Phase-Dependent Deep Brain Stimulation: a Review
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Slow Potentials of the Sensorimotor Cortex During Rhythmic Movements of the Ankle Ryan J
Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Dissertations (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects Slow Potentials of the Sensorimotor Cortex during Rhythmic Movements of the Ankle Ryan J. McKindles Marquette University Recommended Citation McKindles, Ryan J., "Slow Potentials of the Sensorimotor Cortex during Rhythmic Movements of the Ankle" (2013). Dissertations (2009 -). Paper 306. http://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/306 SLOW POTENTIALS OF THE SENSORIMOTOR CORTEX DURING RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS OF THE ANKLE by Ryan J. McKindles, B.S. A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Milwaukee, Wisconsin December 2013 ABSTRACT SLOW POTENTIALS OF THE SENSORIMOTOR CORTEX DURING RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS OF THE ANKLE Ryan J. McKindles, B.S. Marquette University, 2013 The objective of this dissertation was to more fully understand the role of the human brain in the production of lower extremity rhythmic movements. Throughout the last century, evidence from animal models has demonstrated that spinal reflexes and networks alone are sufficient to propagate ambulation. However, observations after neural trauma, such as a spinal cord injury, demonstrate that humans require supraspinal drive to facilitate locomotion. To investigate the unique nature of lower extremity rhythmic movements, electroencephalography was used to record neural signals from the sensorimotor cortex during three cyclic ankle movement experiments. First, we characterized the differences in slow movement-related cortical potentials during rhythmic and discrete movements. During the experiment, motion analysis and electromyography were used characterize lower leg kinematics and muscle activation patterns. Second, a custom robotic device was built to assist in passive and active ankle movements. -
Perceptual Functions of Auditory Neural Oscillation Entrainment Perceptual Functions of Auditory Neural Oscillation Entrainment
Perceptual functions of auditory neural oscillation entrainment Perceptual functions of auditory neural oscillation entrainment By Andrew Chang, Bachelor of Science A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy McMaster University © Copyright by Andrew Chang July 29, 2019 McMaster University Doctor of Philosophy (2019) Hamilton, Ontario (Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour) TITLE: Perceptual functions of auditory neural oscillation entrainment AUTHOR: Andrew Chang (McMaster University) SUPERVISOR: Dr. Laurel J. Trainor NUMBER OF PAGES: xviii, 134 ii Lay Abstract Perceiving speech and musical sounds in real time is challenging, because they occur in rapid succession and each sound masks the previous one. Rhythmic timing regularities (e.g., musical beats, speech syllable onsets) may greatly aid in overcoming this challenge, because timing regularity enables the brain to make temporal predictions and, thereby, anticipatorily prepare for perceiv- ing upcoming sounds. This thesis investigated the perceptual and neural mechanisms for tracking auditory rhythm and enhancing perception. Per- ceptually, rhythmic regularity in streams of tones facilitates pitch percep- tion. Neurally, multiple neural oscillatory activities (high-frequency power, low-frequency phase, and their coupling) track auditory inputs, and they are associated with distinct perceptual mechanisms (enhancing sensitivity or de- creasing reaction time), and these mechanisms are coordinated to proactively track rhythmic regularity and enhance audition. The findings start the dis- cussion of answering how the human brain is able to process and understand the information in rapid speech and musical streams. iii Abstract Humans must process fleeting auditory information in real time, such as speech and music. -
Different Patterns of Puberty Effect in Neural Oscillation to Negative Stimuli: Sex Differences
Different patterns of puberty effect in neural oscillation to negative stimuli: sex differences Jiajin Yuan, Enxia Ju, Jiemin Yang, Xuhai Chen & Hong Li Cognitive Neurodynamics ISSN 1871-4080 Volume 8 Number 6 Cogn Neurodyn (2014) 8:517-524 DOI 10.1007/s11571-014-9287-z 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science +Business Media Dordrecht. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Cogn Neurodyn (2014) 8:517–524 DOI 10.1007/s11571-014-9287-z BRIEF COMMUNICATION Different patterns of puberty effect in neural oscillation to negative stimuli: sex differences Jiajin Yuan • Enxia Ju • Jiemin Yang • Xuhai Chen • Hong Li Received: 16 December 2013 / Revised: 4 March 2014 / Accepted: 21 March 2014 / Published online: 28 March 2014 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 Abstract The present study investigated the impact of but not in pre-pubertal girls. On the other hand, the size of puberty on sex differences in neural sensitivity to negative the emotion effect for HN stimuli was similar for pre- stimuli. -
Neural Circuit and Clinical Insights from Intraoperative Recordings During Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery
brain sciences Perspective Neural Circuit and Clinical Insights from Intraoperative Recordings During Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery Anand Tekriwal 1,2,3 , Neema Moin Afshar 2, Juan Santiago-Moreno 3, Fiene Marie Kuijper 4, Drew S. Kern 1,5, Casey H. Halpern 4, Gidon Felsen 2 and John A. Thompson 1,5,* 1 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80203, USA 2 Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80203, USA 3 Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80203, USA 4 Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA 5 Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80203, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 June 2019; Accepted: 18 July 2019; Published: 20 July 2019 Abstract: Observations using invasive neural recordings from patient populations undergoing neurosurgical interventions have led to critical breakthroughs in our understanding of human neural circuit function and malfunction. The opportunity to interact with patients during neurophysiological mapping allowed for early insights in functional localization to improve surgical outcomes, but has since expanded into exploring fundamental aspects of human cognition including reward processing, language, the storage and retrieval of memory, decision-making, as well as sensory and motor processing. The increasing use of chronic neuromodulation, via deep brain stimulation, for a spectrum of neurological and psychiatric conditions has in tandem led to increased opportunity for linking theories of cognitive processing and neural circuit function. Our purpose here is to motivate the neuroscience and neurosurgical community to capitalize on the opportunities that this next decade will bring. -
