DOCSLIB.ORG

2 Surficial Sediments of the Chatham Rise: General Characteristics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
2 Surficial Sediments of the Chatham Rise: General Characteristics Volume Two May 2014 Appendix 12 Natural Sedimentation on the Chatham Rise (Nodder 2013) Natural Sedimentation on the Chatham Rise Prepared for Chatham Rock Phosphate LLtd August 2012 (Updated April 2013) Authors/Contributors: Scott D. Nodder For any information regarding this report please contact: Scott Nodder Group Manager/Marine Geologist Ocean Geology +64-4-386 0357 [email protected] National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd 301 Evans Bay Parade, Greta Point Wellington 6021 Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie Wellington 6241 New Zealand Phone +64-4-386 0300 Fax +64-4-386 0574 NIWA Client Report No: WLG2012-42 Report date: August 2012 (Updated April 2013) NIWA Project: CRP12302/6 Remote sensing image of spring chlorophyll a concentrations in the New Zealand region [NASA/Orbimage/NIWA] (left) and sediment trap used for measuring sinking particle fluxes. [Scott Nodder, NIWA]. © All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced or copied in any form without the permission of the copyright owner(s). Such permission is only to be given in accordance with the terms of the client’s contract with NIWA. This copyright extends to all forms of copying and any storage of material in any kind of information retrieval system. Whilst NIWA has used all reasonable endeavours to ensure that the information contained in this document is accurate, NIWA does not give any express or implied warranty as to the completeness of the information contained herein, or that it will be suitable for any purpose(s) other than those specifically contemplated during the Project or agreed by NIWA and the Client. 26 April 2013 8.06 p.m. Contents Executive summary ................................................................................................................ 5 1 Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 7 2 Surficial sediments of the Chatham Rise: general characteristics .......................... 7 2.1 Grain-size distribution ............................................................................................ 7 2.2 Sediment composition ........................................................................................... 7 2.3 Sediment composition ........................................................................................... 8 2.4 Carbonate content ................................................................................................. 9 2.5 Organic content ..................................................................................................... 9 2.6 Sedimentation rates ............................................................................................... 9 2.7 Near-surface geological formations and authigenesis ......................................... 10 3 Natural sedimentation: origins and processes ........................................................ 10 3.1 Vertical fluxes ...................................................................................................... 11 3.2 Horizontal fluxes .................................................................................................. 16 3.3 Authigenesis ........................................................................................................ 17 4 Water column suspended particles and turbidity .................................................... 18 5 Comparison to other “deep-sea” studies ................................................................. 23 6 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 24 7 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 25 8 References ................................................................................................................... 25 Figures Figure 2-1: NIWA 1:1 million scale Sediment chart, highlighting surficial sediment distributions on the Chatham Rise and in the Bounty Trough (McDougall, 1982). 8 Figure 3-1: Particulate fluxes in subtropical waters, just to the north of the Chatham Rise, east of New Zealand (station U940), in austral autumn, 1992 (reproduced from Figure 4, Nodder, 1997). 12 Figure 3-2: Average total mass (left) and particulate phosphorus (right) fluxes in different water types across Chatham Rise in winter (A) and spring (B). 13 Figure 3-3: Re-plotted data from Zhou et al. (2012) showing the spatial distribution of 234Th and POC fluxes on Chatham Rise. 15 Figure 4-1: Full water column nephelometer profiles on the crest (U941, left) and northern flank of the Chatham Rise (U943, U944 and U949). 