Lithic Raw Material Procurement in the Moravian Neolithic> the Search for Extra-Regional Networks

UDK 903.21.01(437.32)"634" Documenta Praehistorica XXXVI (2009)

Lithic raw material procurement in the Moravian Neolithic> the search for extra-regional networks

Martin Ku;a1, Antonín Prˇichystal2, Zdeneˇk Schenk1, Petr {krdla3, and Milan Voká;1 1 Department of Archaeology and Museology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, CZ [email protected] 2 Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, CZ 3 Institute of Archaeology of ASCR in Brno, CZ

ABSTRACT – The study of lithic raw material procurement can contribute to the study of ancient networks. Petrographic analysis combined with systematic mapping of raw material outcrops has been conducted in Moravia and adjacent territories by A. Přichystal over a period of more than three decades. Combined with well excavated (including wet-screening) and 14C (radiometric) dated sites, allows us to study changes in the distribution networks of raw materials during the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods.

IZVLE∞EK – πtudij oskrbe s surovinami lahko prispeva k razumevanju povezav v prazgodovini. A. Při- chystal je petrografske analize v povezavi s sistemati≠nim kartiranjem najdi∏≠ na Moravskem vodil ve≠ kot trideset let. Dobro izkopana in 14C datirana najdi∏≠a omogo≠ajo ∏tudij sprememb v mezolit- skih in neolitskih surovinskih distribucijskih mre∫ah.

KEY WORDS – Moravia; Neolithic; raw materials; networks; 14C chronology

Introduction

Since Neolithic cultures were first defined (Palliar- has declined. Although the authors acknowledge the di 1914) within the Middle Danube area, the main important role of pottery analyses, this study aims focus has been on pottery at the expense of other to take an innovative approach to Neolithic develop- forms of material culture. The same trend may be ment in the region. documented during the entire 20th century; however in its last decades several researchers changed Methodology their focus to the study of stone tools, both from the viewpoint of raw material utilized for their pro- The analysis of raw material networks, particularly duction and their typology (e.g. Přichystal, Mateiciu- the distribution of specific varieties of raw material cová). Since the year 2000, stone industries have at- on the eastern Central European scale, has been the tracted greater attention within the Moravian archa- subject of several publications. While Lech (2003) eological community (I. Mateiciucová, M. Voká≠, M. studied the distribution of many types of siliceous Ku≠a). This paper continues this trend by looking at rocks, Groneborn (2003a) focused on the distribu- the Moravian Neolithic mainly in terms of the stone tion of several specific raw materials (Szentgál-type industry – combined with 14C chronology and the radiolarite, obsidian, Maas valley silicite, and Wittlin- palaeoclimatic record – while attempting to summa- gen chert). It is fruitful to study these raw material rize contemporary research questions and prelimi- networks and compare them with hypothetical and nary results. In recent studies, the role of pottery radiocarbon record based models (Bocquet-Appel et

DOI: 10.4312/dp.36.20 313 Martin Ku;a, Antonín Prˇichystal, Zdeneˇk Schenk, Petr {krdla, and Milan Voká; al. 2009) of diffusion of the LBK and other Neolithic cultures across the European continent. Recently, Mateiciu- cová (2002) analyzed LBK raw materials from the Mid- dle Danube area (Ph.D. the- sis) and Ku≠a (2008) focused on the supply of Neolithic raw materials in a particular micro-region of the Brno Basin. One set of limitations regard- ing the methods used in Mo- ravia is posed by the necessi- ty of working with assemblages excavated and collected over a long period, by different people using different excavation methods, and often lacking in information concer- ning possible contamination Fig. 1. Map showing raw materials imported into Moravia. by older or younger material (the majority of sites Massif in the west, and also on the Black Sea (Da- are poly-cultural). The lack of (or inconclusive) radio- nube, southern Moravia), and the Baltic Sea water- carbon dating results is also a problem. Therefore, shed (Oder River, northern Moravia). The relief of we have selected a set of reference-sites that we Moravia consists of river valleys surrounded by deem representative of each culture and cultural highlands. The river valleys are connected by gates phase. The selected reference sites were excavated which form a system of passages – communication using modern field techniques (including wet-sieving routes which connect eastern and western, northern and precisely fixing the provenance of all items) and and southern Europe (Svoboda et al. 1996). dated using absolute dating methods. It will be neces- sary to excavate more such reference sites in Mora- During the last glaciation Moravia was a periglacial via in the near future. zone between the Alpine and Fenoscandinavian ice sheets and allowed movements (migrating animal An important innovation in lithic raw material stu- herds, hunter-gatherers, raw materials) in both of dies has been the development of a non-destructive the above-mentioned directions. After the LGM, peo- method of sourcing raw materials. Using this me- ple penetrated Moravia from both western and east- thod, it has been possible to determine the source of ern refuges (cf. Semino et al. 2000), and the Mora- many (hundreds to thousands) chipped artefacts. va River served as an arbitrary boundary between The method involves matching chipped silicic arte- the western Magdalenian and eastern Epigravettian facts with raw materials from geological sources culture complexes. The north-south became part of using a stereomicroscope with water as an immer- the (later period) so-called amber route. These main sion liquid (Přichystal 2002b). This research has re- communication routes are now being utilized for a sulted in the sourcing of thousands of Neolithic chip- network of motorways. ped artefacts which, in turn, has made it possible to reconstruct raw material distribution networks. The relief, slope erosion and intensive agricultural use of the lowland fields in the past (ploughing has The geographical and geological setting of Mo- caused erosion and the disturbance of archaeologi- ravia cal material located near the surface) has had a ne- gative impact on the preservation of ancient sites. Moravia is a historical geographic unit (land) currently constituting the eastern half of the Czech Re- Local raw materials public. From a geographical and geological point of view, Moravia lies on the boundary between the The area has highly diverse geology, with many geo- Western Carpathians in the east and the Bohemian logical units in a relatively small area. This is reflec-

314 Lithic raw material procurement in the Moravian Neolithic> the search for extra-regional networks ted in the number of local and very often unusual chystal 2004). Because of the nature of this group raw materials (of different origin) suitable for both of raw materials, sources are very difficult to iden- knapped and polished stone working. tify unambiguously.

