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ntie items-in-Peace-keeping operations - India/Pakistan - press clippings
Dafe Created 17/08/1966
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Container S-0863-0004: Peace-Keeping Operations Files of the Secretary-General: U Thant: India/Pakistan
Print Name of Person Submit Image Signature of Person Submit THE NEW YORK TIMES, Thursday, August 12, 1971
U.N. Seeks Funds to Ship Aid to Pakistan,;
cash to meet logistical and ad- able to assure the international By SAM POPE BREWER ministrative costs and to de- community, and donors in par- Special to The N«" York Tiraw fray the expenses of urgent re- ticular, that all supplies reach UNITED NATIONS, N. Y., lief projects to be undertaken their destination, the people of Aug_ 11 _ Secretary General by the various agencies con- East Pakistan." Thant appealed today for more cerned." ...•-.;'. nionev'to help send relief to I The agencies include the Food and Agriculture Organi- East Pakistan. zation> Health Orga- ,' A statement issued by his nization and the United Na- i j off ice said also that the first tions Children's Fund. | [United Nations aid personnel The first group includes a had reached East Pakistan, small headquarters'" staff, an advisory team to cover ques- with the main object of seeing tions of agriculture, ports jspid "that all supplies, reach their water transport, health 'fand destination, the people of East general relief, and an "opera- Pakistan." tions unit" with four area co- The statement said a pre- ordinators. liminary group of 38 was due Today's statement said the there by the end of this month. United Nations efforts in Paki- The full complement to be stan had a double character: sent to East Pakistan will be "First, to help in the organiza- approximately 100. This is not tion and planning of relief ac- connected with relief among tivities, and second, to enable Pakistani refugees on the the Secretary General to be Indian side of the border. The statement today indi- cated that the United Nations cash receipts were less than a tenth of the amount esti- mated as necessary for the first phase of relief work. The United States handed in a check for $l-million on Mon- day and Britain followed yes- terday with one for $1,209,500 —the current dollar value of £500,000. Other promises have been received, but an official remarked: "Even the United Nations can't write checks until the money is in the bank." $28.2-Million Needed The statement issued by Mr. Thant's spokesman today re- marked that on July 15 the "initial requirement" in cash was set at $28.2-million, most of it to move donated supplies. "At the present stage in the operation," the statement said, "the critical requirement is for THE NEW YORK TIMES, Saturday, August Ik, 1971
Pact Said to Bury India's Nonalignment
By SYDNEY H, SCHANBERG much of the African-Asian third supporting Pakistan outright. Special to The New York Times world — will have to be rede- The United States, while giving NEW DELHI, Aug. 13 — For- fined. For in the Nehru view, sizable help for the refugees, eign Minister Andrei A. Gro- nonalignment meant no mili- l r has continued arms shipments ° iTafi7tary allianceali'ani »noor>nns and non mutuawiiiriial I myko was back in Moscow to- defense pacts — and this treaty] to Pakistan. day after having resurrected is viewed by most observers as This American arms aid to Indian morale and burying, in I a defense pact. India's enemy has aroused deep! the view of most observers, In- However, Indian officials, bitterness and a sense of be- trayal here and has brought In- dia's cherished policy of non- with the same vehemence they use in insisting that nonalign- dian-American relations to an alignment. ment is alive, contend that the all-time low. This situation, for- The Indian public, which had j Indian-Soviet pact is not a de- eign diplomats believe, has been angry and despondent fense treaty, though in the made .possible Moscow's diplo- over Chinese and American as- same breath they say that the matic coup. sistance to Pakistan at a timeiRUSSians have promised to pro- The anti-American mood when Pakistan is talking of war vide essential military supplies here was reflected in an edi- with India, has been taken out — arms, spare parts, oil — torial in The National Herald, of its doldrums by the 20-year should Pakistan attack. the paper that most closely re- friendship treaty with the So- One member of Parliament flects Mrs. Gandhi's views, viet Union signed here Monday. hailed the new "realism" in Lauding the Indian-Soviet : The' treaty — which gives India's policy, and praised Mrs. treaty, the editorial said: India what she so badly wanted, Gandhi for having "put some "The policy-makers and, po- a major-power ally in the con- meat in our vegetarian non- tential aggressors of the United frontation with Pakistan — says alignment." Another member States should know that they that the two countries will hold said: "At a time when interna- no longer have the initiative "mutual consultations" and tional relations are being forged for creating trouble in this re- "take appropriate effective for naked self-interest, it is ab- gion. They have been warned measures" in the event of an surd to talk of ideals." and neutralized. Aggression attack or threat against either The impetus for putting some and threat of aggression have country by a third country. "meat" in Indian policy comes received a setback and the So- Yet even amid the initial In- from the crisis in East Pakistan, viet Union has rendered a dian elation, questions are be- which began March 25 when great service to peace in the ing raised in % the press and the Pakistani army launched a region." i among informed Indians about military offensive to try to