in Nederland Alterra Wageningen UR Alterra Wageningen UR is hét kennisinstituut voor de groene leefomgeving en Postbus 47 bundelt een grote hoeveelheid expertise op het gebied van de groene ruimte en het Uitheemse slangen in Nederland 6700 AA Wageningen duurzaam maatschappelijk gebruik ervan: kennis van water, natuur, bos, milieu, T 317 48 07 00 bodem, landschap, klimaat, landgebruik, recreatie etc. www.wageningenUR.nl/alterra De missie van Wageningen UR (University & Research centre) is ‘To explore the potential of nature to improve the quality of life’. Binnen Wageningen UR bundelen Alterra-rapport 2496 9 gespecialiseerde onderzoeksinstituten van stichting DLO en Wageningen ISSN 1566-7197 Een analyse van de kans op introductie, vestiging, uitbreiding en schade University hun krachten om bij te dragen aan de oplossing van belangrijke vragen in het domein van gezonde voeding en leefomgeving. Met ongeveer 30 vestigingen, 6.000 medewerkers en 9.000 studenten behoort Wageningen UR wereldwijd tot de R.J.F. Bugter, S. van de Koppel, R.C.M. Creemers, A.J. Griffioen en F.G.W.A. Ottburg aansprekende kennisinstellingen binnen haar domein. De integrale benadering van de vraagstukken en de samenwerking tussen verschillende disciplines vormen het hart van de unieke Wageningen aanpak. Uitheemse slangen in Nederland Een analyse van de kans op introductie, vestiging, uitbreiding en schade R.J.F. Bugter1, S. van de Koppel2, R.C.M. Creemers3, A.J. Griffioen1 en F.G.W.A. Ottburg1 1 Alterra 2 Natuurbalans-Limes Divergens 3 RAVON Reptielen Amfibieën Vissen Onderzoek Nederland Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd in opdracht van de Nederlandse Voedsel en Waren Autoriteit. Alterra Wageningen UR Wageningen, januari 2014 Alterra-rapport 2496 ISSN 1566-7197 RAVON-Rapport 2013.112 Natuurbalans-Limes Divergens-Rapport 12-181 Bugter, R.J.F., S. van de Koppel, R. Creemers, A.J. Griffioen en F.G.W.A. Ottburg, 2014. Uitheemse slangen in Nederland; Een analyse van de kans op introductie, vestiging, uitbreiding en schade. Wageningen, Alterra Wageningen UR (University & Research centre), Alterra-rapport 2496, RAVON- Rapport 2013.112, Natuurbalans-Limes Divergens-Rapport 12-181. 122 blz.; 20 fig.; 12 tab.; 147 ref. In opdracht van het Bureau Risicobeoordeling en Onderzoeksprogrammering van de Nederlandse Voedsel en Waren Autoriteit (NVWA) is door RAVON, Natuurbalans-Limes Divergens en Alterra een beoordeling van het risico van vestiging van uitheemse slangen in Nederland uitgevoerd. Dit risico hangt af van de kans op introductie, de kans dat geïntroduceerde exemplaren een duurzame populatie opbouwen, de kans dat die populatie zich uit kan breiden en de kans op ecologische, economische en sociale schade. Na een eerste screening zijn de risico’s voor elf soorten en soortgroepen beoordeeld. Voor vier soorten / soortgroepen werd het risico als substantieel beoordeeld, voor de andere soorten of soortgroepen was dit matig, mogelijk aanwezig of verwaarloosbaar. De grootste risicofactor is de introductie van een aantal exemplaren van een soort ineens. The Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority commissioned RAVON, Natuurbalans- Limes Divergens and Alterra to carry out an assessment for the risk of alien snake species becoming established in the Netherlands. This risk depends on the likelihoods of introduction, viable population establishment and subsequent spreading as well as the likelihood that this results in ecological, economic or social damage. After a first screening risks were assessed for eleven species / species groups. For four of these species / species groups the risk was assessed as being substantial, for the other groups it was assessed as moderate, possible or negligible. The largest risk factor is for the introduction of a number of individuals of the same species at once. Trefwoorden: Invasieve exoten, risicobeoordeling, slangen, klimaat. Dit rapport is gratis te downloaden van www.wageningenUR.nl/alterra (ga naar ‘Alterra-rapporten’ in de grijze balk onderaan). Alterra Wageningen UR verstrekt geen gedrukte exemplaren van rapporten. © 2014 Alterra (instituut binnen de rechtspersoon Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek), Postbus 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, T 0317 48 07 00, E [email protected], www.wageningenUR.nl/alterra. Alterra is onderdeel van Wageningen UR (University & Research centre). • Overname, verveelvoudiging of openbaarmaking van deze uitgave is toegestaan mits met duidelijke bronvermelding. • Overname, verveelvoudiging of openbaarmaking is niet toegestaan voor commerciële doeleinden en/of geldelijk gewin. • Overname, verveelvoudiging of openbaarmaking is niet toegestaan voor die gedeelten van deze uitgave waarvan duidelijk is dat de auteursrechten liggen bij derden en/of zijn voorbehouden. Alterra aanvaardt geen aansprakelijkheid