The knapped stone industry Apart from obsidian originating in the Carpathian The most important locally available raw material is region, the use of a very unique and unusual local the Krumlovský Les-type chert. The main outcrops raw material, moldavite (tektite, natural glass), has are in the Krumlovský Les Highland in southwestern also been documented (e.g. Voká≠ 2004). Moravia (Oliva 1990; Oliva, Neruda, Přichystal 1999), where the nodules occur as pebbles with a The polished stone industry characteristic black cortex (desert varnish) in Mio- The sources of hornblende diorite of the Rokle-type, cene gravel deposits. M. Oliva has documented the first described by A. Přichystal (1988), are in the mining of this resource since the Mesolithic period Svratka River valley and its surroundings (north- (Oliva 2008). Isolated outcrops of this material, of- western outskirts of Brno). However, there is cur- ten of low-quality, are also known from another part rently no direct evidence that it was mined (cf. Vo- of Moravia. ká≠, Ku≠a, Přichystal 2005; Ku≠a, Voká≠ 2008; Ku- ≠a, Kirchner, Kallabová in print). Other raw materials have been locally documented and include Olomu≠any-type chert, Stránská Skála- The outcrops of diorite porphyry (porphyric micro- type chert, rock crystal, and Cretaceous spongolitic diorite) are located to the west of Brno. Dykes of chert. diorite porphyry intrude into both the granitoids and metabasites of the Brno Massif. They have a cha- Isolated outcrops of Jurassic Olomu≠any-type chert racteristically low magnetic susceptibility (Voká≠, are known only from the central part of the Mora- Ku≠a, Přichystal 2005; Ku≠a, Voká≠ 2008). vian Karst (Přichystal 1999a). Outcrops of the chlorite-actinolite greenschist of the The Jurassic Stránská Skála-type chert is present as Ωele∏ice-type (see Přichystal 1999b; 2000a; 2000b; nodules in organodetritic limestones at Stránská Ská- Ku≠a, Voká≠ 2008) occur in the southeastern part la hill on the eastern periphery of Brno (Přichystal of the Brno Massif. This raw material is characteri- 1994). zed by a high magnetic susceptibility (1.5–55 x 10–3 SI units). Primary sources of Cretaceous spongolitic chert occur in the general area of Boskovice Furrow (northwest Both primary and secondary outcrops of amphibo- of Brno) and secondary deposits can be found in the lites with banded structures are known in the Mol- gravel terraces of south Moravian rivers (Přichystal danubicum and Moravicum – geological units form- 2002). ing a strongly metamorphosed core of the Bohe- mian Massif in southeastern Moravia. Other possible Rock crystal (respectively, smoky quartz, citrine and sources are known to exist in the Hrubý Jeseník Mts. rose quartz) originates from pegmatites or quartz (northern Moravia) and the Malé Karpaty Mts. in veins in the strongly metamorphosed crystalline western Slovakia. rocks of the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands. This raw material is known to occur in colluvial deposits ad- Another important rock type for polished artefacts jacent to the primary outcrops, as well as in (rewor- is eclogite, which is rock typically composed of gar- ked) river gravels (Voká≠ 2004); however, Alpine or net and pyroxene. There are local sources in the Polish (Jeglowa) lithic sources may also have been Moldanubicum; however, there are sources of eclo- used. gites in the Western Alps that were exploited in the Neolithic (e.g. D’Amico, Starnini 2000), and we can- Various kinds of opal and chalcedony masses, which not exclude the possibility that they were also impor- are the siliceous weathering products of various me- ted from north-western Italy, as has been documen- tamorphic rocks (especially of serpentinite), often ted for jadeitites. called ‘plasma, chalcedony, or opal’, are known mainly from southwestern Moravia (Voká≠ 2004); how- Culmian siltstones and silty shales are dark grey, ever there are less frequently utilized sources in fine-grained rocks from Lower Carboniferous forma- other parts of Moravia and southern Bohemia (Při- tions in northern Moravia (Nízký Jeseník Mts.) and

315 Martin Ku;a, Antonín Prˇichystal, Zdeneˇk Schenk, Petr {krdla, and Milan Voká; central Moravia (Drahany Highland, Maleník block). These outcrops are located approx. 260km from Greywackes used for polished hammer-axes occur in Brno. the same geological units (Janák, Přichystal 2007). We define erratic silicite as siliceous raw materials Cenozoic volcanics (basalts, phonolites, andesites) are (silicites) collected from glacial and glacifluvial de- known from several outcrops within the Middle Da- posits in southern Poland and northern Moravia. nube area, e.g. in northern Moravia, Silesia, northern The nearest such outcrops are approx. 110km from and central Hungary, southern Slovakia (Illá∏ová Brno. While in the northern Moravian sites, this raw 2001), as well as northern and western Bohemia. The material would be classified as local (i.e. it is not location of their sources is still being investigated. possible to separate the Polish from the Moravian sources), in central, western, eastern, and southern Imported raw materials Moravia, it is an imported raw material.