Brain-Machine Interface: from Neurophysiology to Clinical
Neurophysiology of Brain-Machine Interface Rehabilitation Matija Milosevic, Osaka University - Graduate School of Engineering Science - Japan. Abstract— Long-lasting cortical re-organization or II. METHODS neuroplasticity depends on the ability to synchronize the descending (voluntary) commands and the successful execution Stimulation of muscles with FES was delivered using a of the task using a neuroprosthetic. This talk will discuss the constant current biphasic waveform with a 300μs pulse width neurophysiological mechanisms of brain-machine interface at 50 Hz frequency via surface electrodes. First, repetitive (BMI) controlled neuroprosthetics with the aim to provide transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) intermittent theta implications for development of technologies for rehabilitation. burst protocol (iTBS) was used to induce cortical facilitation. iTBS protocol consists of pulses delivered intermittently at a I. INTRODUCTION frequency of 50 Hz and 5 Hz for a total of 200 seconds. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) neuroprosthetics Moreover, motor imagery protocol was used to display a can be used to applying short electric impulses over the virtual reality hand opening and closing sequence of muscles or the nerves to generate hand muscle contractions movements (hand flexion/extension) while subject’s hands and functional movements such as reaching and grasping. remained at rest and out of the visual field. Our work has shown that recruitment of muscles using FES goes beyond simple contractions, with evidence suggesting III. RESULTS re-organization of the spinal reflex networks and cortical- Our first results showed that motor imagery can affect level changes after the stimulating period [1,2]. However, a major challenge remains in achieving precise temporal corticospinal facilitation in a phase-dependent manner, i.e., synchronization of voluntary commands and activation of the hand flexor muscles during hand closing and extensor muscles [3]. -
Brain Oscillations As Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Following an Interactive Panel Discussion and Synopsis
Application of Brain Oscillations in Neuropsychiatric Diseases (Supplements to Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 62) Editors: E. Bas¸ar, C. Bas¸ar-Erog˘lu, A. O¨ zerdem, P.M. Rossini, G.G. Yener 343 # 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved Chapter 20 Brain oscillations as biomarkers in neuropsychiatric disorders: following an interactive panel discussion and synopsis Go¨ rsev G. Yenera,b,* and Erol Bas¸arb aBrain Dynamics Multidisciplinary Research Center, and Departments of Neurosciences and Neurology, Dokuz Eylu¨l University, Izmir 35340, Turkey bBrain Dynamics, Cognition and Complex Systems Research Center, Istanbul Kultur University, Istanbul 34156, Turkey ABSTRACT This survey covers the potential use of neurophysiological changes as a biomarker in four neuropsychiatric diseases (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia (SZ)). Great developments have been made in the search of biomarkers in these disorders, especially in AD. Nevertheless, there is a tremendous need to develop an efficient, low-cost, potentially portable, non-invasive biomarker in the diagnosis, course, or treatment of the above-mentioned disorders. Electrophysiological methods would provide a tool that would reflect functional brain dynamic changes within milliseconds and also may be used as an ensemble of biomarkers that is greatly needed in the evaluation of cognitive changes seen in these disorders. The strategies for measuring cognitive changes include spontaneous electroencephalography (EEG), -
NEUROSURGICAL FOCUS Neurosurg Focus 49 (1):E6, 2020
NEUROSURGICAL FOCUS Neurosurg Focus 49 (1):E6, 2020 Clinical applications of neurochemical and electrophysiological measurements for closed-loop neurostimulation J. Blair Price, PhD,1 Aaron E. Rusheen, BSc,1,2 Abhijeet S. Barath, MBBS,1 Juan M. Rojas Cabrera, BSc,1 Hojin Shin, PhD,1 Su-Youne Chang, PhD,1 Christopher J. Kimble, MA,3 Kevin E. Bennet, PhD, MBA,1,3 Charles D. Blaha, PhD,1 Kendall H. Lee, MD, PhD,1,4 and Yoonbae Oh, PhD1,4 1Department of Neurologic Surgery, 2Medical Scientist Training Program, 3Division of Engineering, and 4Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota The development of closed-loop deep brain stimulation (DBS) systems represents a significant opportunity for innova- tion in the clinical application of neurostimulation therapies. Despite the highly dynamic nature of neurological diseases, open-loop DBS applications are incapable of modifying parameters in real time to react to fluctuations in disease states. Thus, current practice for the designation of stimulation parameters, such as duration, amplitude, and pulse frequency, is an algorithmic process. Ideal stimulation parameters are highly individualized and must reflect both the specific disease presentation and the unique pathophysiology presented by the individual. Stimulation parameters currently require a lengthy trial-and-error process to achieve the maximal therapeutic effect and can only be modified during clinical visits. The major impediment to the development of automated, adaptive closed-loop systems involves the selection of highly specific disease-related biomarkers to provide feedback for the stimulation platform. This review explores the disease relevance of neurochemical and electrophysiological biomarkers for the development of closed-loop neurostimulation technologies. -
Deep Brain Stimulation for Chronic Pain: Time to Reconsider the Skeptical Attitude?
