DOCSLIB.ORG

Research Article Acute Effects of the Novel Psychoactive Drug 2C-B on Emotions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Research Article Acute Effects of the Novel Psychoactive Drug 2C-B on Emotions Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research International Volume 2015, Article ID 643878, 9 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/643878 Research Article Acute Effects of the Novel Psychoactive Drug 2C-B on Emotions Débora González,1,2 Marta Torrens,1,2,3 and Magí Farré1,2,4 1 Department of Pharmacology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autonoma` de Barcelona, Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain 2Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain 3Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addictions (INAD), Parc de Salut Mar, Paseo Mar´ıtimo 25, 08003 Barcelona, Spain 4Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol-HUGTP-IGTP, Carretera de Canyet, s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain Correspondence should be addressed to Mag´ıFarre;´ [email protected] Received 7 August 2015; Accepted 27 September 2015 Academic Editor: Giovanni Martinotti Copyright © 2015 Debora´ Gonzalez´ et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Background. 2C-B (Nexus) is one of the most widespread novel psychoactive substances. There is limited information about its pharmacological properties, and few studies in humans concern its acute and chronic effects. 2C-B has been classified as a stimulant, hallucinogen, entactogen, and/or empathogen. Objectives. To evaluate the emotional, subjective, and cardiovascular effects of 2C- B. Methods. Twenty healthy recreational 2C-B users (12 women) self-administered a 20 mg dose of 2C-B. Evaluations included emotional (IAPS, FERT, and speech), subjective (visual analog scales, ARCI, VESSPA, HRS, and POMS questionnaires), and cardiovascular effects (blood pressure and heart rate). Results. Positive subjective effects predominated with a reduction of anger under the influence of 2C-B. It did, however, increase reactivity to negative emotional stimuli and decrease the ability to recognize expressions of happiness. Augmented emotionality in speech could be appreciated by others. 2C-B induced euphoria and well- being, changes in perceptions, and slight hallucinogenic states. Mild sympathetic actions were observed. Conclusions. The specific profile that 2C-B exerts on emotions suggests its classification as an entactogen with psychedelic properties. 1. Introduction dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations in the nucleus accumbens. It has a biphasic action on locomotion, showing Alexander Shulgin synthesized 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphen- inhibition at low doses and excitatory effects at higher ones ethylamine (2C-B, Nexus, Figure 1), a phenylethylamine with [9]. In a similar manner to MDMA, it is an inhibitor of hallucinogenic effects, in 1974 [1]. Nowadays, 2C-B is one of the serotonin transporter and, to a lesser extent, acts on the the most widespread novel psychoactive substances (NPS) norepinephrine and dopamine transporters [10–12]. Whilst in Europe [2] and Australia [3]. It is, moreover, commonly 2C-B modifies visual perception, it has been reported to have employed in combination with other illegal drugs, partic- limited efficacy as a 5-HT-2A receptor partial agonist, the ularly MDMA [4], and is considered to be favorite on the usual mechanism of hallucinogenic phenylethylamines [13– global drug market [5]. In addition, 2C-B is among the 15]. The other research, however, has suggested that it acts as chemical compounds most often found as an adulterant when a 5-HT-2A receptor antagonist [15] and a partial agonist of 5- analyzing MDMA tablets [6, 7] which signifies that many HT-2C receptors [11, 15]. It is of interest that some other 2C- individualshaveconsumeditunknowingly. derivatives, such as 2C-B-FLY and 25B-NBOMe, have been 2C-B is classified as a Schedule II Drug under the Con- recently introduced on the drug market and present strong vention on Psychotropic Substances [8] and has a growing hallucinogenic properties. Like MDMA and 2C-B, 2C-B-FLY presence on the illegal market; nevertheless, the scientific and related benzofuran compounds inhibit noradrenaline literature concerning its properties is scarce. There are a and serotonin uptake more than dopamine uptake; in addi- number of preclinical studies that demonstrate its action. tion, they are partial 5-HT-2A and 5-HT-2b receptor agonists. 