Imported raw materials are defined as those coming Jurassic Carpathian or Alpine radiolarites were occa- from sources over 30–40km from the site (i.e. ap- sionally used in south-eastern Moravia. They were proximately a one-day walk). These distances are sourced in the White Carpathians on the Moravian- measured from the city of Brno, in southern Moravia. Slovakian border, or at Mauern, Vienna. These outcrops are approx. 110km from Brno. The knapped stone industry The radiolarites originating in the Balaton Lake area The polished stone industry (Biró, Regenye 2007) were imported from the Ba- A group of raw materials called metabasites of Jizer- kony Mts. in Hungary. Local geologists distinguish ské hory-type comprise the most important raw ma- several types of radiolarites (e.g. Szentgál, Sümeg, terial frequently utilized for polished artefact pro- Harskút, Úrkút-Eplény). This raw material was im- duction in central Europe. It has low magnetic sus- ported in the form of whole nodules or blocks. It is ceptibility values (0.30–0.80 x 10–3 of SI units). The approx. 220km as the crow flies from Brno to the primary outcrops were discovered in northern Bohe- sources of the Balaton radiolarites. mia: Jistebsko (πrein et al 2002) and Velké Hamry (Přichystal 2002a). The latest characterization of the Obsidians were transported from Zemplínské Vrchy whole mining area was carried out by πída (2007). Upland, currently divided by the Slovak-Hungarian The metabasite of Jizerské Hory-type has had a com- border. The only known obsidian source in Central plicated geological history, and from a petrological Europe occurs in this area (Biró 1981; Illá∏ová, Spi- point of view, it can be described as a thermally me- ∏iak, Toronyiová, Turnovec 2004; Přichystal 2004). tamorphosed greenschist. Some authors prefer to This is supported by all the currently available trace identify this material as hornblende-plagioclase horn- elements analyses of archeological finds. fels. These outcrops are some 200km from Brno.

The primary outcrops of the Kraków-Czestochova Ju- The serpentinites originate from the Moldanubicum, rassic silicite are located within the limestone area and are characterized by high magnetic susceptibility between Kraków and Czestochova in southern Po- values reaching dozens of SI units (Přichystal, Gu- land. These outcrops are approx. 300km from Brno. nia 2001). Although this material is known from various sites in the Bohemian Massif, the most im- The outcrops of so-called chocolate silicite are loca- portant source is probably in south-west Moravia ted in the northern foothills of the Holy Cross Mts. (Weiss 1966). However, we cannot exclude the utili- in Central Poland (Schild 1976). These outcrops are zation of non-Moravian sources, such as those in approx. 420km from Brno. southern Poland (Wojciechowski 1983). The distance of these outcrops from Brno is approx. 210km The outcrops of a tabular banded Plattensilex (Arn- (in Poland). hofen- and Baiersdorf type) are located in Bavaria, some 350km from Brno. Gabbro is a rock used for the production of perfora- ted tools, known sources of which occur in several The most important Bohemian raw materials are areas, including the Orlické and Ωelezné Mts. and in Tertiary quartzites from north-western Bohemia – Lower Silesia (Ślęża Hill; Přichystal 1999a.222). The Skr∏ín- type, Tu∏imice-type, Be≠ov-type (Neustupný distance of these outcrops from Brno is around 1966; Malkovský, Vencl 1995; Přichystal 2004). 200km (in Poland).

316 Lithic raw material procurement in the Moravian Neolithic> the search for extra-regional networks

The commercial term ‘jade’ often includes one of main communication route and closer to the sour- two very different materials – nephrite or jadeitite. ces. While the only nephrite source in Central Europe has been found near the village of Jordanów in Lo- Sandy dunes were the preferred locations during wer Silesia (Gunia 2000), for jadeitite there are sour- the Mesolithic period. Such sites often poorly pre- ces in the western Alps (D’Amico, Starnini 2000). serve organic material, and were intensively distur- The distance of these outcrops from Brno is around bed by rodents (cf. πkrdla, Polá≠ek, πkojec 1999). 200km (nephrite) and about 800km (jadeitite). Several Mesolithic sites have been excavated and several more surface sites have been reported. The Neolithic mining of white marble was described at absolute chronology of the Mesolithic period (by ‘ab- Bílý Kámen hill near Sázava (Ωebera 1939; Přichy- solute chronology’ we mean calibrated radiometric stal 2000a; 2000b). The distance of the outcrops dates – 14C or AMS) indicates an age range of 9 to from Brno is approx. 140km. 6 millennia BC (e.g. Valoch 1978; Svoboda 2003). Mesolithic people used local raw materials, often col- The shells of the mollusc Spondylus gaedoropus L., lected from river gravels; however, Oliva (2008) rein the central European LBK of anticipated Mediter- cently documented extraction pits dating back to the ranean origin (Lenneis et al. 1995), were utilized Mesolithic in the Krumlovský Les mining area. for the production of personal adornments (Vencl 1959; Podborský 2002). However, in Moravia the The Earliest Linear Band Pottery Culture (LBK) presence of this raw material has been documented in Moravia not in the earliest LBK, but in later phases of LBK, most frequently as grave goods (e.g. in the Vedrovi- The earliest LBK in Moravia has links to the western ce burial ground, Podborský et al. 2002). In Mora- branch of this culture and is represented in Moravia via, the importation of this raw material ceased to- by phase Ia, based on the relative chronology deve- wards the end of LBK, probably as a sequel to chan- loped by Tichý (1962), and expanded by ∞i∫mář ges in interregional distribution networks. (1998), Pavúk (2004), and Pavlů (2005). The dating of the occupation discovered recently in Spytihněv On the other hand, there is evidence that the raw has shown that the already well-documented earliest material distribution networks operated in both di- presence of this phase in Moravia dates back to rections, i.e. Moravian raw materials were being ex- 5420–5220 calBC (cf. Schenk et al. 2008). This does ported. Due to their inexperience, lithic analysts and not necessarily mean that this was the earliest pre- geologists in neighbouring countries often do not sence of LBK in Moravia. Another absolute date identify these materials as Moravian; for example, (5580–5220 calBC, p95%) is available from an ear- we were recently able to identify Moravian raw ma- lier excavation at Ωopy (Quitta 1967; Mateiciucová terials (diorites from the Brno area were found in 2002). Another important site is at Brno-Ivanovice eastern Slovakia, Krumlovský Les breccia in southern (∞i∫mář 1998), which yielded a date of 5570–5450 Poland, metabasite of the Jizerské hory-type in Au- calBC (Stadler et al. 2000). Similar or identical abso- stria and Hungary, etc.). lute dates for the earliest LBK have been obtained for the broader region, including Lower Austria, The Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic background Moravia, Bohemia, and southern Poland. Unfortuna- tely, other examples of important Moravian LBK si- The number of excavated Late Paleolithic sites is tes, often still lacking appropriate absolute dating, in- very limited because of the lack of sunken features clude Kladníky (Mateiciucová 2000), Vedrovice-Za from this period, the absence of loess sedimenta- Dvorem (Mateiciucová 2001), and Mohelnice (Tichý tion, and intensive erosion during later periods (up 1998, a Neolithic dendrochronology date exists for to the present). The Late Paleolithic is represented this site – 5450 BC). by a local variety – Ti∏novian (a local variant of Fe- dermesser-Gruppen), and there are no absolute The earliest Moravian LBK sites are generally located dates. Only one excavated site (Ti∏nov-Dřínová site) along the main rivers (e.g. Morava River) and follow and several surface collections have been reported. the main natural geographic corridors connecting While the local raw materials, often poor in quality, the Danube and Oder valleys. They are sometimes were used in the Czech-Moravian Highland, the erra- located on the margins of surrounding highlands, tic silicite and Kraków-Czestochova silicite were used i.e. at strategic locations above the main river valleys in the Morava River valley, which is located on the (on hilltops).