Observers believe the Indian the wisdom of the treaty. crush the Bengali separatist glow over the treaty may not Some observers are asking movement there. wear off in a hurry. Nonethe- whether, by signing this treaty, More than seven million Ben- less, some critics are already India has lost much of her ma- gali refugees have fled into asking whether the treaty was neuverability in foreign policy India to escape the inilitary re- really necessary, whether it I and taken a step toward becom- pression, and the influx con- was not a hastily conceived! ing an unofficial Soviet ajly. tinues, placing a severe burden pact that the Indian Govern-j Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on India's economy;' India is ment grasped-, out < of emotion! and other officials insist that providing military assistance tfr and expediency"~and will regret the treaty is not a departure the Bengali independence fight- later. from nonalignment, but merely ers and clashes have occurred These critics argue that the' an independent move in the na- between Indian and Pakistani Russians need India as much tional interest and that it, in troops on the East Pakistani as India needs them, that Mos- fact, strengthens .nonalignment. border. cow was already New Delhi's If so, critics :say, then non- Pakistan has been threaten- closest ally and largest sup-1 alignment — a policy conceived ing to declare war if India con- plier of arms, and that should by Mrs.; Gandhi's; late father, tinues." Tier aid tp.: the- (Bengali an Indian-Pakistani war erupt, Jawaharlal Nehru,; in; the • n-irfe- insurgents., , •:- . . v Soviet arms would continue to ; teen-fifties: ;-. -'' GQmrt^ist^jGhirat^has . •b.eeft.flow; to. India;;:'wi^Wp.ut;.!a treaty. THE NEW YC' "" Indian-American relations are Yet, for all its international munique issued- after-ihe-four- in tatters, and United'States dip- implications, the treaty, aside davs of talks between Soviet- lomats ruefully concede that the from easing Indian anxieties, India; Foreign Minister Andrei Gromy- ,,,-.;. • • p ,_ , ..-: - •"-. rupture is so deep and basic does nothing about the immedi- ,| ko and his Indian counterpart, that things can never be the ate problem it was supposed to J Swaran Singh, fell considerably same again. "I don't think it alleviate — the upheaval in East f short of India's militant stand means that Americans are going Pakistan. I Score One in favor of independence for Ban- to be spit on in the street," said The danger of war may, in fact, gla Desh, or Bengal Nation, the one United States diplomat, "but have increased. Some observers name the Bengali insurgents have we've suffered a very serious given to East Pakistan. suggest that, with Moscow's new Diplomatic setback." support, the Indians may be em- The restrained wording of the The Soviet lobby in the Indian communique was apparently the boldened to step up their assist- Coup for Foreign Ministry is elated, and ance to the Bengali guerrillas. Russians' way of keeping their even moderate Indian officials, Perhaps even more inflamma- options open for dealing with while sincerely making a dis- tory is the military trial of Sheik The Pakistan and keeping a foothold tinction between the Nixon Ad- Mujibur Rahman, the Bengali there against China, Pakistan s ministration and the sympathe- leader of East Pakistan, who is closest ally. tic American public, press and charged with "waging war" Russians The immediate objects of the Congress, are saying that the against Pakistan and with other India-Soviet treaty, it would United States has only itself to offenses carrying the death pen- NEW DELHI — Last Tuesday, seem, are to discourage Pakis- blame for the Soviet treaty. alty. The secret trial reportedly tan from declaring war on India, the day after India and the So- Notwithstanding the general began somewhere in West Pakis- viet Union signed their surprise which it has been threatening tan last week, amid appeals by to do, and, by giving India new enthusiasm in India over the 20-year "friendship treaty" in treaty, some neutral observers the United Nations and several New Delhi, a member of the In- confidence, to discourage New governments, including the Unit- Delhi from making any rash are already asking whether it dian Parliament noted that the does not, in effect, push India ed States, for compassion or at moves. least an open and fair trial. date of the signing, Aug. 9, was Relations between India and virtually into the orbit of the the anniversary of the launch- Soviet bloc, thus making a farce Sheik Mujib is already a god- ing of Mahatma Gandhi's "Quit Pakistan, which have already king in East Pakistan and a hero fought two wars over Kashmir, of former Prime Minister Nehru's India" movement in 1942. The policy of nonalignment. in India. If the Pakistani gen- member asked, jocularly, have been worsening steadily erals execute him and make him since March 25; then the Pakis- Prime Minister Indira Gandhi whether this meant that three and other Indian officials argue a martyr as well, they could tani Army, composed of West well be lighting the fires of a, decades after "we ask the Brit- Pakistanis, launched a surprise that the treaty is not a departure ish imperialists to get out, we from nonalignment but a move holy war on the subcontinent. V are going to ask the Russians attack on the East Pakistani population to try to crush their , that, by bolstering India's posi- —SYDNEY H. ~" ~" to come in." tion, improves her ability to pur- Most foreign diplomats, and autonomy movement. The con-,- tinuing military repression_ haw sue a nonaligned course. If so, i some. Indians, think the answer 3 I>> ,ji <•;••> ".