2C-Bhasbeenreportedtoincreasedopamineanddecrease These compounds have intense hallucinogenic properties and 2 BioMed Research International O deactivates the amygdala during the reliving of traumatic experiences and, through the repetition of this action the NH2 emotional activation of these memories can be extinguished [35]. Given its similarities with MDMA it has been suggested Br that2C-Bcouldbeusedinasimilarmannertoresolve emotional conflict [36, 37]. O Present knowledge regarding the pharmacology of 2C- B is insufficient to clearly permit its definitive categorization Figure 1: Chemical structure of 2C-B. as a stimulant, hallucinogen, or entactogen (i.e., “to produce a touching within” and introspection) [38], although there are references to its empathogenic quality (i.e., the ability to present a risk for vasoconstriction, and some fatalities have feel and share another person’s emotions) in the literature been reported [12]. 25B-NBOMe is a very potent 5-HT-2A [15].Theprincipalobjectiveofthisstudywastoexplorethe receptor agonist, with high 5-HT-2A/5-HT1A selectivity, and emotional effects of 2C-B in order to establish its correct shows affinity for adrenergic alpha-1 receptors. It produces classification. intense hallucinogenic effects at very low doses (100–200 micrograms) and can induce severe intoxication and fatalities 2. Materials and Methods [16]. 2C-B is metabolized by the monoamine oxidases A and B and the cytochrome P450 [17, 18]. 2.1. Participants. The protocol was approved by the Local Prevalence of 2C-B consumption in a recent sample Research Ethics Committee (CEIC-Parc de Salut Mar, of Australian NPS users was 8% [3] whilst in a sample Barcelona, Spain) and the study conducted in accordance of 230 Spanish research chemicals users it was the most with the Declaration of Helsinki. Volunteers were recruited frequent drug employed during their lifetime. A number of through the Association for the Study of States of Con- participants obtained the substance from the internet. It was sciousness (PHI). They signed an informed consent and were usuallytakenathome,followedbyopen-airsettingsand,toa financially compensated for their participation. lesser extent, in closed spaces such as clubs. The main reasons Inclusion criteria were acknowledged previous use of 2C- for its use were experimental or psychonautic, recreational, B and did not consume any type of psychoactive substance spiritual, and, in some subjects, therapeutic [4]. In general, during the 48 hours prior to the study. Exclusion criteria the substance is marketed as tablets and taken by the oral were a history of any serious medical or psychopathological route. An average dose is considered to be 20 mg with 8– condition including history of drug dependence (except 10 mg producing mild effects [4, 19]. The patterns of use are for tobacco) or previous psychiatric comorbidities, previous similar to other NPS including 2C-derivatives [16, 20, 21]. adverse reactions to 2C-B, and taking chronic medication. Studies concerning its subjective effects [4, 19] suggest aprofilesimilartoayahuascaandSalvia divinorum with 2.2. Procedure. The sessions took place at the home ofa respect to perception and comparable to MDMA regarding member of the PHI Association. Baseline evaluation was emotional, cognitive, and volitional components. In addition, performedfrom10.00to12.00afterwhichtheparticipants 2C-B appears to have a higher rating than amphetamine on had light breakfast; two hours later (approximately 14.00) 2C- thescalesofpleasure,sociability,andsedationandalower B was self-administered. A dosage of 20 mg was employed one than MDMA with respect to psychosomatic anxiety. The asthesameamounthadbeenpreviouslyconsumedbythe possibility of 2C-B to stimulate sensuality and sexuality has participants without any adverse effects. Gas chromatography been suggested [22]. To date, no fatalities due to overdose analysis was carried out by Energy Control, a harm reduction have been attributed, and only one case of psychosis [23] and nongovernmental organization (http://www.energycontrol one of cerebral vasculopathy have been described [24], both .org/), and showed the 2C-B to have 95% purity. Urine of which developed 48 hours after ingestion. Nevertheless, samples were collected for drug testing before the ses- in neither of the cases was the presence and/or exclusivity sion (amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, of 2C-B confirmed in the biological samples. In spite of the methamphetamine, morphine, methadone, phencyclidine, low rate of accidents related to this substance there exist data marijuana, and MDMA) (Instant-View, Multipanel 10 Test advising of intersubject variations regarding susceptibility Drug Screen Alfa Scientific Designs Inc., Poway, CA, USA). to 2C-B toxicity [25]. Descriptions of severe medical and Measurements were carried out at baseline (prior to 2C- psychiatric reactions after the use of substances with similar B self-administration) between 1.5–3 h (peak effects) and profiles suggest precaution in its use [16, 26]. 6 h after dose. During this time range the following were In general, the development of controlled clinical studies
