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A Theoretical Framework for Improving Energy Justice in the UK

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A Theoretical Framework for Improving Energy Justice in the UK Watching the Wind Blow By: A Theoretical Framework for Improving Energy Justice in the UK Rupert Cope Bournemouth University Faculty of Science and Technology the award for which the degree of Masters by Research (MRes) is submitted in partial fulfilment of its requirements Submitted September 2018 Copyright Statement This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and due acknowledgement must always be made of the use of any material contained in, or derived from, this thesis. 1 | P a g e Abstract For over thirty years the Brundtland’s Commission’s definition has been widely accepted as the general definition of what sustainable development is. However, there is increasing academic discourse suggesting that aspects of the Brundtland’s definition are inadvertently limiting the potential of contemporary sustainability from the perspectives of both horizontal and vertical actors both nationally and internationally. Through a lack of a clear measuring tool of what effective sustainable development is under Brundtland’s definition, differing interpretations (either deliberately or subconsciously) can be made leading to competing interests between the environmental, economic and social pillars of the based on the interpreter’s subjective interests. Using an overarching definition of SD that overlooks or simplifies varying wants and needs of individuals and groups within a single society this can result in the production of unbalanced policy measures. These unbalanced policies then hamper significant advancement of sustainable technology implementation as they fail to adequately reflect these varied and competing needs. The UK is demonstrating such scenarios in which the skewed application of sustainable development is creating growing numbers of injustice. Increasing competition between economic growth and ecological protection twinned with unclear legislative definitions with regards to the UKs offshore wind industry are producing obstacles for planners in successfully applying for planning permission. Simultaneously, increasing socio-economic divides are creating compounded environmental injustices arising within coastal communities, when attempting to 2 | P a g e achieve sustainable development goals. Injustices such as inadequate individual and/or community involvement during the procedural and administrative phases of the planning and implementation stages of nationally significant offshore infrastructure projects. Evidence demonstrates that current national and regional energy policies are producing increased numbers of households qualifying as fuel poor, due to increasing costs of energy bills coupled with outdated and inefficient residential heating systems. Furthermore, not only are the numbers of households falling into fuel poverty increasing, but the gap between those who are and are not deemed as fuel poor is becoming larger. This creates greater social divisions of inequity throughout the UK, whilst the benefits of energy infrastructures are limited to a privileged minority of society. Utilising social justice aspects as the basis for an alternative framework model, this paper explores the potential for providing improved levels of ecological, environmental and energy justice within the UK offshore wind industry to reverse these growing trends of unequitable distributions. Comparisons of case studies implemented in Denmark with those in the UK demonstrate how such autarkic framework-based wind projects can significantly improve regional and community levels of sustainable development, on both an intergenerational and intragenerational basis. 3 | P a g e Table of Contents Copyright Statement.......................................................................................................... 0 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 2 Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. 4 List of Illustrations ............................................................................................................ 7 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 1 – Introduction ................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Background to the research ................................................................................ 9 1.2 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 17 1.3 The Present Study – Aims and Objectives ....................................................... 25 1.4 Methodology..................................................................................................... 27 Chapter 2 - Analysis of Sustainable Development in Contemporary UK ...................... 36 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 36 2.2 Historical Evolution of Sustainable Development Theory ............................... 36 2.3 Contemporary Assessment of Sustainable Development ................................. 40 2.4 Lack of a Clear Measuring Tool ....................................................................... 41 2.5 Competing Interests of Sustainable development ............................................ 44 2.6 Paradigm Shift/Adjustment Rationale to Improve A More Holistic Application of Sustainable Development ....................................................................................... 51 2.7 Summary........................................................................................................... 53 Chapter 3 - The Ecological Justice Paradigm ................................................................. 55 4 | P a g e 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 55 3.2 An Overview of Ecological Justice .................................................................. 55 3.2.1 The Development of Legislative Support for Ecological Justice ……………...……………………………………………………………56 3.2.2 The Need for Greater Support of Ecological Justice ................................ 61 3.2.3 The Importance of Ecological Justice in Offshore Wind .......................... 63 3.3 Young’s ‘Justice’ for Increasing Awareness of Ecological Justice …………………………………..……………………………………………66 3.3.1 Marginalisation ......................................................................................... 68 3.3.2 Powerlessness............................................................................................ 70 3.3.3 Cultural Imperialism ................................................................................. 71 3.3.4 Violence .................................................................................................... 73 3.3.5 Exploitation ............................................................................................... 75 3.4 Ecological Protection Through Development .................................................. 77 3.5 Summary .......................................................................................................... 80 Chapter 4 - The Environmental and Energy Justice Paradigm ....................................... 82 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 82 4.2 What is Environmental Justice? ....................................................................... 82 4.3 Why is Environmental Justice Important to Sustainable Development? ......... 83 4.4 Historical Development of Environmental Justice ........................................... 84 4.4.1 Who is at Risk Today? .............................................................................. 87 4.5 Fuel Poverty ..................................................................................................... 88 5 | P a g e 4.5.1 What is Energy Justice? ............................................................................ 90 4.5.2 Why is Energy Justice so Important to Sustainability? ............................. 90 4.6 Contemporary Problems of Environmental Justice and Energy Justice ........... 93 4.6.1 Top- Down Problems ................................................................................ 93 4.6.2 Bottom-Up Contemporary Problems and Limitations ............................ 115 4.7 Area Input Theory .......................................................................................... 117 4.8 Summary......................................................................................................... 121 Chapter 5 - Utilization of Paradigms to Create an Improved Model of Sustainable Development ................................................................................................................. 123 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 123 5.2 Rationale for Floating Turbines – An Ecological Justice Perspective ........... 125 5.3 Ecological Benefits from Floating Turbine Implementation.......................... 126 5.4 Social and Economical Influences of Floating Wind Turbines ...................... 128 5.4.1 Potential Social Disadvantages ..............................................................
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