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Slow Potentials of the Sensorimotor Cortex During Rhythmic Movements of the Ankle Ryan J

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Slow Potentials of the Sensorimotor Cortex During Rhythmic Movements of the Ankle Ryan J Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Dissertations (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects Slow Potentials of the Sensorimotor Cortex during Rhythmic Movements of the Ankle Ryan J. McKindles Marquette University Recommended Citation McKindles, Ryan J., "Slow Potentials of the Sensorimotor Cortex during Rhythmic Movements of the Ankle" (2013). Dissertations (2009 -). Paper 306. http://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/306 SLOW POTENTIALS OF THE SENSORIMOTOR CORTEX DURING RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS OF THE ANKLE by Ryan J. McKindles, B.S. A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Milwaukee, Wisconsin December 2013 ABSTRACT SLOW POTENTIALS OF THE SENSORIMOTOR CORTEX DURING RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS OF THE ANKLE Ryan J. McKindles, B.S. Marquette University, 2013 The objective of this dissertation was to more fully understand the role of the human brain in the production of lower extremity rhythmic movements. Throughout the last century, evidence from animal models has demonstrated that spinal reflexes and networks alone are sufficient to propagate ambulation. However, observations after neural trauma, such as a spinal cord injury, demonstrate that humans require supraspinal drive to facilitate locomotion. To investigate the unique nature of lower extremity rhythmic movements, electroencephalography was used to record neural signals from the sensorimotor cortex during three cyclic ankle movement experiments. First, we characterized the differences in slow movement-related cortical potentials during rhythmic and discrete movements. During the experiment, motion analysis and electromyography were used characterize lower leg kinematics and muscle activation patterns. Second, a custom robotic device was built to assist in passive and active ankle movements. These movement conditions were used to examine the sensory and motor cortical contributions to rhythmic ankle movement. Lastly, we explored the differences in sensory and motor contributions to bilateral, rhythmic ankle movements. Experimental results from all three studies suggest that the brain is continuously involved in rhythmic movements of the lower extremities. We observed temporal characteristics of the cortical slow potentials that were time-locked to the movement. The amplitude of these potentials, localized over the sensorimotor cortex, revealed a reduction in neural activity during rhythmic movements when compared to discrete movements. Moreover, unilateral ankle movements produced unique sensory potentials that tracked the position of the movement and motor potentials that were only present during active dorsiflexion. In addition, the spatiotemporal patterns of slow potentials during bilateral ankle movements suggest similar cortical mechanisms for both unilateral and bilateral movement. Lastly, beta frequency modulations were correlated to the movement-related slow potentials within medial sensorimotor cortex, which may indicate they are of similar cortical origin. From these results, we concluded that the brain is continuously involved in the production of lower extremity rhythmic movements, and that the sensory and motor cortices provide unique contributions to both unilateral and bilateral movement. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Ryan J. McKindles, B.S. My most sincere gratitude goes to Dr. Brian D. Schmit for his mentorship, support, and guidance throughout my doctoral dissertation. I admire your enthusiasm for scientific investigation and ardent search for the Truth, which have been an inspiration to your students and colleagues alike. Thank you for such an Outstanding experience! To Dr. Michael R. Neuman, who introduced me to research, design, and innovation, thank you for recognizing and nurturing my tenaciously inquisitive mind. I am here today because your guidance and commitment to education, for which I am truly grateful. Thank you to the members of my dissertation committee: Dr. Scott Beardsley, Dr. Allison Hyngstrom, Dr. Kristina Ropella, and Dr. Sheila Schindler-Ivens. Your continued advice and council have been invaluable, and it has been a pleasure getting to know each of you. My parents, Maureen & Joseph McKindles, and my siblings, Adam, Derek, and Jessica McKindles, I love you all. Your patience, compassion, and love are a solid foundation on which I can always rely. To my family and friends throughout the world, I have appreciated all your kindness and encouragement throughout these past years. In addition, I would like to thank all the members of the Integrative Neural Engineering & Rehabilitation Laboratory, especially Eric Walker and Tanya Onushko. Thank you to the Department of Biomedical Engineering, the College of Engineering, and Marquette University for the educational opportunity, funding, and support. I especially want to acknowledge and thank Mrs. Brigid Lagerman, Mrs. Patricia Smith, and Mrs. Mary Wesley. I have immensely valued all of your support and your dedication to our department. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................... i LIST OF FIGURES. .......................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND .......................................................1 1.1 Thesis Statement ............................................................................................... 1 1.2 Lower Extremity Rhythmic Movements .......................................................... 1 1.2.1 Motivation ........................................................................................ 1 1.2.2 Neural Control of Rhythmic Movements ......................................... 2 1.3 Electroencephalography .................................................................................... 4 1.3.1 Recording Electrical Potentials from the Brain ................................ 4 1.3.2 EEG Electrodes ................................................................................ 5 1.3.3 Closing the Impedance Gap ............................................................. 6 1.3.4 Electrode Placement (10-20 System) ............................................... 7 1.3.5 Referencing ...................................................................................... 8 1.4 Clinical and Research Use of EEG ................................................................... 9 1.5 Electrical Potentials of the Cerebral Cortex.................................................... 10 1.5.1 Physiological Origin of EEG .......................................................... 10 1.5.2 EEG Frequency Spectrum .............................................................. 11 1.5.3 Evoked and Induced Potentials ...................................................... 12 1.5.4 Movement-related Cortical Potentials ............................................ 13 1.6 EEG Artifacts and Signal Processing ............................................................. 14 1.6.1 EEG Artifacts ................................................................................. 14 1.6.2 Artifact Removal ............................................................................ 14 1.6.3 Independent Component Analysis .................................................. 15 iii 1.7 Specific Aims .................................................................................................. 16 CHAPTER 2: MOVEMENT-RELATED SLOW POTENTIALS OF THE SENSORIMOTOR CORTEX DURING RHYTHMIC AND DISCRETE ANKLE MOVEMENTS ....................................................................................................18 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 18 2.2 Methods........................................................................................................... 20 2.2.1 Study Participants ........................................................................... 20 2.2.2 Experimental Protocol .................................................................... 20 2.2.3 Physiological Measurements .......................................................... 22 2.2.4 Data Processing .............................................................................. 23 2.3 Results ............................................................................................................. 28 2.4 Discussion ....................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 3: UNIQUE MOVEMENT-RELATED SLOW POTENTIALS OF THE SENSORY AND MOTOR CORTICES DURING RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS OF THE ANKLE .....................................................................................37 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 37 3.2 Methods........................................................................................................... 39 3.2.1 Study Participants ........................................................................... 39 3.2.2 Robotic Ankle Device .................................................................... 39 3.2.3 Experimental Protocol .................................................................... 41 3.2.4 Physiological Measurements .......................................................... 42 3.2.5 Data Processing .............................................................................
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