19 Natural Sedimentation on the Chatham Rise Figure 4-2: Water column profiles of suspended particulate matter concenttrations on the northern flank of the Chatham Rise. 20 Figure 4-3: Fluorescence (top left panel) and beam transmission (right) profiles from CTD data collected on the crest of the Chatham Rise. 22 Reviewed by Approved for release by Helen Neil Julie Hall Natural Sedimentation on the Chatham Rise Executive summary The report summarises the natural sedimentation processes on the Chatham Rise in order to provide background information to the proposed phosphorite sea-bed mining operations of Chatham Rock Phosphate (CRP) Ltd. The sediments on the crest of the Chatham Rise are predominantly phosphorite-bearing, glauconitic, fine- to medium-grained, foraminiferal sandy muds or muddy sands, with subsidiary phosphorite nodules (typically part of the >5% gravel component), rock fragments, volcanic ash, clay minerals and biogenic material. Calcium carbonate percentages of these surficial sediments are typically 30-40% with organic carbon levels of 0.5-1%. These surface sediments are considered to represent a condensed sequence, representing a long period of time preserved in a relatively thin layer of material (typically <10 m thick). Downward vertical fluxes of material on the crest of the Chatham Rise within the Subtropical Front are generally elevated compared to the water masses on either side of the rise, reflecting the highly productive nature of the frontal zone. Vertical fluxes on the rise are in the order of 180-500 mg/m2/d, but have been measured as high as 1800 mg/m2/d close to the sea-floor. These vertical flux values indicate that the Chatham Rise has fluxes that are similar in magnitude to other temperate, continental margin and open ocean environments. Sinking particles are affected by currents that can move them horizontally away from their point of origin, and such near-bed currents can also be sufficient to resuspend and transport bottom sediments. Measurements of water column turbidity, including recent mooring data collected by IX Survey for CRP Ltd, show that increases in turbidity are a prominent feature close to the Chatham Rise sea-floor, with values as high as 0.55 mg/l on the crest of the rise. While the report summarises the information available on natural sedimentation on the Chatham Rise crest, there is actually very limited temporal and spatial information on the magnitude and timing of episodic flux events in this region. In particular, information is lacking on how water column particulate populations and sea-floor sediments on the crest interact with the dynamic physical environment within the Subtropical Front over a variety of temporal (days to years) and spatial (1 to 100’s of km) scales. Natural Sedimentation on the Chatham Rise 5 1 Objectives In July 2012, the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Ltd was contracted by Chatham Rock Phosphate (CRP) Ltd to undertake a review of natural sedimentation on the Chatham Rise. The review is designed to provide background information on the present-day sedimentary system on the rise in the context of CRP’s proposed sea-bed mining operations for phosphorite nodules. The objectives of this report are to: . Describe natural sedimentation of particulate matter on the Chatham Rise; . Overview natural sediment producing processes and nature of particulates; . Overview studies/identify locations where turbidity/TSS etc. data from on the Chatham Rise and nearby; . Overview water column particulate data/turbidity from the various data sources above, including IX data; . Overview sedimentation studies and the data available from those studies; and . Comment on ‘deep sea’ data (similar depths) where data might provide useful comparative data. 2 Surficial sediments of the Chatham Rise: general characteristics 2.1 Grain-size distribution The surface sediments on the Chatham Rise crest are predominantly sandy muds or muddy sands (~55-60% >63 µm), typically comprising 25-30% silt (63-4 µm, %mud = %silt + %clay) and ~5-10% clay (<4 µm) in the mud fraction (<63 µm) (e.g., Table 1 in Grove et al., 2006; also Appendix in Nodder et al., 2011) (also see comparable data in McDougall (1982) and von Rad and Rösch (1984)) (Figure 2-1). Detailed mapping by Lawless (2012) showed that, based on Folk’s (1968) classification, on the rise crest between 177°E and 180° the surficial sediments are predominantly sands on shallow highs (<250 m water depth), such as Reserve Bank, grading to silty sands and sandy silts at deeper sites (>250 m), with >5% gravel (mainly phosphorite nodules) east of 179°E. From previous studies, phosphorite nodules are typically in the 0.5->1 mm size-fraction, up to maximum nodule diameters of 50- 200 mm, increasing in size down-core towards the underlying Oligocene chalks (see
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hikurangi Plateau: Crustal Structure, Rifted Formation, and Gondwana Subduction History