brain sciences Editorial Deep Brain Stimulation for Chronic Pain: Time to Reconsider the Skeptical Attitude? Konstantin V. Slavin 1,* , Emil D. Isagulayn 2 and Dzhamil A. Rzaev 3,4 1 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA 2 Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Federal State Autonomous Institution, N.N. Burdenko National Scientific and Practical Center for Neurosurgery of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 125047 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] 3 Federal Center of Neurosurgery, 630087 Novosibirsk, Russia; [email protected] 4 Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 19 October 2020; Accepted: 22 October 2020; Published: 23 October 2020 Despite continuous advancements in systematic treatment of chronic pain there is still a subset of clinical conditions where the standard medical and surgical approaches are not uniformly effective. Moreover, in addition to these relatively rare but remarkably treatment-refractory diagnoses (post-stroke pain, brachial plexus avulsion pain, spinal cord injury pain, anesthesia dolorosa, etc.), there are many other, much more prevalent, conditions (persistent spinal pain syndrome (previously referred to as failed back surgery syndrome), painful peripheral neuropathy, complex regional pain syndromes, etc.) where even a small percentage of treatment-refractory patients constitutes a large group of chronic pain sufferers. The treatment algorithms for these patients include gradual escalation of various modalities, usually chosen based on efficacy and safety, with treatment invasiveness being interpreted as direct measure of surgical risks and complications. The latter argument (on significant treatment-related risks) has been a deterrent for widespread acceptance of certain surgical interventions and a major source of reluctance for many pain-treating specialists and patients alike. -
Deep Brain Stimulation for Epilepsy: an Update
Deep Brain Stimulation for Epilepsy: an Update Claudio Pollo1 and Kaspar Schindler2 1 Neurosurgery and 2 Neurology Departments, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Bern Summary Keywords: Deep brain stimulation, epilepsy, anterior nu- cleus, centro-median nucleus, hippocampus, closed-loop Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has shown efficacy in stimulation achieving significant seizure reduction in patients with refractory epilepsy not suitable for resective surgery. Based on the identification of several cortico-subcor- Tiefe Hirnstimulation bei Epilepsie: ein Update tical networks involved in epilepsy, several anatomi- cal targets have been proposed for different epileptic Die Tiefe Hirnstimulation (THS) erzielt eine effek- syndromes. Among these targets, the most exten- tive Reduktion der Anfallshäufigkeit bei Patienten, die sively investigated and also showing the most prom- nicht für resezierende chirurgische Massnahmen geeig- ising results are the anterior nucleus (ANT) as well as net sind. Verschiedene anatomische Zielpunkte wurden the centro-median (CMT) nucleus of the thalamus, and aufgrund der Identifizierung von neuronalen kortikalen the hippocampus (Hipp). This paper provides a review und subkortikalen Netzwerken als Grundlage für unter- of the literature in DBS for epilepsy focused on these schiedliche epileptische Syndrome vorgeschlagen. Unter targets with available data on efficacy as well as side diesen Zielpunkten wurden die anteriore Thalamuskern- effects. Technological advancements like responsive gruppe (ANT), der Nucleus centromedianus (CMT) sowie stimulation (RNS) are also underlined. der Hippokampus (Hipp) umfangreich untersucht und Although promising results were reported for these zeigen dabei zudem die vielversprechendsten Ergebnis- different targets in specific epileptic syndromes, only se. Diese Arbeit liefert einen Literaturüberblick über die ANT and RNS were tested on larger series of patients THS zur Behandlung von Epilepsie mit Augenmerk auf and could reach class I evidence level of efficacy. -
Neuromodulation: Harnessing Neuroplasticity with Brain Stimulation and Rehabilitation