317 Martin Ku;a, Antonín Prˇichystal, Zdeneˇk Schenk, Petr {krdla, and Milan Voká;

A significant change in raw material procurement in Slovakia (obsidian). The contacts with southern and the form of much more extensive raw material net- eastern territories were expected to be similar to the works is observed when compared to the preceding LBK core area; however, the intensive contacts with period of the last hunter-gatherers. The raw materi- northern regions from the earliest phase of LBK are als were imported from all directions, often from important for creating and testing the hypothesis of hundreds of kilometers away. The raw materials that the spread of LBK further to the north. were not imported, or not utilized to a great extent during the previous periods, began to assume grea- The site of Ωopy (49°20’11.54”N; 17°35’44.25”E – ter importance (in the polished stone industry). The WGS–84) is located in a brickyard, near the modern raw materials identified at the sites indicate more town of Hole∏ov. The site is located in the Rusava extensive networks than during the Mesolithic peri- River valley, a left-bank tributary of the Morava Ri- od, and similar or more extensive networks compa- ver, in the western foothills of the Hostýn Moun- red to the Upper Paleolithic period. The extra-regio- tains, at an elevation of 250–255m (the relative alti- nal contacts are represented by marine shells impor- tude above the Rusava River is 12–17m). ted from the Mediterranean, Krakow-Czestochova Jurassic silicite, northwest Bohemian metabasites, According to Mateiciucová (2002), Kraków-Czesto- Szentgál-type radiolarite from the Balaton Lake area, chova Jurassic silicite prevails (63.1%), supplemen- and obsidians from eastern Slovakia. ted by Szentgál-type radiolarite (10.5%) and erratic silicite (6.6%). Isolated artefacts were made from Although we currently have a number of the earliest Úrkút/Eplény-type and Hárskút-type radiolarites, LBK assemblages in Moravia, we prefer to use the re- Krumlovský Les-type chert (variety I), and quartz. cently excavated site at Spytihněv as a reference site Details on polished stone raw materials are not avai- (Schenk et al. 2008). This site was excavated to mo- lable. dern archaeological field-work standards (recording the provenance of all artefacts, wet-sieving all exca- The third important site – Brno-Ivanovice – is loca- vated sediments), and yielded a collection of cha- ted on the northern outskirts of the modern city of racteristic pottery and a representative collection of Brno (49°15’38.001”N, 16°34’47.256”E, WGS–84), knapped stone artefacts and several polished stone in the valley of the Ponávka River. The site reaches artefacts. Absolute dates have also been obtained. an altitude of 255–260m and the relative altitude Another reference site is Ωopy, where Pavel≠ík exca- above the Ponávka is 10–20m. According to Matei- vated a sunken feature in the 1950s which yielded ciucová (2001), the knapped stone industry was a date and a collection of 71 stone artefacts (Grone- made on Olomu≠any-type chert (68%), Moravian Ju- born 1997.169, Mateiciucová 2002). rassic chert (10%), Krumlovský Les-type chert (variety II, 2%), and isolated artefacts were made from The site at Spytihněv (49°9’42.07”N, 17°29’25.83”E Krumlovský Les-type chert (variety I), Kraków-Cze- – WGS–84) is located on a southerly ridge extending stochova Jurassic silicite, Bakony radiolarite and from Maková Hill. The site reaches an altitude of quartz (Mateiciucová 2000.229). Details on polished 322.1m above sea level and rises to 135 meters stone raw materials are not available. above the Morava River. The site is in a strategic po- sition that allows control of the lower Morava River The Vedrovice-Za Dvorem site (49°0’59.75”N, 16°22’ valley. The collection of knapped stone from Spytih- 16.203”E, WGS–84) is located on the south-eastern něv consists of 442 items, surprisingly dominated by slopes of the Krumlovský Les upland and reaches an erratic silicite (49%), followed by Kraków-Czestocho- altitude of 250m. Based on a relative chronology, va Jurassic silicite (32%). Contacts with the south- the earliest phase of LBK is present (Ia, information east Transdanubian region are indicated by the pre- by Z. ∞i∫mář). Mateiciucová (2001) described a col- sence of Szentgál-type radiolarite (13%). The poli- lection of 255 artefacts from two sunken features shed stone artefacts from Spytihněv were made from (176 and 179). The collection is characterized by a Jizerské Hory-type metabasite and Ωele∏ice-type gre- prevalence of Krumlovský Les-type chert (variety I, enschist (Schenk et al. 2008). The raw material 63.5%), Olomu≠any-type chert (17.5%), Krumlovský spectrum is surprisingly rich and indicates intensive Les-type chert (variety II, 9%). Only isolated artefacts contacts with northern Bohemia (metabasites), the were produced from Szentgál-type radiolarite, Kra- Brno area (Ωele∏ice-type greenschist), the Kraków- ków-Czestochova Jurassic silicite, and erratic silicite Czestochova area in Poland, the Balaton area (the (Mateiciucová 2001.10). Relevant details on poli- Szentgál-type radiolarite) in Hungary, and eastern shed stone raw materials are not available.