«rt- ' •"-•-" •'"• ' ' ~ "-' critics reply, then nonalignment will have to be redefined, for, as . . driven more than 7 million Ben- conceived by Mrs. Gandhi's late tii&i jesting /question; -.is . a se-\' gali refugees into India, sorely father, Jawaharlal Nehru, the "* •''J ' ' '' ''' 1 ; straining the economy — and policy meant no military alliances The Russians, in a clever and the influx is still in the thou- or mutual defense pacts. dramatic diplomatic coup, have sands every day. deepened their influence on the Critics, notably some indepen- subcontinent at the expense of The chaos inside East Pakis- dent newspapers, have contended the United States and Communist tan has been aggravated by the that the treaty was a hastily China. At the .same time, they mounting guerrilla activities of conceived and shortsighted move have made the Indians exuber- the Bengali insurgents, known that India grasped at out of emo- antly grateful for coming to their as the Mukti Bahini (Liberation tionalism and expediency. These Force), who have been receiving critics argue that India did not side at a time when they felt assistance from India in the form abandoned, despondent and need a treaty to get Soviet arms threatened by their enemy, Pak- of sanctuary, arms and training. in case of war with Pakistan,., istan, as a result of the crisis Border shellings and clashes, of- for Moscow is already New Del-'": in East Pakistan. ten between Indian and Pakis- hi's biggest supplier of military, tani troops, are daily occur- hardware. They also suggest that-': And Moscow has achieved all rences. this with very little effort and the treaty could rob India of all-; . at very small cost, either dip- Pakistan's President, Agha maneuverability in foreign polls' lomatically or economically — Mohammad Yahya Khan, has re- icy, binding her to the Soviet^ "on the cheap," as one envious peatedly warned that he will de- Union's whims and making it"', Western diplomat put jt. clare war on India if the In- impossible, for example, to tryv Although nearly all Indians are dians keep up their aid to the to improve relations with China;' interpreting the treaty as a mu- insurgents. The Russians give up very lit- tual defense pact, the agreement While China has been support-' tle in signing the treaty, even if does not obligate the Russians ing Pakistan outright, the United it means the loss of influence in to support India militarily in the States has been trying to main- Pakistan, for Moscow's stake event of an attack by a third . tain influence with both sides— there is no longer significant. country. The flexibly worded . and not succeeding with either. But the gains'for. the Russians key clause says merely that, if < Washington's continuing ship- are major ones. The treaty either side is attacked or threat- ; ments of arms to Pakistan have serves to put Washington and ened, the two shall hold "con- not produced any softening of Peking on notice that Moscow sultations ... to remove such the ruthless military crackdown has* sunk its anchor firmly in threat and to take appropriate in East Pakistan, and its sizable the largest and strongest coun- effective measures to ensure relief aid for the refugees in r try on the subcontinent. In ef- peace and the security of their India has been dismissed by most ] fect, it is a message to the Amer- .countries," :.,...... Indians as conscience money to'j icans and Chinese, whose steps " >I^pre^^ tKe .final, joint com; try to whitewash its "condona- f toward a rapprochement have tion bf genocide." :,:, •• disturbed both India and the So- .ytet. Union,. ,thaf;, ,Mp,scow\ is a,. :;$£^^ YORK TIMES, Tuesday, August 17'Tl
, in India, f&ms \ Pakistani Drive Genocide
By SYDNEY H; SCHANBERG Special .to The Netf York Times NEW DELHI, Aug. lTo---Sfen- to India in his capacity as ator Edward M. Kennedy today chairman of. the Senate Judi- denounced Pakistanis .^militar: y: ciary, subcommittee on refu- aptiqn against the East' Paki- stani separatists .as.' genocide gees, said he believed 'that a anil said that the secret trial )olitical solution to the East of the East Pakistani leader, 'akistan crisis was possible but Sheik Mujibur Rahman, was :hat, he, did not pretend to "'an outrage to every concept lave-it. , -•:. of international law."'"""'"" '•''"••' The crisis erupted on March '•'-.At a news ;cohfereriqe ^here 25, when the Pakistani army, •as-, he .ended his week-long .visit composed of -West. Pakistanis, to India, the Massachusetts aunched a surprise offensive Democrat blamed the .1; IStixpn ;o try to -crush-the Bengali in- Administration's policy of con- dependence movement in East tinued arms aid to Pakistan for Pakistan. Diplomatic observers tlte < severe damagev to United estimate that the army has Spates relations with India. tilled at least 200,000 Bengalis. Mr. Kennedy-—who spent Frightened fefugees continue most of his time hete visiting to pour into "India by the thou- the squalid border camps that sands! feld East- Pakistani refugees, The Bengali insurgents, "with .seven million of whom are said :he help of Indian arms, train- to have fled—said President .ng and sanctuary," have in- Nixon's ; policy "baffles me— creased their guerrilla activi- and-after seeing the results in ties, causing a significant num- terms of human misery, I think ber of army casualties. it's an even 'greater disaster." President .Agha Mohammad Discussing the 20-year, Soviet- Yahya Khan of Pakistan has Indian friendship treaty signed repeatedly warned that if India here a week ago, the Senator continues to help the guerrillas,", said he saw nothing inconsist- tie will declare war. \think it win be;'$5^-mijiioiv'to. ent with India's stated policy of The Senator seemed uneasy jl-billion a year. ^Obviously, the ntmalignment and did not think only when pressed by Indian international response has been it was "in any way disadvan- newsmen