    Article Geochemistry 3 Volume 9, Number 7 Geophysics 3 July 2008 Q07004, doi:10.1029/2007GC001855 GeosystemsG G ISSN: 1525-2027 AN ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF THE EARTH SCIENCES Published by AGU and the Geochemical Society Click Here for Full Article Hikurangi Plateau: Crustal structure, rifted formation, and Gondwana subduction history Bryan Davy Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, P.O. Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand ([email protected]) Kaj Hoernle IFM-GEOMAR, Wischhofstraße 1-3, D-24148 Kiel, Germany Reinhard Werner Tethys Geoconsulting GmbH, Wischhofstraße 1-3, D-24148 Kiel, Germany [1] Seismic reflection profiles across the Hikurangi Plateau Large Igneous Province and adjacent margins reveal the faulted volcanic basement and overlying Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary units as well as the structure of the paleoconvergent Gondwana margin at the southern plateau limit. The Hikurangi Plateau crust can be traced 50–100 km southward beneath the Chatham Rise where subduction cessation timing and geometry are interpreted to be variable along the margin. A model fit of the Hikurangi Plateau back against the Manihiki Plateau aligns the Manihiki Scarp with the eastern margin of the Rekohu Embayment. Extensional and rotated block faults which formed during the breakup of the combined Manihiki- Hikurangi plateau are interpreted in seismic sections of the Hikurangi Plateau basement. Guyots and ridge- like seamounts which are widely scattered across the Hikurangi Plateau are interpreted to have formed at 99–89 Ma immediately following Hikurangi Plateau jamming of the Gondwana convergent margin at 100 Ma. Volcanism from this period cannot be separately resolved in the seismic reflection data from basement volcanism; hence seamount formation during Manihiki-Hikurangi Plateau emplacement and breakup (125–120 Ma) cannot be ruled out.
    [Show full text]
  • Hoplostethus Atlanticus Fisheries Relating to the South Pacific Regional Fishery Management Organisation
    SP-07-SWG-INF-09 Chile 13 May 2009 Information describing orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries relating to the South Pacific Regional Fishery Management Organisation WORKING DRAFT 04 MAY 2007 1. Overview ................................................................................................................ 2 2. Taxonomy .............................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Phylum ............................................................................................................. 3 2.2 Class ................................................................................................................. 3 2.3 Order ................................................................................................................ 3 2.4 Family .............................................................................................................. 3 2.5 Genus and species ............................................................................................ 3 2.6 Scientific synonyms ......................................................................................... 3 2.7 Common names ............................................................................................... 3 2.8 Molecular (DNA or biochemical) bar coding .................................................. 3 3. Species characteristics ........................................................................................... 4 3.1 Global distribution and depth range
    [Show full text]
  • Greenpeace Deep Sea Oil Briefing
    May 2012 Out of our depth: Deep-sea oil exploration in New Zealand greenpeace.org.nz Contents A sea change in Government strategy ......... 4 Safety concerns .............................................. 5 The risks of deep-sea oil ............................... 6 International oil companies in the dock ..... 10 Where is deep-sea oil exploration taking place in New Zealand? ..................... 12 Cover: A view from an altitude of 3200 ft of the oil on the sea surface, originated by the leaking of the Deepwater Horizon wellhead disaster. The BP leased oil platform exploded April 20 and sank after burning, leaking an estimate of more than 200,000 gallons of crude oil per day from the broken pipeline into the sea. © Daniel Beltrá / Greenpeace Right: A penguin lies in oil spilt from the wreck of the Rena © GEMZ Photography 2 l Greenpeace Deep-Sea Oil Briefing l May 2012 The inability of the authorities to cope with the effects of the recent oil spill from the Rena cargo ship, despite the best efforts of Maritime New Zealand, has brought into sharp focus the environmental risks involved in the Government’s decision to open up vast swathes of the country’s coastal waters for deep-sea oil drilling. The Rena accident highlighted the devastation that can be caused by what in global terms is actually still a relatively small oil spill at 350 tonnes and shows the difficulties of mounting a clean-up operation even when the source of the leaking oil is so close to shore. It raised the spectre of the environmental catastrophe that could occur if an accident on the scale of the Deepwater Horizon disaster in the Gulf of Mexico were to occur in New Zealand’s remote waters.