318 Lithic raw material procurement in the Moravian Neolithic> the search for extra-regional networks

This brief introduction to the major earliest LBK li- and quartz (Mateiciucová 2002). Valuable grave thic collections demonstrates the importance of im- goods are represented by a collection of artefacts ported raw materials and contrasts with the limited made from Spondylus shells (Podborský et al. 2002). use of locally obtained raw materials. The radiolarites of Hungarian origin and obsidian from eastern In the middle phase of the LBK (phase II based on Slovakia (or northeastern Hungary) indicate contacts relative chronology, or the Musical Note Pottery to the south and east, i.e. to the LBK core area, and phase of the LBK), density of occupation increased. are traditionally accepted as documenting the spread The raw material networks were more extended and of the earliest LBK from Transdanubia to Moravia the quality of the raw material quality was a signifi- and further north (cf. Groneborn 2003b; Mateiciu- cant factor affecting choice. The Kraków-Czestocho- cová 2002). These raw materials constitute around va Jurassic silicite dominate in the raw material spec- 10–15% of the raw material spectra; the majority of tra, supplemented in southern Moravia by locally raw materials were imported from northern territo- available Krumlovský Les-type chert and Olomu≠any- ries, i.e. the opposite direction to the currently sug- type chert. Erratic silicite was almost ignored (cf. gested Neolithisation. The Kraków-Czestochova Juras- Mateiciucová 2001). While during this phase the sic silicite dominates such early LBK sites in northern importation of the Szentgál-type of radiolarite was li- Poland, which are dated to the same period (Bogu- mited (Vedrovice-Za dvorem, Přáslavice-Kocourovec; szewo, Mateiciucová 2000; Malecka-Kukawka Mateiciucová 1997) to the end of middle phase, and 1992). The similarity in raw material supply pat- in connection with increasing influences from the terns over a large area documents the significance east (Ωeliezovce from south-eastern Slovakia), this of the Kraków-Czestochova Jurassic silicite for the raw material again increased in importance (Matei- earliest LBK in Moravia and Poland and documents ciucová 2001). a rapid diffusion of the earliest LBK in the region. The prevalence of the Kraków-Czestochova Jurassic The late phase of LBK silicite over the Hungarian radiolarites at the earliest Moravian LBK sites enables us to posit an alter- Occupation density decreased during the late phase native hypothetical route for the Neolithisation of of LBK, and distribution networks changed (Matei- Moravia – from the northern Kraków area (there ciucová 2001). While eastern (Ωeliezovce) influen- are several mountain passes through the Carpathi- ces disappeared, western influences (πárka) increa- ans from Slovakia to the Kraków area). Obsidian sed. had been imported into Poland since the Mesolithic period (Kozłowski 1989.202). The presence of other Stroke Ornamented Pottery Culture (SPC) imported raw materials such as erratic silicite and northern Bohemian metabasites support this ‘provo- Moravia can be divided into a northern region, cative’ hypothesis. where the Stroked Pottery Culture is present, and a south-western, with Early MPWC and the episodic The end of phase I and middle phase of LBK presence of Stroked Pottery Culture (SPC).

During the middle to late LBK (phases Ib to III are With the exception of several graves from Tě∏etice- based on relative chronology), the occupation conti- Kyjovice – 5915 ± 30 BP, 5920 ± 30 BP, 5960 ± 30 nues to penetrate deeply into the highlands and fur- BP, 5970 ± 30 BP, 5915 ± 30 BP, we currently have ther from the main rivers; however, raw material no radiocarbon dated SPC collections, and only pre- procurement strategies are still similar to those of liminary results based on inadequately excavated phase Ia. collections are available. While northern and central Moravia are characterized by the predominance of The burial site at Vedrovice-πiroká u Lesa, dated to erratic silicite (Olomouc-Slavonín, Ur≠ice), southern phase Ib based on relative chronology, is one of the Moravia is characterized by local Krumlovský Les- most important eastern Central European such sites type chert (Modřice, Kři∫anovice u Vy∏kova, Blu≠ina) (Podborský et al. 2002). The grave-goods were pro- with imported erratic silicite present in small duced primarily from Kraków-Czestochova Jurassic amounts. The local Olomu≠any-type chert, imported silicite (37.3%), the local Krumlovský Les-type chert Bavarian plattensilex, north-west Bohemian quart- (25.4%), Szentgál-type radiolarite (7.5%), and inclu- zite, white marbles, Kraków-Czestochova Jurassic si- ded isolated artefacts made from Úrkút/Eplény-type licite, Szentgál-type radiolarite, and obsidian were radiolarite, reddish-brown radiolarite, erratic silicite documented only in small amounts (Oliva 1996;