for his idea of a po- meager to date. I'm pleased the tageous to U.S. friendship with itical solution. The official view United States has given more iridia.'" is that the only solution is than all the aid put together As a matter of fact, he added, independence for East Pakistan from other nations, but com- the Indian Foreign Minister, under Sheik Mujib, who faces pared to the magnitude of the Swaran Singh, had indicated the death penalty. burden, it's extremely inade- that he was willing to sign a "The only crime that Mujib is quate." ., similar treaty with th> United guilty, of," the Senator said, "is When he gets home, he'said, States. winning an election." ,he will urge an end to economic He Has No Solution to Offer Mr. Kennedy had planned to ajd to Pakistan "until aippliti- The Soviet-Indian treaty, visit both East and West Paki- :ckl s&lution'. ha^befeh^^h'zed." whose immediate aim is to dis- stan and had obtained a Paki- courage Pakistan from declar- stani visa, but when he arrived ing war on India, which she in India last Tuesday, the Paki- has threatened, provides that stani Government canceled his if the Soviet Union or India visit, saying that it would serve is attacked- or threatened, the no useful purpose because "the two countries shall hold "con- partisan statements he made on sultations to remove such arrival in India showed how threat and to take appropriate deeply he.imbibed Indian propa- effective measures to insure ganda." peace and the security of; theij1 v Describing; the financial bur- countries." « •' •'; ,. !vi;y^j;":":^. den1 jbf -.tJig-refugees on Jjndia Senator .Kennedy,' whpv caSie asioverwh"elming,\he .-saiji:,' " •Tvrnn;r vrrofr TO 'East
By PRABHtJ DAYAL AGAftWAtA ments aittd other valuables. They also forced us to sign blank papers'and SILIGURI, Indiai^-i am one of the "cheques;-Bank vaults: were opened and unfortunates Who managed to escape the .contents snatched;:.away..:'-. •; •- ? from the :massacre perpetrated on the : On June : 13th at about 2 AM.vwe morning of June 13th at "Saidpur were 'awak^n€id::by':the, guards, and (Rangpur), a non-Bengali, Muslim, ma- put aboard a bus in.a.great haste.and jority, town of North Bengal in Bangla brought to the Saidp.ur Railway, Sta- Desh, I call ..myself: unfortunate, be- tion. Our fairjily members were'also cause I left behind 150 immbers of brought 'there. We :wer6' informed by my cpmmuriitjr including my parents, Major Za'mal: of •'Saidpur .Police Sta- , brothers, sister-in-law,:' nephew and . tion, that we would be sent'tO;India-via nieces—butchered.by the .goondas of Chilhati border. We' were-put aboard , the Pakistan army lii: collaboration a .train: .along with, pur :family .mem- with the 'non-Bengali police, bers totalling, about 400 MarWaries, It all began when: the!. hordes of Bengalis and Behars (all Hindus)'in Yahya .Khan raided'our house in the four compartments under non-Bengali early hours of-March .26th, 1971'. At policemen and ^military! ^supervision. least 20 array personnel entered at ' :In< the early hoursf when it was still 4 A.M. and arrested: my. father, !Tul- dark .outside, the. train started, .but. it shiranv Agarwala, at gunpoint; and stopped about one mile ,from thci Ra- ransacked the premises. They beat all tion 'near, a graveyard knpwn as mercilessly. At about 4:45 A.M. they "Maran Kuthir." There; ,we fpund the '• left the place along with my father. goondas of Saidpur armed with swords 'and 'daggers ready:for Butch.T. J )*A fter that all our Valuables-^-ca'ShYt r ering. We also found, that' largeV ' ornaments, radio, watches, even gar-i , trenches were dug • for buryingg the' 1 ments—were missing. • * ] „bodies after .killing, ,. . •^•.f^; ;:V' Soon1 after it was announced that] \!i As soon as the train stopped,; ppjice not a single Hindu would be allowed ] and; military -numbering about:-;25' to leave Saidpur,: We were., subjected^ :> alighted from ,the train and took po'si- to forced labor from'April 3d onwards*' jrtipns with their guns,puts|de the cars.;'! on the construction of the •Qar6dangi|! i.,^f,ter a while the executioners started^ bridge from 7: A.M. -to17" P.M. 'under"; '. ffleir Work. !We'Saw to our amazemerit; the: supervision -of Havaldar Fateh": ^•'three 'or four 'goondas boa'rding ,the Khan. Fate_h Khan 'carried.; a scourge;! 'Ifirst••' car "'(we were occupying' the in his; hand jand whipped ,us cruelly,; > •;seeond).< They 'tied the :lian.ds, of one He , also used very abusive/, language person,; took ;hini away .an
the Americans were -evacuated -iri March ;and April,-; on '• the ground; -that the United States Government could not guarantee Jtheir personal safety under the Pakistani Army occiip^tihn. . That the United States has been able , to persuade : President ' Yahya Khan to acdept its .proposal is" explained by -the circumstances that in recent yeacs: -the : ,U;S. has. forked;, over, almost, half... . of ; ?the. $45Q .-..million a .year -oi. economic . aid. .pumped iirto .Pakistan 'by 'the' .so- called' "cohsoiftiim" of Irian-giving countries. Here •' the argument ~ conies • full circle/;ArrieMcah action to shore iip the Unpopular rulingr- junta ,in Pakis- tan-by massive injections pf: economic -and; military-assistance ever since- 1951 ,is Justified ex .posit facto. . '.. '...'.'.' ' :, ;:The mission ,, dreamed .'. up. by 'the • United ; States Government, may. serve to strengtjien temporarily thS 'Pakistan ^Army. 'iii'^hi" s case;' the cJiaftces^fof restoring" genuinei;orde,r ah- East /Bengal "•• would' be • 'Set •.-bacfc-Nb^real relief and • rehabilitation activities:, can ebe;, under- taken -.until . the , West • Pakistan-;, army . withdraws, from; East Bengal,, arijl the . ,, Bengalis' become. masters of their'bwn " ''"" ''''' '' ''