    [Show full text]
  • Planktonic Foraminifera As Oceanographic Proxies: Comparison of Biogeographic Classifications Using Some Southwest Pacific Core-Top Faunas
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation ISRN Oceanography Volume 2013, Article ID 508184, 15 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/508184 Review Article Planktonic Foraminifera as Oceanographic Proxies: Comparison of Biogeographic Classifications Using Some Southwest Pacific Core-Top Faunas G. H. Scott GNS Science, 1 Fairway Drive, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand Correspondence should be addressed to G. H. Scott; [email protected] Received 29 April 2013; Accepted 17 June 2013 Academic Editors: M. Elskens and M. T. Maldonado Copyright © 2013 G. H. Scott. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The distribution of planktonic foraminifera, as free-floating protists, is largely controlled by hydrography. Their death assemblages in surficial sediments provide proxy data on upper water mass properties for paleoceanography. Techniques for mapping faunal distributions for this purpose are compared in a study of 35 core-top samples that span the Subtropical Front in the Southwest Pacific. Faunas are analyzed by taxon composition, order of dominant taxa, and abundance. Taxon composition (presence-absence data) and dominant taxa (ordinal data) recognize groups of sites that approximate major water mass distributions (cool subtropical water, subantarctic water) and clearly define the location of the Subtropical Front. Quantitative data (relative abundances) more closely reflect the success of taxa in upper water mass niches. This information resolves groups of sites that reflect differences in intrawater mass hydrography. Comparisons suggest that abundance data should provide much better oceanographic resolution globally than the widely used ordinal biogeographic classification that identifies only Tropical, Subtropical Transitional, Subpolar and Polar provinces.
    [Show full text]
  • Campbell Plateau: a Major Control on the SW Pacific Sector of The
    Ocean Sci. Discuss., doi:10.5194/os-2017-36, 2017 Manuscript under review for journal Ocean Sci. Discussion started: 15 May 2017 c Author(s) 2017. CC-BY 3.0 License. Campbell Plateau: A major control on the SW Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean circulation. Aitana Forcén-Vázquez1,2, Michael J. M. Williams1, Melissa Bowen3, Lionel Carter2, and Helen Bostock1 1NIWA 2Victoria University of Wellington 3The University of Auckland Correspondence to: Aitana ([email protected]) Abstract. New Zealand’s subantarctic region is a dynamic oceanographic zone with the Subtropical Front (STF) to the north and the Subantarctic Front (SAF) to the south. Both the fronts and their associated currents are strongly influenced by topog- raphy: the South Island of New Zealand and the Chatham Rise for the STF, and Macquarie Ridge and Campbell Plateau for the SAF. Here for the first time we present a consistent picture across the subantarctic region of the relationships between front 5 positions, bathymetry and water mass structure using eight high resolution oceanographic sections that span the region. Our results show that the northwest side of Campbell Plateau is comparatively warm due to a southward extension of the STF over the plateau. The SAF is steered south and east by Macquarie Ridge and Campbell Plateau, with waters originating in the SAF also found north of the plateau in the Bounty Trough. Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) formation is confirmed to exist south of the plateau on the northern side of the SAF in winter, while on Campbell Plateau a deep reservoir persists into the following 10 autumn.
