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Spring 2000 Large Flood in North Ostrobothnia

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Spring 2000 Large Flood in North Ostrobothnia SPRING 2000 LARGE FLOOD IN NORTH OSTROBOTHNIA Spring 2000 was marked by great floods in all parts of Ostrobothnia and Lapland. Especially bad situation was experienced in the water courses of the rivers Kalajoki, Pyhäjoki, and Siikajoki. In these rivers both an exceptional ice jam flood and an extra- ordinary water flood occurred. All three rivers are typical Ostrobothnian rivers. There are few lakes, and variation in water level and flow is great. Shores are low and vulnerable to floods. Also the size of these water courses is alike, the catchment area about 4000 km2 and the length of rivers about 100 km. Article in the Journal MAANSIIRTO 5/2000 by Reino Enbuske, Heikki Nikkarikoski, and Heikki Savolainen, North Ostrobothnia Regional Environment Centre In all rivers mentioned above, extensive flood protection works have been done during many decades. At first in the 1950´ies and before that, the works were primarily clearing and embankments favouring agricultural needs. Later on since 1960´ies, artificial lakes have been built in the uppermost parts of the rivers, and natural lakes have been regulated in order to adjust discharges. A remarkable part of disadvantages caused by floods was eliminated by water construction, but damages caused especially by ice jam can still be considerable. In Finland, due to economical and technical reasons, the flood protection works have been dimensioned for floods with frequency once in 20 years in agricultural areas, and once in 50 to 100 years in housing areas. Works done in water courses The total beneficial area of the flood protection works of the rivers Siikajoki, Pyhäjoki and Kalajoki exceeds 15,000 hectars cultivated land of which about 8,000 hectars belong to the Kalajoki area (Picture 1). Altogether, there are 16 regulated or artificial lakes in these water courses. The total regulation volume of those is 432 million cubic metres. In Table 1, the general information more in detail can be studied. The artificial lakes were big projects in their time. In the earth dams of Uljua and Hautaperä reservoirs, the volume of excavated soil masses used was in each case more than one million cubic metres. The Uljua artificial lake has a decisive role in the regulation of the entire Siikajoki water course. It gives means to significant cut of flood peak in Siikajoki. The regulation volume of Pyhäjoki is entirely in Lake Pyhäjärvi that can take all flood waters from upper parts of the water course. The catchment area is relatively small which means that its impact on flood flow cannot be very significant compared to flood discharges in the whole river. In Kalajoki regulation, the central reservoir is the artificial lake Hautaperä in Haapajärvi. Also all waters discharged from Lake Reisjärvi are led through the charging canal to Hautaperä reservoir. Through another charging canal the waters from Kuonanjärvi also are led to Hautaperä. It is though possible to lead waters from Kuonanjoki as well as waters from Kalajanjoki directly through regulation dams to Lake Haapajärvi. Other regulation dams operated in the Kalajoki water course are in connection to regulated lakes or reservoirs or power plants. The three water courses are regulated to benefit flood protection, power production, water pollution control, and the recreational use of waters. The general aims of regulation are profit for agriculture together with advantageousness of power production (winter time descending of water level in reservoirs), improvement of water pollution control (winter and summer time access of low flows), and better conditions for recreation and proper biotypes for fishes. The regulation permits are owned by the Regional Environment Centre of North Ostrobothnia. The local power companies, Vattenfall and Vieska Energia have committed themselves to take care of the regulation discharges in accordance with the water court decisions and guidelines by the environment centre. The power capacity of these three rivers totals to 19.6 MW and yearly energy to 52.6 GWh. More than one half comes from the river Kalajoki, and the rest splits even between the rivers Siikajoki and Pyhäjoki. 