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Molecular Signatures of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors A
    REVIEW doi:10.1038/nature11896 Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors A. J. Venkatakrishnan1, Xavier Deupi2, Guillaume Lebon1,3,4,5, Christopher G. Tate1, Gebhard F. Schertler2,6 & M. Madan Babu1 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are physiologically important membrane proteins that sense signalling molecules such as hormones and neurotransmitters, and are the targets of several prescribed drugs. Recent exciting developments are providing unprecedented insights into the structure and function of several medically important GPCRs. Here, through a systematic analysis of high-resolution GPCR structures, we uncover a conserved network of non-covalent contacts that defines the GPCR fold. Furthermore, our comparative analysis reveals characteristic features of ligand binding and conformational changes during receptor activation. A holistic understanding that integrates molecular and systems biology of GPCRs holds promise for new therapeutics and personalized medicine. ignal transduction is a fundamental biological process that is comprehensively, and in the process expand the current frontiers of required to maintain cellular homeostasis and to ensure coordi- GPCR biology. S nated cellular activity in all organisms. Membrane proteins at the In this analysis, we objectively compare known structures and reveal cell surface serve as the communication interface between the cell’s key similarities and differences among diverse GPCRs. We identify a external and internal environments. One of the largest and most diverse consensus structural scaffold of GPCRs that is constituted by a network membrane protein families is the GPCRs, which are encoded by more of non-covalent contacts between residues on the transmembrane (TM) than 800 genes in the human genome1. GPCRs function by detecting a helices.
    [Show full text]
  • Acquired Synaesthesia Following 2C-B Use
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Greenwich Academic Literature Archive Acquired synaesthesia following 2C-B use • Authors • Authors and affiliations • Steliana Yanakieva (Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London) • David P. Luke (Department of Psychology, Social Work and Counselling, University of Greenwich) • Ashok Jansari (Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London) • Devin B. Terhune (Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London) Letter to Editor This study was previously presented at Bridging senses: New developments in synesthesia (Royal Society, London, UK, 22–23 October 2018). Psychedelic drugs reliably trigger experiences that closely resemble synaesthesia (Luke and Terhune 2013), a condition in which inducer stimuli will reliably and automatically elicit atypical concurrent experiences (Ward 2013). These transient episodes are considered controversial because they do not meet behavioural diagnostic criteria for developmental synaesthesia (Terhune et al. 2016). However, if these behavioural markers are attributable to the consolidation of synaesthetic associations over time (Terhune et al. 2016), they should be observed in cases of acquired synaesthesia. Here we report a case of drug-induced acquired synaesthesia (LW) that meets standard diagnostic criteria for developmental synaesthesia. LW is a 29-year-old male who reports continuously experiencing multiple forms of synaesthesia for over 7 years since ingesting approximately 70–150 mg of 2,5-dimethoxy-4- bromophenethylamine (2C-B) (Papaseit et al. 2018), which greatly exceeds the normal dosage (12–24 mg) (Shulgin and Shulgin 1990) (see Supplementary Materials). LW was contrasted against 10 non-synaesthete healthy controls, all of whom provided informed written consent.