voor eventuele schade voortvloeiend uit het gebruik van de resultaten van dit onderzoek of de toepassing van de adviezen. Alterra-rapport 2496| ISSN 1566-7197 Is tevens RAVON-Rapport 2013.112 en Natuurbalans-Limes Divergens-Rapport 12-181 Foto omslag: Roodflank kousebandslang Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis na de winterslaap, Canada. Biosphoto / Christophe Véchot Inhoud Dankwoord 5 Samenvatting 7 1 Inleiding en leeswijzer 9 2 Aanpak risicobeoordeling 12 2.1 Waarschijnlijkheid van introducties 12 2.2 Waarschijnlijkheid van overleving 12 2.3 Waarschijnlijkheid van vestiging 13 2.3.1 Succesvolle vestiging en klimaat 13 2.3.2 Klimaatgrenzen aan de verspreiding van slangen 16 2.3.3 Ontwikkeling van de zomertemperatuur volgens de KNMI-scenario’s 17 2.3.4 Bepaling van de risicogebieden 20 2.4 Waarschijnlijkheid van uitbreiding 24 2.5 Impact 25 3 Veiligheidsaspecten gifslangen 27 4 Selectie van risicosoorten 30 4.1 Selectiecriteria 30 4.2 Toepassing van de selectiecriteria 30 4.2.1 Gangbaarheid in de reptielhandel 30 4.2.2 Bekend van introducties in Nederland en omliggende landen 32 4.2.3 Voorkomen in gebieden met vergelijkbare klimaat- en habitatomstandigheden 33 5 Risico-assessment soorten 36 5.1 Aziatische rattenslangen 36 5.1.1 Algemene soortbeschrijving Elaphe carinata, Taiwanese stinkslang 36 5.1.2 Algemene soortbeschrijving Elaphe climacophora, Japanse rattenslang 37 5.1.3 Algemene soortbeschrijving Elaphe schrenckii, Russische rattenslang 38 5.1.4 Risico-assessment 40 5.2 Noord-Amerikaanse rattenslangen 45 5.2.1 Algemene soortbeschrijving Pantherophis guttatus, rode rattenslang 45 5.2.2 Algemene soortbeschrijving Pantherophis obsoletus, westelijke rattenslang 48 5.2.3 Risico-assessment 50 5.3 Thamnophis spp., kousebandslangen 55 5.3.1 Algemene soortbeschrijving Thamnophis sirtalis, gewone kousebandslang 55 5.3.2 Risico-assessment 57 5.4 Nerodia spp., waterslangen 62 5.4.1 Algemene soortbeschrijving Nerodia sipedon, noordelijke waterslang 62 5.4.2 Risico-assessment 63 5.5 Grote wurgslangen (pythons en boa’s) 67 5.5.1 Algemene soortbeschrijving 67 5.5.2 Risico-assessment 68 5.6 Heterodon nasicus, westelijke haakneusslang 71 5.6.1 Algemene soortbeschrijving 71 5.6.2 Risico-assessment 72 5.7 Lampropeltis triangulum, melkslang 77 5.7.1 Algemene soortbeschrijving 77 5.7.2 Risico-assessment 79 5.8 Pituophis catenifer, stierslang 83 5.8.1 Algemene soortbeschrijving 83 5.8.2 Risico-assessment 84 5.9 Risico-assessment Europese soorten 88 5.9.1 Natrix natrix persa, oostelijke ringslang of Balkanringslang 88 5.9.2 Natrix tessellata, dobbelsteenslang 92 5.9.3 Vipera aspis, aspisadder 96 5.9.4 Zamenis longissimus, esculaapslang 101 6 Conclusies 105 Literatuur 109 Internetbronnen 116 Bijlage 1 Nederlandse habitats 118 Bijlage 2 Aanvullende verspreidingskaarten 119 Bijlage 3 Beschrijving ISEIA-protocol 121 Dankwoord De uitvoering van deze risicobeoordeling is tot stand gekomen binnen een ‘pilot’ samenwerkings- verband tussen Alterra, stichting RAVON en adviesbureau Limes Divergens. Onze dank gaat uit naar de Nederlandse Voedsel en Warenautoriteit voor het mogelijk maken hiervan. Verder bedanken wij onze contactpersoon Sander Smolders voor zijn begeleiding van deze studie. Ook alle niet nader te noemen personen zowel binnen de Voedsel en Warenautoriteit, Alterra, RAVON, Natuurbalans Limes- Divergens als daarbuiten die op enige wijze aan deze studie hebben bijgedragen bedanken we daarvoor hartelijk. Alterra-rapport 2496 | 5 6 | Alterra-rapport 2496 Samenvatting In opdracht van het Bureau Risicobeoordeling en Onderzoeksprogrammering van de Nederlandse Voedsel- en Warenautoriteit (NVW) is door RAVON, Natuurbalans-Limes Divergens en Alterra een beoordeling van het risico van uitheemse slangen in Nederland uitgevoerd. De kans dat uitheemse soorten zich in Nederland als invasieve exoot vestigen hangt af van de kans dat ze door menselijk handelen in de Nederlandse natuur geïntroduceerd worden en de kans dat ze daarna overleven en in staat zijn een duurzame populatie op te bouwen. Het risico dat invasieve soorten met zich meebrengen wordt bepaald door de kans op ecologische, economische en sociale schade. Een belangrijke factor is daarbij de kans dat soorten zich na vestiging in Nederland in aantal en geografische verspreiding sterk uitbreiden. De kans op introductie van uitheemse slangensoorten is bepaald aan de hand van hun gangbaarheid in handel of bekende introducties in Nederland of omringende landen. De kans dat eenmaal geïntroduceerde soorten overleven en een duurzame populatie opbouwen hangt sterk af van hun geschiktheid voor de Nederlandse habitat- en klimaatomstandigheden. Voor de soorten met een introductiekans is daarom in een eerste screening de geschiktheid van de Nederlandse habitats ingeschat aan de hand van literatuurbeschrijvingen
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