    [Show full text]
  • Benthic Invertebrate Bycatch from a Deep-Water Trawl Fishery, Chatham Rise, New Zealand
    AQUATIC CONSERVATION: MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS, VOL. 7, 27±40 (1997) CASE STUDIES AND REVIEWS Benthic invertebrate bycatch from a deep-water trawl fishery, Chatham Rise, New Zealand P. KEITH PROBERT1, DON G. MCKNIGHT2 and SIMON L. GROVE1 1Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand 2National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd, PO Box 14-901, Kilbirnie, Wellington, New Zealand ABSTRACT 1. Benthic invertebrate bycatch was collected during trawling for orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) at water depths of 662±1524 m on the northern and eastern Chatham Rise, New Zealand, in July 1994. Seventy-three trawl tows were examined, 49 from `flat' areas and 24 from two groups of `hills' (small seamounts). Benthos was recorded from 82% of all tows. 2. Some 96 benthic species were recorded including Ophiuroidea (12 spp.), Natantia (11 spp.), Asteroidea (11 spp.), Gorgonacea (11 spp.), Holothuroidea (7 spp.), and Porifera (6 spp.). 3. Cluster analysis showed the bycatch from flats and hills to differ significantly. Dominant taxa from flats were Holothuroidea, Asteroidea and Natantia; whereas taxa most commonly recorded from hills were Gorgonacea and Scleractinia. Bycatch from the two geographically separate groups of hills also differed significantly. 4. The largest bycatch volumes comprised corals from hills: Scleractinia (Goniocorella dumosa), Stylasteridae (Errina chathamensis) and Antipatharia (?Bathyplates platycaulus). Such large sessile epifauna may significantly increase the complexity of benthic habitat and trawling damage may thereby depress local biodiversity. Coral patches may require 4100 yr to recover. 5. Other environmental effects of deep-water trawling are briefly reviewed. 6. There is an urgent need to assess more fully the impact of trawling on seamount biotas and, in consequence, possible conservation measures.
    [Show full text]
  • Bathymetry of the New Zealand Region
    ISSN 2538-1016; 11 NEW ZEALAND DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH BULLETIN 161 BATHYMETRY OF THE NEW ZEALAND REGION by J. W. BRODIE New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Wellington New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir No. 11 1964 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Fromispiece: The survey ship HMS Penguin from which many soundings were obtained around the New Zealand coast and in the south-west Pacific in the decade around 1900. (Photograph by courtesy of the Trustees, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.) This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ NEW ZEALAND DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH BULLETIN 161 BATHYMETRY OF THE NEW ZEALAND REGION by J. W. BRODIE New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Wellington New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir No. 11 1964 Price: 15s. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ CONTENTS Page No. ABSTRACT 7 INTRODUCTION 7 Sources of Data 7 Compilation of Charts 8 EARLIER BATHYMETRIC INTERPRETATIONS 10 Carte Gen�rale Bathymetrique des Oceans 17 Discussion 19 NAMES OF OCEAN FLOOR FEATURES 22 Synonymy of Existing Names 22 Newly Named Features .. 23 FEATURES ON THE CHARTS 25 Major Morphological Units 25 Offshore Banks and Seamounts 33 STRUCTURAL POSITION OF NEW ZEALAND 35 The New Zealand Plateau 35 Rocks of the New Zealand Plateau 37 Crustal Thickness Beneath the New Zealand Plateau 38 Chatham Province Features 41 The Alpine Fault 41 Minor Irregularities on the Sea Floor 41 SEDIMENTATION IN THE NEW ZEALAND REGION .