1 Picture 1. Kalajoki water course and its longitudinal profile 2 TABLE 1 GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE REGULATED LAKES AND ARTIFICIAL LAKES Lake Area Catchment Regulation Regulation area range volume p-a ( km2 ) F (km2) max ( m) max (M m3) Siikajoki 1. Uljua* 28,0 1453 8,0 146,0 2. Iso-Lamujärvi 24,1 185 1,3 27,0 3. Vähä-Lamujärvi* 3,0 22 0,75 3,8 4. Kortteinen* 7,0 362 3,0 9,0 Pyhäjoki 5. Pyhäjärvi 126,0 690 1,25 137,0 6. Piipsjärvi * 4,1 552 sill 7. Haapajärvi 3,8 1960 1,45 4,0 Kalajoki 8. Kiljanjärvi 1,8 80 2,50 3,8 9. Reis-ja Vuohtojärvi 11,9 365 2,25 19,2 10. Korpinen * 3,0 30 4,5 5,2 11. Juurikka * 1,8 22 2,75 3,6 12. Kuona * 5,4 130 2,05 9,5 13. Hautaperä * 7,6 980 11,50 48,2 14. Haapajärvi 3,5 1460 0,50 1,6 15. Settijärvi * 4,2 193 2,50 9,4 16. Pidisjärvi 4,5 2200 1,3 5,0 *) Artificial lake The Regional Environment Centre of North Ostrobothnia is responsible for maintenance of 20 completed projects including 16 dams that accord with category set by dam safety act and in addition other constructions, as follows: - earth dams 28 km - regulation dams 16 - canals 30 km - sills 32 - embankments 115 km - pump plants 31 The reacquisition value of these constructions and all equipment would be about 380 million marks. Hydrological circumstances The yearly precipitation in the area is around 550 mm, evaporation around 270 mm and mean discharge 8,6 l/s x square km. Around 45% or 200 mm of the precipitation falls as snow. The average maximum of water equivalent in snow cover is 105 mm at the turn March April. Dikes and clearings done in the catchment area have accelerated the flow forming especially in high flow situations. Artificial reservoirs and regulation in use have made flows more even and low flow requirements have increased flows during dry seasons. Due to small number of lakes the variation of water levels and flows is great. E.g. at the gauging station Niskakoski situated in the lower part of Kalajoki (F=3025 km2, L=1.8%) observations have been made since1911. The lowest observed flow NQ = 0.0 m3/s, mean low flow MNQ = 1.5m3/s, mean flow MQ = 26 m3/s, mean high flow MHQ = 245 m3/s and highest observed flow HQ = 469 m3/s. Thanks to the regulation of Kalajoki, low flows have raised 2-3 m3/s. In areas being in natural state and having few lakes as Malisjoki and Vääräjoki areas, the relation between mean high flow and mean flow MHQ/MQ is 10-15. Lakes in the upper part of the water course and the regulation both cut the flood peak so that along the lower and middle parts of Kalajoki the relation MHQ/MQ is less than 10 and along the upper part only 2-3. The greatest flood damages in the Kalajoki water course have been caused by floods originated by ice jam. The worst situation shows up when snow melts rapidly and the melting is accelerated by falling rain so that flows increase suddenly causing ice break-up. In this kind of case, the ice usually has not yet become thinner or weaker and is therefore gathering in an ice jam. Just in this way developed the situation in spring 2000. In a normal situation, as melting of snow is even, the ice-break can be delayed by storing melting waters in reservoirs. So the ice gets time to weaken and the risk of forming ice jam diminishes. 3 E.g. in the lower part of Kalajoki, the “ice-break flow” can be put down about25%, but in the middle part of the river even more than 50%. In addition, ice of the middle part is melted by the heat storage of Pidisjärvi by lowering evenly the water level in the lake evenly near to the regulation limit about two weeks before the melting season begins. Flow and regulation models as well as river ice models (Kalajoki) have been made to serve water management of rivers and regulation operations in them. The flow models estimate for parts of the catchment area the inflow time series based on the given precipitation and temperature observations. Using water level, flow, and weather observations, and weather forecasts the model makes inflow prognosis for different points of the water course. The flow model includes also reservoir models and river bed models giving means to create water level and flow hydrographs of reservoirs and parts of a river bed. In the river ice model the flow estimation is combined with apart model describing heat balance, and surface, edge and frazil ice formation, and snow melt. This model can be used for studying the impact of inflow, river geometry, and ice cover on the flows and water levels in the model river part, and the impact of both weather conditions and the temperature of the inflow on the formation of ice cover and on snow melt. The spring 2000 flood The second half of year 1999 gave more than average precipitation. In December the precipitation was twice the normal. Also the beginning of the year 2000 continued more rainy than the average. Though a great share of the January precipitation came as water, the water equivalent of snow at the end of March was 25% higher than the average. The beginning of April continued rainy and the maximum water equivalent of snow was measured on April 4th being almost two weeks later than the average date of maximum water equivalent.
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