'Alice 'Thorner is lecturer"oi l -'india at ' the University' Paris ' VII and- author of many, studies on the Indian sabaon- ! tment She was in Dacca until March ' i 19, 1971. PW YORK TIMES, Friday, 2? August lg?l USB—- Keating Responds ifW Criiicistfio
By SYDNEY H. SCHANBERG Special to THe New Ydrk Times NEW DELHI, Aug. 26—Am- dropped', relations between In- .bassador B. Keating, dia and .the United States to 1 art tall-time low. • '• apparently aqgea^dypyer what Pre^Sr accounts-here have em-1 he considers Indira 'press dis- bellished: the known arms aid: tortions of American- policy in with unconfirmed reports of the East Pakistan, crisis, ,hais Attierican. instructors giving begun to speak out bluntly in ^untennsurgency training to an attempt to stem the;'anti- Pakistani officers, of Pakistani American tide here. ; • ;:;?f,, troops .being 'carried to East The forum the Ambassador Pakistan,-; aboard American has chosen; is his regular 'col- grain ships; and of American umn in a United States Infor- .military: equipment being trans- mation Service publication, The ferred* from Vietnam to Paki- American Reporter,, a .^tabloid- stan. These charges have all sized newspaper that is dis- been denied by Washington. tributed every two weeks to Many Indian opinion-makers almost half a million readers, have been prepared to believe including nearly all of India's anything heinous about United leadership .class; States policy ever since the In the issue just out, Mr. June disclosure about the arms Keating Replied ta "distortions" shipments. That disclosure, in that have served "to twist the 'The New York Times, came record." , just as the Indian Foreign Min- "1 cannot help but wonder ister, Swaran Singh, .returned :ahout the motives of people from Washington where, ac- wjid Seek to spread these un- cording to authoritative sources,' truths,"- he said. ' he had been assured by Secre-j Thii.ls the closest the Am- tary of State William P. Rogers bissador has come to publicly that all arms aid to Pakistan 'acpsmg officials in the In- had been halted. .,„ ; dian-Foreign Ministry of nur- .turim^misstatements in the Keating Remained Silent ajfeout American , policy. Until now, Ambassador; Keat- In hi^ previous column, two ing had remained silent about weeks , ag0,, Mr. Keating also the mounting anti-American addresse? 'himself to "written sentiment, though he was evi- and ken1 misinformation, dently hurt by it because of ibut it had. "come from his own pro-India feelings. By people acting, in good faith." speaking out, the 71-year-old This time, he dropped all sug- New York Republican — a for- gestions of good faith. mer United States Senator and He Denies Hostility a Nixon appointee/— has put himself uua position of defend-, "These distortion's -•-' along ing a policy about which he is' with misstatemetits -?• atei not .chagrined. •always important in. them- It is an open secret that he selves," the Ambassador wrote privately and strongly opposed in his latest column, "But Tarn the Nixon Administration view .concerned that they have .led that a -noripunitive approach some people to leap to a false ! will give the United States judgment that the U,S. -is in some influence over Pakistan:— some way hostile to India.". He arguing that, this was unreal-] added: '' ..' . .. ''' ._ istic and would ..cost Washing-1 "A few ..allegations, rfor ton : heavily'in Influence and example, .cropped up last week goodwill: in India, a more im- which have served, further to portant,'• more stable -and more distort the record, i. There, was democratic .country. .a false allegation that the, U,s; In his latest column, in a ref- is providing in -Pakistan some erence Ho the' nearly eight mil- sort of couhterinsurgency traini lion Bengali refugees estimated ing to Pakistani military offi- to have fled into India, the Am- cers.- This • is; nonsense. . ; bassador: writes:'"Our goals are .''Yet, the allegations . . get compatible. We want to.see a wilder.^ incredible" as "it may just'political solution—one that seem, the story is now being will allow the refugees to return spread that the U.S., is planning to their homes with security to, send American .troops to Eas_t and.in confidence." Pakistan from'Vietnam.. I .hesi- "When these unhappy days tate to dignify this charge, at end, ,1 ,am convinced that those all with a; response." : who1 have leaped to , instant At'the heaii of the contro- judgment .today may acknowl- versy isT'thV Nibton Administra- edge in. the future-;;that>ithe tion's deci^ioftv; to continue United States ~''' ~" • • ~" -*- ipments to Pak- pOtentiaUye'xplokvf^iliUiitiotf" ina".'despite TJ. •- j._.'^-i.- L5fnff'.Ji.fji!ijC-il:^lltL_;jfti-'— ith-old inili- ar- the. Bengali rest the decline in Indian-Amer- independence movement in East ican relations -will have,:;ani y Pakistan. This America^,aid,.to _• ._ _••*__ j/tit._ • .,Wt-. •*<•'•' - Pakistan—whosi threatening .;war -jj BOSTON GLOBE, Friday, 27 August 1971