    [Show full text]
  • Charactensation of the Alfonsino (Beryx Splendens) Fishery in BYX 3
    ISSN 1175-1584 MINISTRY OF FISHERIES Te Tautiaki i nga lid a Tangaroa Charactensation of the alfonsino (Beryx splendens) fishery in BYX 3 A. D. Langley N. A Walker New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2002129 July 2002 Characterisation of the alfonsino (Beryx spZendm) fishery in BYX 3 A D. Langley N. A Walker Trophia Ltd PO Box 60 Kaikoura New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2002129 July 2002 Published by Ministry of Fisheries Wellington 2002 ISSN 1175-1584 0 Ministry of Fisheries 2002 Citation: Langley, A.D.; Walker, N.A. (2002). Characterisation of the alfonsino (Beysplendens) fishery in BYX 3. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2002/29.40 p. This series continues the informal New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Research Document series which ceased at the end of 1999. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Langley, A.D.; Walker, N.A. (2002). Characterisation of the alfonsino (Beryx splendem) fishery in BYX 3. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2002B9.40 p. Alfonsino, Belyx splendens, are distributed worldwide in temperate and bopical waters with the exception of the northeastern Pacific. The commercial fishery in New Zealand fishes seamounts and underwater ridges at depths ranging from 200 to 1000 m. In BYX 3, the alfonsino fishery off the east coast of the south island of New Zealand, a target trawl fishery has developed recently, particularly to the southeast of the Chatham Islands, which has resulted in a large increase in catches and a concomitant increase in bycatch of bluenose, EfypezogIypJze antarctica. These developments prompted concerns regarding the status of the stocks and the Ministry of Fisheries commissioned a review of the fishery.
    [Show full text]
  • Orange Roughy New Zealand
    Orange Roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus Image ©Monterey Bay Aquarium New Zealand Bottom Trawl July 21, 2014 Andy Woolmer and Jess Woo, Consulting Researcher 2 About Seafood Watch® The Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch® program evaluates the ecological sustainability of wild- caught and farmed seafood commonly found in the North American marketplace. Seafood Watch defines sustainable seafood as originating from sources, whether wild-caught or farmed, which can maintain or increase production in the long-term without jeopardizing the structure or function of affected ecosystems. The program’s mission is to engage and empower consumers and businesses to purchase environmentally responsible seafood fished or farmed in ways that minimize their impact on the environment or are in a credible improvement project with the same goal. Each sustainability recommendation is supported by a seafood report. Each report synthesizes and analyzes the most current ecological, fisheries and ecosystem science on a species, then evaluates this information against the program’s Sustainability Criteria to arrive at a recommendation of “Best Choice,” “Good Alternative,” or “Avoid.” In producing the seafood reports, Seafood Watch utilizes research published in academic, peer-reviewed journals whenever possible. Other sources of information include government technical publications, fishery management plans and supporting documents, and other scientific reviews of ecological sustainability. Seafood Watch research analysts also communicate with ecologists, fisheries and aquaculture scientists, and members of industry and conservation organizations when evaluating fisheries and aquaculture practices. Capture fisheries and aquaculture practices are highly dynamic; as the scientific information on each species changes, Seafood Watch’s sustainability recommendations and the underlying seafood reports will be updated to reflect these changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Oceanography and Marine Zoology of the New Zealand Subantarctic