319 Martin Ku;a, Antonín Prˇichystal, Zdeneˇk Schenk, Petr {krdla, and Milan Voká;

Kazdová et al. 1997; 1999; ∞i∫mář, Oliva 2001). tabasite of the Jizerské hory-type were also occasio- Due to the lack of well excavated and absolutely nally used. dated SPC sites, a detailed raw material analysis (compared to LBK or Lengyel culture analysis) is not πebkovice is the second important site of the Ib available. phase of MPWC, also located in the Czech-Moravian Highlands (49°6’35.42”N a 15°49’57.16”E, WGS 84). Lengyel Culture (Moravian Painted Ware Cul- It is dated by 14C to 5845 ± 45 BP (GrA–34102, Ku- ture, MPWC) in Moravia and Mährisch-Österrei- ≠a, Voká≠, Nývltová Fi∏áková in print). As in the chische Gruppe (MOG) in Austria previously described site, the Krumlovský Les-type chert prevails, supplemented by isolated artefacts The Lengyel Culture (in absolute chronology 4800– made from local or regional origin (siliceous wea- 4000 calBC) is the most important upper Neolithic thering products of serpentinites, opal, rock crystal, culture in the Middle Danube Region. In Moravia, and chalcedony). More distant imports are compri- two phases – I and II – were identified based on re- sed of isolated artefacts from chocolate silicite, obsi- lative chronology (Kazdová, Ko∏tuřík, Rakovský dian, Kraków-Czestochova Jurassic silicite, erratic si- 1994; ∞i∫mář et al. 2004; Pavúk 2007). MPWC sites licite, Bavarian plattensilex, and radiolarite. Polished have yielded the majority of the Neolithic radiocar- tools were produced from greenschist of the Ωele∏ice- bon dates from Moravia. type, amphibolitic diorite of the Rokle-type, and diorite porphyry/porphyric microdiorite. Currently, we have one of the earliest MPWC sites (phase Ia) reference sites in Moravia: Tě∏etice-Kyjo- Three reference sites are available for phase Ic of vice – ‘Sutny’ (48°53’55.019”N, 16°7’57.925”E, WGS MPWC. The first is Jezeřany-Mar∏ovice-Na Kocour- 84) in the south-west (Kazdová 1984; Podborský kách (49°2’37.05”N, 16°24’59.873”E, WGS 84), lo- 1988; Ku≠a, Kazdová in print, etc.). A series of ra- cated directly on outcrops of Krumlovský Les-type diocarbon dates is available: 5450 ± 90 BP, 5625 ± cherts and dated to 5325 ± 50 BP (Bln–2067, Ra- 40 BP, 5870 ± 40 BP (Podborský 1975/76; Kazdo- kovský 1985). The assemblage numbers 2097 knap- vá, Do≠kalová in print). A collection of 1629 stone ped artefacts, with Krumlovský Les-type cherts pre- artefacts from selected sunken features was ana- dominant. Other raw materials are represented only lyzed. The most commonly utilized material was the by isolated items and include radiolarite, Kraków- locally available Krumlovský Les-type chert (65%), Czestochova Jurassic silicite, Bavarian plattensilex, supplemented by local siliceous weathering products erratic silicite, and chocolate silicite (Rakovský 1985; of serpentinites (6%). Imported raw materials main- Přichystal, Svoboda 1997; Oliva 2001). Polished ar- ly include obsidian (14%), and isolated artefacts were tefacts have not been published yet. made from occasional silicite, Kraków-Czestochova Jurassic silicite, and radiolarite (Přichystal 1984). The second site from this period (phase Ic, MPWC) Polished stone items were produced from metaba- is Brno-Bystrc (49°13’12.516”N, 16°31’11.014”E, site of the Jizerské hory-type, and there were signifi- WGS 84), which yielded a date of 5570 ± 60 BP cantly fewer artefacts of greenschist of the Ωele∏ice- (Bln–2424, Rakovský 1985). The Krumlovský Les- type. type chert is again the most commonly used raw material, supplemented by Kraków-Czestochova Juras- There are two reference sites from phase Ib for sic silicite, Olomu≠any-type chert, and Stránská Skála- MPWC culture. Březník-Zadní Hon is located in the type chert. Polished tools were produced from gre- Czech-Moravian Highlands (49°10’30.478”N, 16°12’ enschist of the Ωele∏ice-type, amphibolitic diorite of 43.765”E, WGS 84). A single 14C date is available for the Rokle-type and diorite porphyry/porphyric mic- this site; 5780 ± 40 BP (Poz–22398; Ku≠a, Nývltová rodiorite (Přichystal 1988; ∞i∫mářová, Rakovský Fi∏áková, πkrdla, Voká≠ in print). The dominant 1988). raw material is Krumlovský Les-type chert (95%). Only isolated artefacts were made from imported The third reference site from this period was excava- chocolate silicite (1.4%) and Kraków-Czestochova ted in Mokrá near Brno (49°14’2.189”N, 16°44’ Jurassic silicite (1.0%). The majority of raw materi- 59.606”E, WGS 84) on the southern margin of the als used for polished artefacts were imported from Moravian Karst. Two dates are available; 5645 ± 35 the Brno area (greenschist of the Ωele∏ice-type, am- BP (VERA 760, πebela, Ku≠a 2004) and 5640 ± 45 phibolitic diorite of the Rokle-type, and diorite por- BP (GrA–34088, Ku≠a 2008). Imported raw mate- phyry/porphyric microdiorite). Amphibolite and me- rials are present in significant proportions – erratic