By S. J. Micciche restricted by Massachusetts law^and Globe Washington Bureau not at ray request," said Kennedy. • Reasserted' his intention not to WASHINGTON -~ Sen.: Edward ' M. Kennedy implored the world to run .for President- in 4972, but ex- focus on the plight of 8 million starv- pressed a desire to -'have an impact ing East Pakistan refugees and de- on the ^Democratic) Party's direction manded an end to United States asso- •bo th\dn domestic \affairs and foreign ciation with the "monumental slaughter" in that civil-war torn -• ...... • regon. Kennedy. 'was reminded that the The Massachusetts senator in- late President' John F. Kennedy had sisted the Nixon Administration first announced his candidacy for the cease immediately all military and White Hoyse before the National economic support to the "repressive" Press Clubland he was asked if he central Pakistan government and to would dp thejsame. "I hadn't thought about that,"" ^replied Kennedy with recognize its own "bankrupt re- ; ! sponse" to the refugee crisis. reference to ;his brother's announce- ment, and called for "another ques- Returning recently from a week- tion .". . . quickly." But before leaving long tour of refugee camps in India, the topic, Kennedy said, "My position Kennedy said, "No American who is unchanged" as to. his frequent as- has seen the faces of children, too . sertions of noncandidacy. \| weak to cry, too tired to live, too * ; < . • •• . -, ,;;> shocked to care, could settle for less." • Sided with minority rights % Kennedy, chairman of the Sen- wherever they are infringed upon gate's refugees .subcommittee, asked ,when asked to choose between^'The ' for and was accorded the forum of •Irish Republican Army and Berna- the National Press Club to deliver his dette Devlin or the Irishmen of Ul- first-hand account of the "stark trag- ster." Kennedy replied that minority edy" of the Pakistan civil war, which rights "ought to be protected whether is "not yet understood by the world." it be Northern Ireland, Mississippi or Roxbury, Mass." . While he would not recommend a break in diplomatic _ relations with • Declared he -will pursue^ the Pakistan "at this time," Kennedy did creation o fa Federal Grand Jufy to suggest expulsion-from the Southeast investigate the killing of four students Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) at. Kent State University, Ohio,;Ilast unless the central -government re- year by National Guardsmen. "Why verses its "cruel policy of repression" is it we can get a grand jury on. Dr. against the-people of East Pakistan. Daniel Ellsberg in a matter of hoursi. In an emotional plea, Kennedy re- and' we have waited 15 month! on lated the "mosiac of misery" he, Kent State," said Kennedy. Ellsberg found in the refugee camps' and was indicted by a Federal Grand'Jury called it "a tragedy for' the entire in Los Angeles for unauthorized^pos- world community." session of copies of Pentagon pap'ers. Regarding his inspection of the1 This was Kennedy's first appear- s • ance before the National Press Club refugee camps, Kennedy detailed "a' --siiice Jan. 12.1967, when he delivered saga 01 f shame which should dverr,: • sri address on draft reform. whelm the moral sensitivities of peo- .-'-.- .For the forum granted him on the ple throughout the world. '* ., .Conditions at, many camps, ,^aid .''.crisis of, the East Pakistani refu- 1 gees, Kennedy ran the gamut of Kennedy, "defy description."-} He - • questions from the press of the na- added 'that it was possible as-j?he" V-lion's capital. -, walked among .the refugees "to ifert- "•• • ' In this wide ranging exchange, tify those who will be dead within > -Kennedy: hours, or whose suffering will eh&.-'in . a matter of days. • • Applauded President Nixon for "taking the' steps he -has .'in' wage- "You" see infants with their ;skin hanging loosely" from their J'jtiny price controls" and said '"We ought to' :J support" the economic policies. How- bones, '-lacking the strength to lift ever, Kennedy said'that in "terms of their heads. You see the'general package,' there-, are-basic legs and feet swollen with i and fundamental inec[uities,'"-'such as malnutrition, limp in the... •arrris .of ' disproportionately higher Federal tax their mothers. You see bal^s ^getting blind for lack of vitamins, orsraiy'ered credits for busjness and industry as 5 opposed to workers and consumers. with sores that will not heat.: . .^ = . • Praised Elliot L. Richardson, "You see in the eyes of thei|fp.ar- 1 ents 'the despair of ever havirig^hisir Secretary "of Health,. Education and ! Welfare, for "developing desegrega- children well again. And . . . .yoft see? tion guidelines, including busing, and the corpse of the child who died) just denounced the Nixon Administration the night before," Kennedy relafedr for.-hindering their full implementa- A director of a camp in India har- tion to placate Southern governors. boring 70,000 East Pakistani 'ifefu- "This is one democratic politician j gees said that his "greatest need was who takes his hat off to Secretary a crematorium," Kennedy recall^. Richardson," Kennedy said. Kennedy said it is "ironic" that • Sought to correct a circulated the United States is supporting a erroneous impression that he had re- Pakistani government which has -sup- quested the Chappaquidick grand pressed the .results of a free election jury proceedings be kept secret. "The last December and has turned! its report of the inquest is public, but back on the principle of ^'elf- the proceedings of the grand jury are determination. i HEW TORK TIMES, Saturday, 28 August 1971
(fission- to Pakistan very life-blood of the army's occupa- • To the Editor: tion of East Bengal. If the Bangla Thirty-eight members of a United Desh Mukti Bahini (Bengal Liberation Nations team, according to Secretary Army) can deny the West Pakistanis General Thant, will be on the spot their lines of communication, they can in East Pakistan by the end of August eventually drive them out. to administer humanitarian aid. This In plain English, then, the main job might sound like good news to Ameri- for which the United Nations group cans who have sympathized with the is being sent to East Bengal is not to Bengalis since March 25, when the succor the victimized Bengalis but Pakistan Army began machine-gunning rather to bolster up the shaky regime civilians, destroying homes and food of the West Pakistani generals. The stocks, burning villages, and driving Pakistan Army has failed to bring the more than seven millions of men, Bengalis to heel. The generals thought women and children into exile. their military operation