Aspergillus Species of the Nigri Section Being Regarded As Troublesome, a Number of Methods Have Been Proposed to Aid in the Classification of This Section
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Food Microbiology Significance of Aspergillus Niger Aggregate
Food Microbiology 82 (2019) 240–248 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Food Microbiology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fm Significance of Aspergillus niger aggregate species as contaminants of food products in Spain regarding their occurrence and their ability to produce T mycotoxins ∗ Jéssica Gil-Serna , Marta García-Díaz, Covadonga Vázquez, María Teresa González-Jaén, Belén Patiño Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid. Jose Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The Aspergillus niger aggregate contains 15 morphologically indistinguishable species which presence is related Ochratoxin A to ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisin B2 (FB2) contamination of foodstuffs. The taxonomy of this group was Fumonisins recently reevaluated and there is a need of new studies regarding the risk that these species might pose to food Food safety security. 258 isolates of A. niger aggregate obtained from a variety of products from Spain were classified by Section Nigri molecular methods being A. tubingensis the most frequently occurring (67.5%) followed by A. welwitschiae (19.4%) and A. niger (11.7%). Their potential ability to produce mycotoxins was evaluated by PCR protocols which allow a rapid detection of OTA and FB2 biosynthetic genes in their genomes. OTA production is not widespread in A. niger aggregate since only 17% of A. niger and 6% of A. welwitschiae isolates presented the complete biosynthetic cluster whereas the lack of the cluster was confirmed in all A. tubingensis isolates. On the other hand, A. niger and A. welwitschiae seem to be important FB2 producers with 97% and 29% of the isolates, respectively, presenting the complete cluster. -
FINAL RISK ASSESSMENT for Aspergillus Niger (February 1997)
ATTACHMENT I--FINAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR Aspergillus niger (February 1997) I. INTRODUCTION Aspergillus niger is a member of the genus Aspergillus which includes a set of fungi that are generally considered asexual, although perfect forms (forms that reproduce sexually) have been found. Aspergilli are ubiquitous in nature. They are geographically widely distributed, and have been observed in a broad range of habitats because they can colonize a wide variety of substrates. A. niger is commonly found as a saprophyte growing on dead leaves, stored grain, compost piles, and other decaying vegetation. The spores are widespread, and are often associated with organic materials and soil. History of Commercial Use and Products Subject to TSCA Jurisdiction The primary uses of A. niger are for the production of enzymes and organic acids by fermentation. While the foods, for which some of the enzymes may be used in preparation, are not subject to TSCA, these enzymes may have multiple uses, many of which are not regulated except under TSCA. Fermentations to produce these enzymes may be carried out in vessels as large as 100,000 liters (Finkelstein et al., 1989). A. niger is also used to produce organic acids such as citric acid and gluconic acid. The history of safe use for A. niger comes primarily from its use in the food industry for the production of many enzymes such as a-amylase, amyloglucosidase, cellulases, lactase, invertase, pectinases, and acid proteases (Bennett, 1985a; Ward, 1989). In addition, the annual production of citric acid by fermentation is now approximately 350,000 tons, using either A. -
Baccharis Malibuensis (Asteraceae): a New Species from the Santa Monica Mountains, California R
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 14 | Issue 3 Article 32 1995 Baccharis Malibuensis (Asteraceae): A New Species from the Santa Monica Mountains, California R. Mitchell Beauchamp Pacific Southwest Biological Services, Inc. James Henrickson California State University, Los Angeles Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Beauchamp, R. Mitchell and Henrickson, James (1995) "Baccharis Malibuensis (Asteraceae): A New Species from the Santa Monica Mountains, California," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 14: Iss. 3, Article 32. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol14/iss3/32 Aliso, 14(3), pp. 197-203 © 1996, by The Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA 91711-3157 BACCHARIS MALIBUENSIS (ASTERACEAE): A NEW SPECIES FROM THE SANTA MONICA MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA R. MITCHEL BEAUCHAMP Pacific Southwest Biological Services, Inc. P.O. Box 985 National City, California 91951 AND JAMES HENRICKSON Department of Biology California State University Los Angeles, California 90032 ABSTRACT Baccharis malibuensis is described from the Malibu Lake region of the Santa Monica Mountains, Los Angeles County, California. It is closely related to Baccharis plummerae subsp. plummerae but differs in having narrow, subentire, typically conduplicate, sparsely villous to mostly glabrous leaves with glands occurring in depressions on the adaxial surface, more cylindrical inflorescences, and a distribution in open chaparral vegetation. The new taxon shares some characteristics with B. plum merae subsp. glabrata of northwestern San Luis Obispo County, e.g., smaller leaves, reduced vestiture, and occurrence in scrub habitat, but the two taxa appear to have developed independently from B. -
Aspergillus Niger Research Timothy C
Cairns et al. Fungal Biol Biotechnol (2018) 5:13 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40694-018-0054-5 Fungal Biology and Biotechnology REVIEW Open Access How a fungus shapes biotechnology: 100 years of Aspergillus niger research Timothy C. Cairns*, Corrado Nai* and Vera Meyer* Abstract In 1917, a food chemist named James Currie made a promising discovery: any strain of the flamentous mould Aspergillus niger would produce high concentrations of citric acid when grown in sugar medium. This tricarboxylic acid, which we now know is an intermediate of the Krebs cycle, had previously been extracted from citrus fruits for applications in food and beverage production. Two years after Currie’s discovery, industrial-level production using A. niger began, the biochemical fermentation industry started to fourish, and industrial biotechnology was born. A century later, citric acid production using this mould is a multi-billion dollar industry, with A. niger additionally produc- ing a diverse range of proteins, enzymes and secondary metabolites. In this review, we assess main developments in the feld of A. niger biology over the last 100 years and highlight scientifc breakthroughs and discoveries which were infuential for both basic and applied fungal research in and outside the A. niger community. We give special focus to two developments of the last decade: systems biology and genome editing. We also summarize the current interna- tional A. niger research community, and end by speculating on the future of fundamental research on this fascinating fungus and its exploitation in industrial biotechnology. Keywords: Aspergillus niger, Biotechnology, Industrial biology, Systems biology, Genome editing, Citric acid Introduction €4.7 billion, which was expected to reach up to €10 bil- For millennia, humanity has practiced rudimental forms lion within the next decade [2]. -
Nomination Background: Stachybotrys Chartarum Strain 2 Mold (Atranone Chemotype) (CASRN: STACHYSTRN2)
Stachybotrys chartarum (or S. atra or S. alternans) [CAS No. 67892-26-6] Review of Toxicological Literature June 2004 Stachybotrys chartarum (or S. atra or S. alternans) [CAS No. 67892-26-6] Review of Toxicological Literature Prepared for National Toxicology Program (NTP) National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) National Institutes of Health U.S Department of Health and Human Services Contract No. N01-ES-35515 Project Officer: Scott A. Masten, Ph.D. NTP/NIEHS Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Prepared by Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina June 2004 Abstract Stachybotrys chartarum is a greenish-black mold in the fungal division Deuteromycota, a catch-all group for fungi for which a sexually reproducing stage is unknown. It produces asexual spores (conidia). The morphology and color of conidia and other structures examined microscopically help distinguish the species from other molds found in indoor air that may contaminate materials in buildings that have suffered water intrusion. S. chartarum may ultimately overgrow other molds that have also produced colonies on wet cellulosic materials such as drywall (gypsum board, wallboard, sheet rock, etc.). Because of the likelihood that it may produce toxic macrocyclic trichothecenes and hemolytic stachylysin (exposure to which may be associated with idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage [IPH] in infants), S. chartarum exposure is of concern to the members of the general public whose homes and workplaces have been contaminated after water intrusion, to agricultural and textile workers who handle contaminated plant material, and to workers involved in remediation of mold-damaged structures. Dry conidia, hyphae, and other fragments can be mechanically aerosolized as inhalable particulates. -