    [Show full text]
  • Drugs and Medical Devices Group
    The Deputy Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) issued a notice of intent temporarily placing the substance 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)- propylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-7), including its optical isomers, salts, and salts of isomers into Schedule I of the Federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA). 2C-T-7 is structurally related to the Schedule I substance 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B), and it has those structural features of phenethylamines which are necessary for stimulant and/or hallucinogenic activity. There is no approved therapeutic use of 2C-T-7 in the United States, and the safety of this substance has never been demonstrated. This action was based on the following: (1) 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine is structurally and pharmacologically related to other Schedule I hallucinogens; (2) 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine has no accepted therapeutic use in the United States and is not safe for use under medical supervision; and, (3) 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine has a high potential for abuse, similar to other Schedule I phenethylamines. Pursuant to Section 481.034(g), as amended by the 75th legislature, of the Texas Controlled Substances Act, Chapter 481, Health and Safety Code, at least thirty-one days have expired since notice of the above referenced action was published in the Federal Register, and in my capacity as Commissioner of the Texas Department of Health, I do hereby order that the substance 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-7), its optical isomers, salts, and salts of isomers be added to Schedule I of the Texas Controlled Substances Act.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Low Dose Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Administration in a Rodent Model of Delay Discounting
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 6-2020 The Effects of Low Dose Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Administration in a Rodent Model of Delay Discounting Robert J. Kohler Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Biological Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Kohler, Robert J., "The Effects of Low Dose Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Administration in a Rodent Model of Delay Discounting" (2020). Dissertations. 3565. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/3565 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EFFECTS OF LOW DOSE LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE ADMINISTRATION IN A RODENT MODEL OF DELAY DISCOUNTING by Robert J. Kohler A dissertation submitted to the Graduate College In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Psychology Western Michigan University June 2020 Doctoral Committee: Lisa Baker, Ph.D., Chair Anthony DeFulio, Ph.D. Cynthia Pietras, Ph.D. John Spitsbergen, Ph.D. Copyright by Robert J. Kohler 2020 THE EFFECTS OF LOW DOSE LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE ADMINISTRATION IN A RODENT MODEL OF DELAY DISCOUNTING Robert J. Kohler, Ph.D. Western Michigan University, 2020 The resurgence of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) as a therapeutic tool requires a revival in research, both basic and clinical, to bridge gaps in knowledge left from a previous generation of work. Currently, no study has been published with the intent of establishing optimal microdose concentrations of LSD in an animal model.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,264,917 B1 Klaveness Et Al
    USOO6264,917B1 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,264,917 B1 Klaveness et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jul. 24, 2001 (54) TARGETED ULTRASOUND CONTRAST 5,733,572 3/1998 Unger et al.. AGENTS 5,780,010 7/1998 Lanza et al. 5,846,517 12/1998 Unger .................................. 424/9.52 (75) Inventors: Jo Klaveness; Pál Rongved; Dagfinn 5,849,727 12/1998 Porter et al. ......................... 514/156 Lovhaug, all of Oslo (NO) 5,910,300 6/1999 Tournier et al. .................... 424/9.34 FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (73) Assignee: Nycomed Imaging AS, Oslo (NO) 2 145 SOS 4/1994 (CA). (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 19 626 530 1/1998 (DE). patent is extended or adjusted under 35 O 727 225 8/1996 (EP). U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. WO91/15244 10/1991 (WO). WO 93/20802 10/1993 (WO). WO 94/07539 4/1994 (WO). (21) Appl. No.: 08/958,993 WO 94/28873 12/1994 (WO). WO 94/28874 12/1994 (WO). (22) Filed: Oct. 28, 1997 WO95/03356 2/1995 (WO). WO95/03357 2/1995 (WO). Related U.S. Application Data WO95/07072 3/1995 (WO). (60) Provisional application No. 60/049.264, filed on Jun. 7, WO95/15118 6/1995 (WO). 1997, provisional application No. 60/049,265, filed on Jun. WO 96/39149 12/1996 (WO). 7, 1997, and provisional application No. 60/049.268, filed WO 96/40277 12/1996 (WO). on Jun. 7, 1997. WO 96/40285 12/1996 (WO). (30) Foreign Application Priority Data WO 96/41647 12/1996 (WO).