320 Lithic raw material procurement in the Moravian Neolithic> the search for extra-regional networks silicite and Kraków-Czestochova Jurassic silicite are leys are regions influenced both by the nearby out- followed by Krumlovský Les-type chert, Olomu≠any- crops of the Krumlovský Les-type cherts and by the type chert, Crecateous spongolitic chert, obsidian imported Kraków-Czestochova Jurassic silicite and and chocolate silicite. Polished tools were produced erratic silicite from the north. The upper Morava Ri- from raw materials obtained in the Brno area (gre- ver valley, North Moravia or Moravian Gate, through enschist of the Ωele∏ice-type, amphibolitic diorite of the Vy∏kov Gate, served as corridors used for trans- the Rokle-type and diorite porphyry/porphyric mic- porting raw material to southern and south-western rodiorite). Moravia (cf. Dluhonice) during the MPWC.

The only reference site for phase IIa of MPWC is Dlu- Generally, the earliest (phase Ia) MPWC is characte- honice (49°27’47.311”N, 17°25’8.528”E, WGS 84) in rized by a continuing tendency to use the local raw the Moravian Gate, which yielded a 14C date of 5675 material, as is documented in the later phases of the ± 45 BP (GrA–34089). Knapped artefacts were pro- LBK. During later phases (Ib–II) of the MPWC, the duced only from erratic silicite and Kraków-Czesto- importation of rocks from the Brno area increases chova Jurassic silicite. Polished tools were produced (greenschist of the Ωele∏ice-type, amphibolitic diorite from greenschists of the Ωele∏ice-type. of the Rokle-type, diorite porphyry/porphyric microdiorite). Polished stone items may have been valua- A radiometrically dated site from phase IIb of MPWC ble commodities traded for high-quality raw materi- is not currently available. Two dates are available als mainly from the north (the Kraków-Czestochova from phase IIc of the MPWC from Jezeřany-Mar∏ovi- Jurassic silicite, chocolate silicite, erratic silicite?). ce (Ko∏tuřík et al. 1984; Oliva 2001); 5040 ± 50 BP During the later phases (Ib–II) of MPWC, imports (Bln–2068) and 5120 ± 50 BP (Bln–2142). The only are usually less numerous. Based on preliminary ana- identified raw material present is the local Krumlov- lyses, we can conclude that the Krumlovský Les-type ský Les-type chert and chert breccia. Imported raw silicite, erratic silicite and Kraków-Czestochova Juras- materials have not been identified. Polished tools sic silicite played a major role in the later phase (II) were produced from greenschist of the Ωele∏ice-type, of the MPWC. amphibolitic diorite of the Rokle-type and diorite porphyry/porphyric microdiorite, amphibolite, and Conclusion greenschist of undetermined origin. During the earliest LBK, raw materials were impor- Except for the earliest phase (Ia) of the MPWC, south- ted from all directions, often over distances of hun- ern Moravia was characterized by the exploitation of dreds of kilometers. The extra-regional contacts are several local raw materials (see below), while the attested by the Krakow-Czestochova Jurassic silicite, area far to the east and to the north-east of Brno is north-west Bohemian metabasite, Szentgál-type ra- characterized by significant amounts of erratic silicite diolarite from the Balaton Lake area, and obsidian and Kraków-Czestochova Jurassic silicite (cf. Mokrá; from eastern Slovakia (the obsidian demonstrates πebela, Ku≠a 2004; Ku≠a 2008a). On the other contacts with the region occupied by the eastern hand, southwestern Moravia is a typical refuge area, branch of the LBK). This raw material spectrum do- with many local raw materials which were exploited cuments the extended raw materials networks which at different rates (the Krumlovský Les-type cherts, si- were connected to Moravia from all points of the liceous geests, crystalline varieties of quartz, chalce- compass, which is a contrast to the preceding Late dony, etc.; cf. Březník, Jezeřany-Mar∏ovice, πebkovi- Paleolithic and Mesolithic occupation, where the ce; Ku≠a, Nývltová Fi∏áková, πkrdla, Voká≠ in print; economy was based on the utilization of local raw Přichystal, Svoboda 1997; Oliva 2001; Ku≠a, Voká≠, materials. The extent to which the hunter-gatherer Nývltová Fi∏áková in print). The situation in the way of life survived until the Early Neolithic pene- Brno area relates to south-western Moravia and is trated the main river valleys remains an open que- characterized by a predominance of Krumlovský Les- stion. Taking into account the significant differences type chert; however, the area is rich in local raw main the raw materials of the economy (and other as- terials suitable for polished stone production (amphi- pects of social life) between the Mesolithic (Mikul≠i- bolitic diorite of the Rokle-type, diorite porphyry/ ce, Smolín) and the earliest LBK (reference sites), porphyric microdiorite, chlorite–actinolite green- contact between the two cultural complexes appears schist of the Ωele∏ice-type; cf. Brno-Bystrc (Rakov- to have been very limited. However, in order to test ský 1986; ∞i∫mářová, Rakovský 1988). The lower interaction hypotheses, more radiometric dates are Morava River valley and the Dyje-Svratka River val- needed.