Studies in the Genus Pleospora. Vii
March, 1952] WEHMEYER-PLEOSPORA 237 RCSSELL, R. S., AND R. P. MARTIN. 1949. Use of radio SHAHMAN, B. C. 1945. Leaf and bud initiation in the active phosphorus in plant nutritional studies. Nature Gramineae. Bot. Gaz. 106: 269-289. 163: 71-72. SMITH, G. F., AND H. KERSTEN. 1941. Root modifications SAX, K. 1940. An analysis of X-ray induced chromosome induced in Vieia [aba by irradiating dry seeds with aberrations in Tradescantia. Genetics 25: 4.1-68. soft X-rays. Plant Physiol. 16: 159-170. STUDIES IN THE GENUS PLEOSPORA. VII Lewis E. Wehmeyer IN A PREVIOUS PAPER (Wehmeyer, 1952b), it was definitely inequilateral or curved. In P. alismatis, pointed out that the two types of septation char with similar spores, the nine-septate condition is acteristic of the leptosphaeroid and vulgaris series fixed. In P. rubicunda the ends of the ascospores in the genus Pleospora tend to converge above the are still more broadly rounded and the spores may five-septate level, and that very often both types of become eleven-septate, by the formation of secon septation appear in the same spore. In that paper, dary vulgaris septa in four of the central cells. the species with spores showing an asymmetric sep In P. morauica and P. saponariae, this type of tation were arbitrarily taken as representing the septation is well illustrated, for there is great varia leptosphaeroid series and discussed as such. bility in the septation of spores of varying maturity The present paper is to deal with those species showing this progression. The secondary vulgaris which show a similar but symmetric septation in type of septation may occur in any of the four cen the ascospore, and which present a more or less tral cells of the spores of these species, but this is parallel group. -
Studies on Identification of the Food Born Fungal Pathogens and Their
ACTA SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURE (ISSN: 2581-365X) Volume 3 Issue 10 October 2019 Review Article Studies on Identification of the Food Born Fungal Pathogens and their Nadia Jabeen1* and Khuram Shahzad Pathogenic2 Effects on Human Health 1Department of Agriculture, Hazara University, Khyber Pakhtun Khawa (KPK), Pakistan 2Department of Agronomy, Agricultural University Peshawer, Khyber Pakhtun Khawa (KPK), Pakistan *Corresponding Author: Received: Nadia Published:Jabeen, Department of Agriculture, Hazara University, Khyber Pakhtun Khawa (KPK), Pakistan. DOI: September 12, 2019; September 26, 2019 10.31080/ASAG.2019.03.0667 Abstract The present review research was conducted to find out the quality of food available at surrounding food spots in front gate of Hazara University. Samples were taken from different burger shops and few vegetables and dry fruits seller. The fugal pathogens were identified by culturing in the Microbiology lab and studied for characterization on morphological basis and from the literature [1,2]. Aspergillus niger Aspergillus flavus. It was observed that mostly shopkeepers were using expire dated bread, not showing the symptoms but having the pathogens. The Aspergillus niger Aspergillus flavus vegetablesKeywords: were also contaminated with and Pathogen; Human Health; ; Introduction a mycelium (plural, mycelia). Three kinds of reproductive struc- Fungi is included in the plant kingdom, they lack chlorophyll, tures occur in fungi: (1) Sporangia, which are involved in the for- chemo heterotrophs and lack of mobility. Fungal cell contains mation of spores; (2) Gametangia, structures within which gametes membrane bound cell organelles including nuclei, mitochondria, form; and (3) Conidiophores, structures that produce conidia, mul- Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes and are tinucleate asexual spores. -
Albuca Spiralis