    [Show full text]
  • Last Decade of Unconventional Methodologies for the Synthesis Of
    Review molecules Last Decade of Unconventional Methodologies for theReview Synthesis of Substituted Benzofurans Last Decade of Unconventional Methodologies for the Lucia Chiummiento *, Rosarita D’Orsi, Maria Funicello and Paolo Lupattelli Synthesis of Substituted Benzofurans Department of Science, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; [email protected] (R.D.); [email protected] (M.F.); [email protected] (P.L.) Lucia Chiummiento * , Rosarita D’Orsi, Maria Funicello and Paolo Lupattelli * Correspondence: [email protected] Department of Science, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; [email protected] (R.D.); Academic Editor: Gianfranco Favi [email protected] (M.F.); [email protected] (P.L.) Received:* Correspondence: 22 April 2020; [email protected] Accepted: 13 May 2020; Published: 16 May 2020 Abstract:Academic This Editor: review Gianfranco describes Favi the progress of the last decade on the synthesis of substituted Received: 22 April 2020; Accepted: 13 May 2020; Published: 16 May 2020 benzofurans, which are useful scaffolds for the synthesis of numerous natural products and pharmaceuticals.Abstract: This In review particular, describes new the intramolecular progress of the and last decadeintermolecular on the synthesis C–C and/or of substituted C–O bond- formingbenzofurans, processes, which with aretransition-metal useful scaffolds catalysi for thes or synthesis metal-free of numerous are summarized. natural products(1) Introduction. and (2) Ringpharmaceuticals. generation via In particular, intramolecular new intramolecular cyclization. and (2.1) intermolecular C7a–O bond C–C formation: and/or C–O (route bond-forming a). (2.2) O– C2 bondprocesses, formation: with transition-metal (route b).
    [Show full text]
  • Note N-Methyltyramine, a Gastrin-Releasing Factor in Beer, and Structurally Related Compounds As Agonists for Human Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1
    _ Food Science and Technology Research, 26 (2), 313 317, 2020 Copyright © 2020, Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology http://www.jsfst.or.jp doi: 10.3136/fstr.26.313 Note N-Methyltyramine, a Gastrin-releasing Factor in Beer, and Structurally Related Compounds as Agonists for Human Trace Amine-associated Receptor 1 1,2* 1 1 1 3 3 Hiroto OHTA , Yuka MURAKAMI , Youhei TAKEBE , Kaori MURASAKI , Kenji OSHIMA , Hiroshi YOSHIHARA 1 and Shigeru MORIMURA 1Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860- 8555, Japan 2Department of Applied Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan 3Department of Biological and Chemical Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kumamoto College, 2627 Hirayama-shinmachi, Yatsushiro, Kumamoto 866-8501, Japan Received September 30, 2019 ; Accepted December 5, 2019 N-Methyltyramine (N-MeTA) is known as a gastrin-releasing factor in beer. In this study, the agonistic actions of N-MeTA as well as tyramine (TA)/β-phenylethylamine (PEA) and their other N-methylated derivatives were examined to elucidate their structure-activity relationships, using a secreted placental alkaline phosphatase (SEAP)-based reporter assay in HEK-293 cells transiently expressing a G protein- coupled receptor, human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (hTAAR1). We detected the agonistic actions of six test compounds, including N-MeTA (EC50 = 6.78 µM), on hTAAR1. The agonistic actions were reduced depending on the number of N-methyl groups introduced into TA and PEA; the order of potency is PEA > N-methylphenylethylamine > TA ≈ N,N-dimethylphenylethylamine ≥ N-MeTA ≥ N,N-dimethyltyramine.