321 Martin Ku;a, Antonín Prˇichystal, Zdeneˇk Schenk, Petr {krdla, and Milan Voká;

During the later phases of the LBK, the imported indicated by the presence of Bavarian plattensilex, raw material (Krakow-Czestochova Jurassic silicite, Kraków-Czestochova Jurassic silicite, Szentgál-type northwest Bohemian metabasite, and Szentgál-type radiolarite, and obsidian. The area of the obsidian radiolarite) continued to be significant; however, the outcrops was occupied by the Bükk culture people, amount of local raw materials increase, and this is and the Lake Balaton area was occupied by bearers clearly visible, especially in southern and south-west- of the earliest Lengyel Culture. ern Moravia (an area rich in quality local raw material sources). The valuable grave goods and the most The earliest phase of MPWC (Ia) is characterized by distant contacts are represented by a collection of similarities with the later phases of the LBK, both in artefacts made from Spondylus shells. artefact typology and raw materials (e.g. north-west Bohemian metabasites). A significant change begins The western influences (from Germany) led to a sig- with phase Ib, which is characterized by increasing nificant difference in raw material spectra during regionalization and utilization of local raw materials the SPC. This is demonstrated by the presence of (especially for polished stone). While the Kraków- western raw materials not previously imported to Czestochova Jurassic silicite maintains its impor- Moravia (Bavarian plattensilex, north-west Bohemian tance, obsidian began to play a more important role quartzite, and white marble). The Kraków-Czesto- than before. Chocolate silicite from central Poland chova Jurassic silicite, Szentgál-type radiolarite, and occurs for the first time. The extensive raw material obsidian imports continue to be significant, but they networks present highly exotic and high-quality raw are present in smaller quantities. The use of local materials such as nephrite and jadeitite, documented raw materials is similar to the later phases of the LBK in the early phase of MPWC (Voká≠ 2008). Beginning and continues in similar proportions until the end of from phase Ic, and during phase II of MPWC, raw the Neolithic. The main extra-regional contacts are material supply is characterized by the prevailing

Lab. Number Site Culture\ 14C–Age CalAge p(95%) CalAge p(68%) Reference Phase ∂BP±STD] calBC calBC Bln–57 ?opy LBK Ia 6430±100 5580–5220 5400±90 Felber, Ruttkay 1983 Schenk, Ku;a, {krdla, Poz–21786 Spytihneˇv LBK Ia 6340±40 5420–5220 5320±50 Roszková 2008 1272 Teˇ[etice LBK II 6150±35 5260–4980 5120±70 Kazdová, Do;kalová in print 1275 Teˇ[etice LBK II 6210±35 5300–5020 5160±70 Kazdová, Do;kalová in print 1276 Teˇ[etice LBK II 6210±35 5300–5020 5160±70 Kazdová, Do;kalová in print VERA–4591 Teˇ[etice LBK II 6225±35 5350–5030 5190±80 Kazdová, Do;kalová in print VERA–4590 Teˇ[etice LBK II 6210±35 5300–5020 5160±70 Kazdová, Do;kalová in print Poz–22715 Teˇ[etice LBK II 6200±30 5270–5030 5150±60 Kazdová, Do;kalová in print Teˇ[etice Teˇ[etice MPWC Ia 5450±90 4490–4050 4270±110 Podborsky´ 1975\76 Teˇ[etice Teˇ[etice MPWC Ia 5800±60 4790–4510 4650±70 Podborsky´ 1975\76 Ku;a, Voká;, Ny´vltová Fi[áková GrA–34102 {ebkovice MPWC Ib 5845±45 4850–4570 4710±70 2009 Ku;a, Ny´vltová Fi[áková, Poz–22398 Brˇezník MPWC Ib 5780±40 4750–4510 4630±60 {krdla, Voká; in print Poz–22525 Pavlov MPWC Ic 5780±35 4730–4530 4630±50 Ku;a in preparation GrA–34088 Mokrá MPWC Ic 5640±45 4590–4350 4470±60 Ku;a 2008a VERA–760 Mokrá-lom MPWC Ic 5645±35 4560–4400 4480±40 {ebela, Ku;a 2004 Jezerˇany- Bln–2067 MPWC Ic 5325±50 4320–4000 4160±80 Rakovsky´ 1985 Mar[ovice GrA–34089 Dluhonice MPWC Iia 5675±45 4620–4420 4520±50 Ku;a in preparation Jezerˇany- Ko[turˇík, Rakovsky´, Pe[ke, Bln–2068 MPWC Iic 5040±50 4010–3690 3850±80 Mar[ovice Prˇichystal, Sala[, Svoboda 1984 Bln–2142 Jezerˇany- MPWC Iic 5120±50 4040–3760 3900±70 Ko[turˇík, Rakovsky´, Pe[ke, Mar[ovice Prˇichystal, Sala[, Svoboda 1984 Bln–2424 Brno-Bystrc MPWC Ic 5570±60 4520–4320 4420±50 Rakovsky´ 1985 Brno-Ivano- Vera–2596 LBK I 6545±40 5570–5450 5510±30 Stadler et al. 2000 vice (Globus)

Tab. 1. List of available radiometric dates from Moravia, calibrated using CaPal, ver. 07.

322 Lithic raw material procurement in the Moravian Neolithic> the search for extra-regional networks use of local raw materials. Extra-regional contacts ture, was an important communication corridor (and are limited and can be demonstrated only along the also a node at the junction of several corridors) not main communication corridors which played a more only during the Neolithic, and this is reflected in the important role (imports of obsidian or Kraków-Cze- diverse and extensive raw material networks. stochova Jurassic silicite). However, ‘prestigious’ imports of high quality raw materials from more distant areas (chocolate silicite, jadeitite, nephrite) are also ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS occasionally present, but the tools made from these materials may have had a symbolic or prestigious Our thanks go to Eli∏ka Kazdová for providing un- function and consequently may not reflect regular published radiocarbon dates and to Miriam Nývltová raw material networks. Fi∏áková for her kind assistance with calibrating radiometric ages. Our work was supported by GAAV∞R project No. A80001080 VaGA∞R project No. 404/09/ We can conclude that Moravia, rich in local raw ma- 4020. terials derived from its complicated geological struc- ∴

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