would take three days. That was more than four To get a clearer idea of the relief months ago. A strong injection of activities which the United Nations international aid represents perhaps proposes to carry out in East Bengal, the last chance for prolonging the it is worth rereading The Times dis- grip of the ruling junta on East Bengal. patch from Washington on Aug. 1 under the byline of Benjamin Welles. If it proves able to accomplish any- "Qualified informants" explained to thing at all, the U.N. mission may Mr. Welles that the "U.N. force" would strengthen temporarily the logistical concern itself primarily with "helping position of the Pakistan Army. In this the Pakistani authorities" to ward off case, the chances for restoring peace famine and disease, and to rehouse in East Bengal would be set back. the millions who have become home- Associated Press No genuine relief and rehabilitation less. Rather than operating in its own that the Bengali guerrillas have begun measures can be undertaken until the name, the U.N. will provide technical to score notable successes. West Pakistan Army withdraws from assistance and "help restore confi- East Bengal. ALICE THORNER Striking from sanctuaries across the Paris, Aug; I6rf 971 • dence in the East Pakistani adminis- Indian border, from tiny "liberated" ; tration." enclaves, from jungle fastnesses of the The "new force," an official told delta where the army has not been Mr. Welles, is expected to "help Paki- able to flush them out, Bengali sabo- stan restore communications and re- tage squads have disrupted rail traffic, mobilize the province's private fleet of blown up road bridges;: sunk river 40,000 river boats'and 10,000 trucks." boats, blocked off channels, destroyed If-is-precisely in cutting transport lines boat - repair yards. Transport, is the .THE NEW YORK TIMES, SUNDAY, AUGUST 29, 1971 Percy, Deploring Rift With India, Says U.S. Aid to Pakistan Has Been Exaggerated
By SYDNEY H. SCHANBERG istm§ H-"ens°3. reveral Sen-; Although Senator Percy re- in th's. he fell short of the Senator Percy sa!d tod^i: flint r.Tr. Percy said he was also i x •specialtoThesewYonfc'Tiiries 'iators have put the figure much^eatedly expressed his feeling:strong s-- - - ..,-. 0; Senator he was "somewhat i.?«ro: -:,d" ?c-r: erned about the implica-j higher. NEW DELHI, Aug. 28—Sen- of horror over the events in Edward r. "..-sr.s.-.y earlier this'hv the talk he 1h"d lie": J in t'o^s of tlie "friendship" treatw ator Charles H. Percy said to- Pressed to e::"lain the figures East Pakistan, he avoided-any;m0ntli af,:,- a t.-ur of refu^ej^f^t-^j ^ .,..,_ ..,-tj. IncJ'a s'gned three weeks as» 116 u 3d day that current United States' ;°- : outright denounciation of the'camps ;.ff-e-al caPacity,pak,stan_,,Y«u-n.t ", with the Soviet Union. "ItJs solve one|!ndja.s responsibility to m^n- """'^another,Q' '" tarn her own institutions «ree of outside interference," he said. this aid had contributed to the|pakistan — a country with less deterioration of relations be-,than a Barter of Indias P&PU" tween the United States andllatlon—has received more than •nd,a rf / j$4-bilhonin American economic " (HeVai'd the Indian7 press had,81"* military aid, compared with Created'the imnresioi of n~~- a total of about $10 billion to JsW .assistance l that simplyIndia (more than $9-bilhon in wasinot-true ""Because it is. so economic a d plus, a relative!"' minlscule and doesn't; amount'small amourt of military aid} to'anything, I'would prefer to cThe 51-ye^ oM Senator, whr cut if toff entirely," He said [h$s,,been,a -trmg simoorto- o *""-- Illinois Republican,, who development -'aid* to Indrt an1 spojsfe 'at a news conference at who bas visited t^e oountr the 4 (American Embassy here, I several Junes, said that he had hasV toured East Pakistani ref- ,visited, seven re-fugee1 camps 1ige,e camps jn India during a and interviewed hundreds of thre'e-week vacation with^ his the nearly eight million Ben- family ton the'subcontinent He galis'who have fed to India is traveling in'a. private capa- "Thif
Pakistan envoy hints refugee aid helps rebels
By Darius S. Jhabvala much as he "issued strong state- He then announced lhat the spe- Globe Washington Bureau ments" before a projected visit to cial advisory group on relief assis- Pakistan. tance, organized by the White House WASHINGTON — Agha Hilaly, under the chairmanship of James Pakistan's ambassador to the United The ambassador was more cau- Perkins, former president of Cornell States, yesterday suggested that tious in his ripostes at Kennedy than University, will begin meetings on India was siphoning off American aid those he made at India or what he Tuesday. for East Pakistani refugees to help said in defense of West Pakistani au- Hilaly claimed the question of build an anti-Pakistan guerrilla thorities in putting down the rebel- refugees is being used by India "to army. lion in the East. justify an attack" on Pakistan and The charge was implicit in a rhe- Flushed with anger and highly American expressions of "blind sym- torical question he posed during an emotional, the ambassador said Pak- pathy" are being used by Indian ex- hour-long press conference that was istan "has evidence" that "Indian tremists to "justify" the war. arranged by the embassy to answer weapons, manufactured in Indian ar- Furthermore, he said, the recent "charges against Pakistan by Sen. mories" are being used to arm and Soviet-Indian treaty of friendship Edward M. Kennedy." train an anti-Pakistan corps among and cooperation can "do mischief Kennedy, a strong critic of West the refugees who fled across the bor- against Pakistan" inasmuch as the Pakistan's repressive measures in the der. Indian leadership could use it to pre- Eastern half, urged an end to all US India, he