    [Show full text]
  • Cathinone-Derived Psychostimulants Steven J
    Review Cite This: ACS Chem. Neurosci. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX pubs.acs.org/chemneuro DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Cathinone-Derived Psychostimulants Steven J. Simmons,*,† Jonna M. Leyrer-Jackson,‡ Chicora F. Oliver,† Callum Hicks,† John W. Muschamp,† Scott M. Rawls,† and M. Foster Olive‡ † Center for Substance Abuse Research (CSAR), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States ‡ Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States ABSTRACT: Cathinone is a plant alkaloid found in khat leaves of perennial shrubs grown in East Africa. Similar to cocaine, cathinone elicits psychostimulant effects which are in part attributed to its amphetamine-like structure. Around 2010, home laboratories began altering the parent structure of cathinone to synthesize derivatives with mechanisms of action, potencies, and pharmacokinetics permitting high abuse potential and toxicity. These “synthetic cathinones” include 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone), 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), and the empathogenic agent 3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone (methylone) which collectively gained international popularity following aggressive online marketing as well as availability in various retail outlets. Case reports made clear the health risks associated with these agents and, in 2012, the Drug Enforcement Agency of the United States placed a series of synthetic cathinones on Schedule I under emergency order. Mechanistically, cathinone and synthetic derivatives work by augmenting monoamine transmission through release facilitation and/or presynaptic transport inhibition. Animal studies confirm the rewarding and reinforcing properties of synthetic cathinones by utilizing self-administration, place conditioning, and intracranial self-stimulation assays and additionally show persistent neuropathological features which demonstrate a clear need to better understand this class of drugs.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Acute Tyrosine/Phenylalanine Depletion on the Selective Processing of Smoking-Related Cues and the Relative Value of Cigarettes in Smokers
    Psychopharmacology DOI 10.1007/s00213-007-0995-5 ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION Effects of acute tyrosine/phenylalanine depletion on the selective processing of smoking-related cues and the relative value of cigarettes in smokers Brian Hitsman & James MacKillop & Anne Lingford-Hughes & Tim M. Williams & Faheem Ahmad & Sally Adams & David J. Nutt & Marcus R. Munafò Received: 16 May 2007 /Accepted: 18 October 2007 # Springer-Verlag 2007 Abstract tive mood, and expired carbon monoxide (CO) levels were Rationale Acute tyrosine/phenylalanine depletion (ATPD) is measured at various timepoints through 300 min. Participants a validated neurobiological challenge that results in reduced smoked at hourly intervals to prevent acute nicotine with- dopaminergic neurotransmission, allowing examination of drawal during testing. the effects of a hypodopaminergic state on craving-related Results The TYR/PHE-free mixture, as compared to the processes. BAL mixture, was associated with a greater increase in CO Objectives We studied 16 nonabstaining smokers (>10 levels from baseline ( p=0.01). Adjusting for the potential cigarettes/day; 9 males; age 20–33 years) to whom was confounding influence of between-condition differences in administered a tyrosine/phenylalanine-free mixture (TYR/ CO levels across time, TYR/PHE-free mixture was asso- PHE-free) and a balanced amino acid mixture (BAL) in a ciated with increased demand for cigarettes ( p=0.01) and double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover design. decreased attentional bias toward smoking-related words Methods Subjective cigarette craving, attentional bias to ( p=0.003). There were no significant differences between smoking-related word cues, relative value of cigarettes, nega- conditions in either subjective craving or depressed or anxious mood ( p values>0.05).