    44 ECOLOGY OF SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS The highest temperatures recorded at Auck- REFERENCES land Is. and at Campbell 1. are much the same, approximately 65°F., and are 12°F. DE LISLE, J. F., 1964. Weather and climate of Campbell higher than that at Macquarie 1. (Table 12). Island. Pacific Ins. Monograph 7: 34-44. The extreme minimum at Macquarie I. is 10°F. lower than that at Port Ross. FABRICIUS, A. F., 1957. Climate of the Subantarctic Islands. In Meteorology of the Antarctic, ed. Van Sea temperatures at Campbell 1. are about Rooy. Weather Bureau, South Africa. 3°F. warmer than the earth temperatures at 12 inches in mid winter and about I!OF. colder FALLA, R. A., 1948. The outlying islands of New Zea- in midsummer (Table 13). land. N.Z. Geographer 4; 127-154. HITCHINGS, M. G., 1949. Campbell Island. A subantarc- TABLE 13. Mean monthly earth and sea tic meteorological station. Weather 4: 389-92. temperatures. Earth temp. Sea temp. MARSHALL, 0., 1909. The Meteorology of Campbell at 1 foot Campbell Auckland Island. In The Subantarctic Islands of New Zea- Campbell L I. Is. land, ed. C. Chilton. Philosophical Institute of Jan. 51.0 49.5 50.8 Canterbury. 2 vols. Feb. 50.3 49.t 51.0 Mar. 48.5 48.5 50.5 MAWSON, D., 1915. The home of the blizzard. Heine- man, London. 2 vols. A~ ~ ~ ~ May 43.2 45.3 47.4 NEWMAN, W., 1929. Tabulated and reduced records of June 40.3 43.2 46.1 the Macquarie Island Station. In Aust.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper Is Divided Into Two Parts
    Earth-Science Reviews 140 (2015) 72–107 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth-Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Geologic and kinematic constraints on Late Cretaceous to mid Eocene plate boundaries in the southwest Pacific Kara J. Matthews a,⁎, Simon E. Williams a, Joanne M. Whittaker b,R.DietmarMüllera, Maria Seton a, Geoffrey L. Clarke a a EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia b Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, TAS 7001, Australia article info abstract Article history: Starkly contrasting tectonic reconstructions have been proposed for the Late Cretaceous to mid Eocene (~85– Received 25 November 2013 45 Ma) evolution of the southwest Pacific, reflecting sparse and ambiguous data. Furthermore, uncertainty in Accepted 30 October 2014 the timing of and motion at plate boundaries in the region has led to controversy around how to implement a Available online 7 November 2014 robust southwest Pacific plate circuit. It is agreed that the southwest Pacific comprised three spreading ridges during this time: in the Southeast Indian Ocean, Tasman Sea and Amundsen Sea. However, one and possibly Keywords: two other plate boundaries also accommodated relative plate motions: in the West Antarctic Rift System Southwest Pacific fi Lord Howe Rise (WARS) and between the Lord Howe Rise (LHR) and Paci c. Relevant geologic and kinematic data from the South Loyalty Basin region are reviewed to better constrain its plate motion history during this period, and determine the time- Late Cretaceous dependent evolution of the southwest Pacific regional plate circuit. A model of (1) west-dipping subduction Subduction and basin opening to the east of the LHR from 85–55 Ma, and (2) initiation of northeast-dipping subduction Plate circuit and basin closure east of New Caledonia at ~55 Ma is supported.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Results of the Chatham Islands 1954 Expedition
    NEW ZEALAND DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH BULLETIN 139 (1) Biological Results of The Chatham Islands 1954 Expedition PART 1 Decapoda Brachyura by R. K. DELL Cumacea by N. S. JONES Decapoda Natantia by J. c, YALDWYN New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir No. 4 1960 BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE CHATHAM ISLANDS 1954 EXPEDITION PART 1 <i Photo: I). Marshall Sorting a trawl haul on the after deek NEW ZEALAND DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH BULLETIN 139 (1) Biological Results of The Chatham Islands 1954 Expedition PART 1 Decapoda Brachyura by R. K. DELL Cumacea by N. S. JONES Decapoda Natantia by J. C. YALDWYN New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir No. 4 Price 10/- 1960 N.Z. Dep. sci. industr. Res. Bull. 139 (1) (N.Z. oceanogr. Inst. Mem. 4) Printed by Wright & Carman Ltd., Wellington, New Zealand—1960 Under authority R. E. Owen, Government Printer, Wellington, N.Z. FOREWORD The Chatham Islands 1954 Expedition was organised and led by Prof. G. A. Knox of the Zoology Department of Canterbury University. The expedition was planned to explore the distribution of benthic and pelagic animals between the New Zealand coast and the Chatham Islands over the Chatham Rise, and to investigate the faunal affinities of the Chathams group, which lies in the Sub- tropical Convergence zone. A substantial grant towards the cost of the expedition was made by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research on the recommendation of the N.Z. Oceanographic Committee: further financial support was given by Canterbury University, Canterbury Museum, Dominion Museum and Canterbury and South- land Branches of the Royal Society of New Zealand.
    [Show full text]