Flowering Plants of Africa A magazine containing colour plates with descriptions of flowering plants of Africa and neighbouring islands Edited by G. Germishuizen with assistance of E. du Plessis and G.S. Condy Volume 62 Pretoria 2011 Editorial Board A. Nicholas University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, RSA D.A. Snijman South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, RSA Referees and other co-workers on this volume H.J. Beentje, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK D. Bridson, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK P. Burgoyne, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, RSA J.E. Burrows, Buffelskloof Nature Reserve & Herbarium, Lydenburg, RSA C.L. Craib, Bryanston, RSA G.D. Duncan, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, RSA E. Figueiredo, Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, RSA H.F. Glen, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Durban, RSA P. Goldblatt, Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, Missouri, USA G. Goodman-Cron, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, RSA D.J. Goyder, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK A. Grobler, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, RSA R.R. Klopper, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, RSA J. Lavranos, Loulé, Portugal S. Liede-Schumann, Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany J.C. Manning, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, RSA A. Nicholas, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, RSA R.B. Nordenstam, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden B.D. Schrire, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK P. Silveira, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal H. Steyn, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, RSA P. Tilney, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, RSA E.J. -
Diversity Within Aspergillus Niger Clade and Description of a New Species: Aspergillus Vinaceus Sp
Journal of Fungi Article Diversity within Aspergillus niger Clade and Description of a New Species: Aspergillus vinaceus sp. nov. Josué J. da Silva 1, Beatriz T. Iamanaka 2, Larissa S. Ferranti 1, Fernanda P. Massi 1, Marta H. Taniwaki 2 , Olivier Puel 3 , Sophie Lorber 3 , Jens C. Frisvad 4 and Maria Helena P. Fungaro 1,* 1 Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná 86057-970, Brazil; [email protected] (J.J.d.S.); [email protected] (L.S.F.); [email protected] (F.P.M.) 2 Centro de Ciência e Qualidade de Alimentos, Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Campinas, São Paulo 13070-178, Brazil; [email protected] (B.T.I.); [email protected] (M.H.T.) 3 Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, 31027 Toulouse, France; [email protected] (O.P.); [email protected] (S.L.) 4 Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-4399-955-4100 Received: 4 November 2020; Accepted: 14 December 2020; Published: 17 December 2020 Abstract: Diversity of species within Aspergillus niger clade, currently represented by A. niger sensu stricto and A. welwitshiae, was investigated combining three-locus gene sequences, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA, secondary metabolites profile and morphology. Firstly, approximately 700 accessions belonging to this clade were investigated using calmodulin gene sequences. Based on these sequences, eight haplotypes were clearly identified as A. niger (n = 247) and 17 as A. welwitschiae (n = 403). However, calmodulin sequences did not provide definitive species identities for six haplotypes. -
New Records of <I>Loculoascomycetes</I> From
MYCOTAXON Volume 111, pp. 19–30 January–March 2010 New records of Loculoascomycetes from natural protected areas in Sonora, Mexico Fátima Méndez-Mayboca1, Julia Checa2*, Martín Esqueda1 & Santiago Chacón3 * [email protected] 1Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Apartado Postal 1735, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, México 2Dpto. de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Alcalá Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain 3Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Apartado Postal 63, Xalapa, Veracruz 91000, México Abstract — Thirty collections of Loculoascomycetes from the Ajos-Bavispe National Forest Reserve and Wildlife Refuge, the Pinacate and Great Altar Desert Biosphere Reserve, and the Sierra of Alamos-Rio Cuchujaqui Biosphere Reserve, in Sonora, Mexico were studied. Ten new records for the Mexican mycobiota are presented: Capronia montana, Chaetoplea crossata, Didymosphaeria futilis, Glonium abbreviatum, Hysterographium mori, Montagnula infernalis, Patellaria atrata, Rhytidhysteron rufulum, Thyridaria macrostomoides, and Valsaria rubricosa. Photographs of macro- and microscopic characters are given for some species. Key words: Chaetothyriales, Hysteriales, Melanommatales, Patellariales, Pleosporales Introduction The term Loculoascomycetes is used for ascomycetes with bitunicate asci and septate ascospores (Kirk et al. 2008). There is some controversy over the taxonomy of the genera in this group, e.g., Valsaria, because authors such as Dennis (1978) have placed them in the Loculoascomycetes owing to their bitunicate asci while others, such as Barr (1990a), have included them in Pyrenomycetes arguing the presence of unitunicate asci. Boehm et al. (2009) studied four nuclear genes in different species of Loculoascomycetes and have proposed changes to the current taxonomy, e.g., Rhytidhysteron rufulum which was previously included in order Patellariales has been tentatively moved to the Hysteriales. -
Optimization of Citric Acid Production by Substrate Selection Using Gamma Ray Induced Mutant Strain of Aspergillusniger by Shamima Nasrin, Mejbah Uddin Unsary & Md
Global Journal of Medical Research: C Microbiology and Pathology Volume 17 Issue 2 Version 1.0 Year 2017 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4618 & Print ISSN: 0975-5888 Optimization of Citric Acid Production by Substrate Selection using Gamma Ray Induced Mutant Strain of Aspergillusniger By Shamima Nasrin, Mejbah Uddin Unsary & Md. Khorshed Alam Jahangir Nagar University Abstract- The worldwide demand for citric acid is increasing with the rising population and industrialization. The growing demand for citric acid and the need for alternative materials as substrates in the recent years have led to the choice of a novel and economically viable substrate, namely jackfruit (outer portion) and molasses for citric acid biosynthesis. Hydrolysis these substrates with 0.05N HCl followed by fermentation using two isolates of Aspergillus niger were investigated for citric acid production under submerged culture condition in a period of 15 days. The products of the microbial metabolism namely residual sugar, total titratable acidity (TTA), citric acid, and biomass contents were determined periodically. Maximum citric acid production was found after 12 days of fermentation for both isolates, namely Aspergillus niger CA16, the parent strain and gamma ray induced mutant Aspergillus niger 79/20. Citric acid production was found highest in the absence of Prescott salt by Aspergillus niger CA16 in mixed fermentation medium which was about 16.35 mg/ml and lowest in jackfruit medium, 12.88 mg/ml at day 12. Whereas in the presence of Prescott salt, lowest citric acid production was also found in jackfruit medium, 7.21 mg/ml and highest in mixed medium, 11.54 mg/ml. -
Harvard Papers in Botany Volume 22, Number 1 June 2017
Harvard Papers in Botany Volume 22, Number 1 June 2017 A Publication of the Harvard University Herbaria Including The Journal of the Arnold Arboretum Arnold Arboretum Botanical Museum Farlow Herbarium Gray Herbarium Oakes Ames Orchid Herbarium ISSN: 1938-2944 Harvard Papers in Botany Initiated in 1989 Harvard Papers in Botany is a refereed journal that welcomes longer monographic and floristic accounts of plants and fungi, as well as papers concerning economic botany, systematic botany, molecular phylogenetics, the history of botany, and relevant and significant bibliographies, as well as book reviews. Harvard Papers in Botany is open to all who wish to contribute. Instructions for Authors http://huh.harvard.edu/pages/manuscript-preparation Manuscript Submission Manuscripts, including tables and figures, should be submitted via email to [email protected]. The text should be in a major word-processing program in either Microsoft Windows, Apple Macintosh, or a compatible format. Authors should include a submission checklist available at http://huh.harvard.edu/files/herbaria/files/submission-checklist.pdf Availability of Current and Back Issues Harvard Papers in Botany publishes two numbers per year, in June and December. The two numbers of volume 18, 2013 comprised the last issue distributed in printed form. Starting with volume 19, 2014, Harvard Papers in Botany became an electronic serial. It is available by subscription from volume 10, 2005 to the present via BioOne (http://www.bioone. org/). The content of the current issue is freely available at the Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries website (http://huh. harvard.edu/pdf-downloads). The content of back issues is also available from JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/) volume 1, 1989 through volume 12, 2007 with a five-year moving wall.