    [Show full text]
  • Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) Promotes Social Behavior Through Mtorc1 in the Excitatory Neurotransmission
    Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) promotes social behavior through mTORC1 in the excitatory neurotransmission Danilo De Gregorioa,b,1, Jelena Popicb,2,3, Justine P. Ennsa,3, Antonio Inserraa,3, Agnieszka Skaleckab, Athanasios Markopoulosa, Luca Posaa, Martha Lopez-Canula, He Qianzia, Christopher K. Laffertyc, Jonathan P. Brittc, Stefano Comaia,d, Argel Aguilar-Vallese, Nahum Sonenbergb,1,4, and Gabriella Gobbia,f,1,4 aNeurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 1A1; bDepartment of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 1A3; cDepartment of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 1B1; dDivision of Neuroscience, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy; eDepartment of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1S 5B6; and fMcGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 1A1 Contributed by Nahum Sonenberg, November 10, 2020 (sent for review October 5, 2020; reviewed by Marc G. Caron and Mark Geyer) Clinical studies have reported that the psychedelic lysergic acid receptor (6), but also displays affinity for the 5-HT1A receptor diethylamide (LSD) enhances empathy and social behavior (SB) in (7–9). Several studies have demonstrated that LSD modulates humans, but its mechanism of action remains elusive. Using a glutamatergic neurotransmission and, indirectly, the α-amino- multidisciplinary approach including in vivo electrophysiology, 3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors. optogenetics, behavioral paradigms, and molecular biology, the Indeed, in vitro studies have shown that LSD increased the ex- effects of LSD on SB and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the citatory response of interneurons in the piriform cortex following medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were studied in male mice.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning Objectives
    2/26/2019 To help ensure the integrity of competition for Dirty Dozen: High Risk athletes, sports organizations and fans Sport Supplement worldwide. Ingredients Lara Gray, MS, RD, CSSD Senior Director of Education, Board Certified Sports Dietitian 1 Welcome! Learning Objectives Things to note: At the end of the presentation, attendees will 1. It is required by the BOC for Certified Athletic Trainers that you are actively be better able to: present in the live event AND complete the post-webinar survey in order to • Identify dietary ingredients that pose a threat to drug tested athletes. receive your CEU certificate. • Explain how high risk dietary ingredients are being used in sports 2. CEU Statements of Credit (if applicable) supplements. will be emailed to attendees no later than Friday, March 1st. • Analyze sports supplements for high risk dietary ingredients. 3. Please use the “Questions” box in GoToWebinar. Questions will be reviewed by the moderator and answered at the Drug Free Sport International (BOC AP# P8729) is approved by the Board of Certification, Inc. to end. provide continuing education to Athletic Trainers. This program is eligible for a maximum of 1 Category A hour/CEU. ATs should claim only those hours actually spent in the educational program. 4. Download today’s handouts from the “Handouts” tab. 1 2/26/2019 Today: An In-Depth Look 40% - 100% ATHLETES USE SUPPLEMENTS • Type of sport • Level of competition • Definition of supplements Garthe, Ina, and Ronald J. Maughan. "Athletes and Supplements: Prevalence and Perspectives." International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism 28.2 (2018): 126‐138.
    [Show full text]
  • New Drugs in Europe, 2012 Europe, in Drugs New
    ISSN 1977-7841 New drugs in Europe, 2012 EMCDDA–Europol 2012 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA 2012 New drugs in Europe, 2012 EMCDDA–Europol 2012 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA In accordance with Article 10 of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA on the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new psychoactive substances Legal notice This publication of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is protected by copyright. The EMCDDA accepts no responsibility or liability for any consequences arising from the use of the data contained in this document. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the EMCDDA’s partners, the EU Member States or any institution or agency of the European Union or European Communities. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu). Europe Direct is a service to help you find answersto your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2013 ISBN 978-92-9168-650-6 doi:10.2810/99367 © European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2013 Cais do Sodré, 1249-289 Lisbon, Portugal Tel. +351 211210200 • [email protected] • www.emcdda.europa.eu © Europol, 2013 Eisenhowerlaan 73, 2517 KK, The Hague, the Netherlands Tel.
    [Show full text]