Neuromodulation: Harnessing Neuroplasticity with Brain Stimulation and Rehabilitation Presenters: Cecília N. Prudente, PT, MS, PhD1 Bernadette T. Gillick, PT, MS, PhD1 Colum MacKinnon, PhD2 Teresa J.Kimberley, PT, PhD1 1Dept. of Rehabilitation Medicine 2Dept. of Neurology Conflicts of interest TJK: consulting income from MicroTransponder Others: Nothing to declare Learning objectives 1. Be familiar with forms of brain stimulation 2. Be able to identify safety and feasibility of each technique 3. Understand the purposes of using the parameters of brain stimulation 4. Translate brain stimulation research into clinical implications Harnessing neuroplasticity to improve motor function 1. Neuromodulation tools 2. Down-regulation 3. Up-regulation 4. Hijacking neural firing patterns 5. Where are we now, where are we going, and how do we get there? 6. Discussion Harnessing neuroplasticity to improve motor function 1. Neuromodulation tools 2. Down-regulation 3. Up-regulation 4. Hijacking neural firing patterns 5. Where are we now, where are we going, and how do we get there? 6. Discussion What is neuromodulation? http://blog.cambridgeconsultants.com/medical-technology/wp- content/uploads/2014/05/Neuromodulation.jpg Publications per year 1200 1000 800 Neuromodulation 600 Neuromodulation & rehabilitation 400 200 0 2016 1978 1988 1998 2008 Source: Pubmed How to neuromodulate? Healthy state Neuroplasticity Injury Medications Neuromodulation Rehabilitation Neuromodulation tools Why neuromodulate? E I Healthy state : greater excitability : greater inhibition -
DBS: Medtronic Electrocautery / Surgery Letter
Neuromodulation Technical Services US Minneapolis, MN • 800-707-0933 NEUROMODULATION STANDARD LETTER, 8 August 2014 VERSION 2.0 DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION (DBS) SYSTEMS Introduction This standard letter is designed to further explain Medtronic Neuromodulation labeling and is not meant as a substitute for approved labeling. For more information, please refer to the Medtronic® DBS™ Therapy Information for Prescribers (IFP) manual. It is important to note that the terms “cautery”, “electrocautery”, “bovie” and “electrosurgery” are sometimes used interchangeably. These procedures can generate large surgical currents in the body. The objective of this letter is to describe the principles of using surgical procedures involving electrically driven cutting/coagulating surgical tools near/over a DBS system (INS and leads) using the terms “cautery” and “surgical current”. During cautery and electrocautery, current is used to heat probes/electrodes that come in contact with tissue. The current does not usually enter the patient’s body. During electrosurgery, high-frequency current enters the patient’s body, making the patient part of the active circuit. Cautery can be operated in a Bipolar or Monopolar configuration. In Bipolar configuration, two closely spaced electrodes serve as the surgical electrode and return electrode. Surgical current is restricted to a small volume of tissue close to /between the electrode pair. In Monopolar configuration, an electrical circuit is completed between the generator, cables, surgical electrodes and return electrode (aka grounding pad). The surgical current is dispersed from the surgical electrode through the patient to the return electrode completing the path to the cautery generator. The remainder of this document will discuss the factors that impact the possible/alternate paths and directions of “Monopolar dispersed current” when used near/over a DBS system. -
Trends in Clinical Deep Brain Stimulation
Journal of Clinical Medicine Editorial Special Issue: Trends in Clinical Deep Brain Stimulation Marcus L. F. Janssen 1,2,* and Yasin Temel 2,3 1 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands 2 School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; [email protected] 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands * Correspondence: [email protected] Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been successfully applied in several neurological and psychiatric disorders. A substantial number of patients suffering from a brain disorder either do not, or insufficiently, respond to pharmacological treatment. This results in increasing costs for public health systems and a growing burden for society. Fortunately, the number of approved indications for DBS keeps expanding, thereby improving the quality of life of many individuals. Nevertheless, defining the optimal target and stimulation paradigm for the individual patient remains a challenge. In this Special Issue, a series of twelve papers is presented by international leaders in the field on the current trends in clinical deep brain stimulation for a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. One of the most common psychiatric disorders considered to be treated using DBS is depression. Unfortunately, recent randomized controlled trials show disappointing results of DBS for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Contrary to these findings, the meta- analysis conducted by Hitti et al. shows that DBS is an effective treatment for TRD [1]. This promising finding should serve as an encouragement for future studies to optimize patient Citation: Janssen, M.L.F.; Temel, Y.