charged, is keeping up pare public opinion "by saying, 'we military and economic assistance the civil war in Pakistan" and train- can safely go to war now.' " after a week's visit in the refugee ing guerrillas in 35 armed camps. He US attitudes towards West Pakis- area in India. He also raised the pos- asked how much of American assis- tan, he said, are "due to misunder- sibility of a break in US-Pakistan tance going to India for relief of the standing and misinformation" that diplomatic relations. seven million refugees "is for feeding has been generated by the very pow- Hilaly claimed that a break in the guerrillas." erful information missionary of the relations in "the most bizare idea State Department spokesman government of India." . . . since Pakistan has done nothing Robert McCloskey was asked that Commenting on congressional de- AMB. AGHA HILALY against the United States." SEN. EDWARD KENNEDY question at his noon briefing. "I have mands for a cutoff of all aid, Hilaly . . . saw refugee camps . . . replies to Kennedy Furthermore, he said the senator seen no information to that effect," said that such action would only "appeaj-s to have a closed mind" inas- he said. • "serve Indian purposes." HEW YORK TIMES, Tuesday, 51 August 1971
Envoy.of Pakistan Calls U.S. Arms Aid Since'65 Negligible
WASHINGTON, Aug. 30 (AP) —Ambassador Agha Hilaly of Pakistan said today he could not'. understand the demand in the United States for an end to all American military and economic aid to his country. The ambassador told news- men such demands, particularly those made by Senator Edward M. Kennedy, were puzzling be- cause there had been no sub- stantial United States military aid to Pakistan since 1965. He also said that elimination of economic aid to( Pakistan would serve no purpose. "Cut- ting this off won't cure the problems in my country," he declared. • The ambassador- called a news conference to, answer statements made by Senator Kennedy last week in which1 the Massachusetts Democrat renewed dfemands . that the Nixon Administration end all aid to the Pakistani Govern- ment. ; Mr. Hilary said the only mil-j itary assistance provided to his Government by the Nixon Administration" consisted of a relatively small, amount, of spare parts for equipment that was given before 1965. Defection Attempt Balked Special to The New YorU Times _ RAWALPINDI, Pakistan; Aug. 30—A jet fighter instructor of the Pakistani air force tried unsuccessfully to defect 10 days ago by attemptin9 to fly a two-seat trainer aircraft to In- , dia, the: Pakistani Government •' said, last night. ^ THEfNEW YORK TIMES, TUESDAY, JUNE"29, 1971 "" U.SiSays It Will Continue Aid to Pakistan Despite.Cutoff Urged by Other Nations
a "political accommodation" in on the munitions control list," By TAD SZULC East Pakistan on'the basis of and that between four and five Special to The New Yort Times autonomy and to create condi- other ships would sail with WASHINGTON, June 28—The tions allowing the refugees to similar cargos before mid-Au- Nixon Administration reaffirm- return. gust. ; ed today that it intended to He admitted, however, that This information led Senator provide economic .aid .to P.aki- such leverage was not yet Kennedy late' in the afternoon stan despite international pres- measurable arid tnat few refu- to telephone Joseph J. Sisco, sures to halt foreign assistance gees had returned home. Assistant Secretary of State for until the central Government Mr. Van HoIIen also an- Near Eastern and South Asian reached a political accommO' nounced that. the Administra- Affairs, to protest the new datibn with East Pakistan. tion had no plans for placing shipments. Most of the It nations form- a full embargo on shipments1 Mr. Kennedy then issued a ing the Aid to Pakistan Con- of military equipment to Paki statement charging that the sortium have concluded that stan. He told the subcommittee; hearings before his subcommit assistance, running at about headed by Senator Edward M. tee this morning had indicated $500-million a year, should; be Kennedy, Democrat of Massa*- that the Administration's policy withheld pending a political chusetts, that it was "likely on military supplies to Pakistan settlement of the crisis that has that additional - military equip-1 was "misleading and contra- resulted in the death of an esti- ment will be shipped to.'Paki- dictory.*' mated 200,000 East Pakistanis stan." "In violation of the under- and the flight to India of about He explained that while the standing conveyed to me and six million refugees. • . Administration had halted the others in Congress, our Gov- The'World Bank,'which; co- granting of export licenses for ernment has freely tolerated at ordinates .the consortium's as- military items under its four- least three shipments of mili- sistance to Pakistan, has''-rec- year-old program of credit and tary equipment to Pakistan ommended against further aid cash sales after the outbreak over the past two months/' he Britain, Canada and Belgium, of hostilities in East Pakistan said. among others members of .the last March 25, the permits "Today, after the hearings, consortium, have taken a simi- issued before that date would we learned that still another lar stance. not be revoked. ship, the Kaptai, is docking in Their positions emerged at an Other Administration sources New York to be loaded with informal meeting of the, consor- had reported, however, that still more military hardware for tium held in Paris last Monday this decision was made only Pakistan and four to five more to receive the report of a World last week by the National ships are expected to be loaded Bank mission that toured Pakis- Security Council after news- in the coming weeks. tan. Robert S. McNamara, the paper disclosures showed that "I'ye asked- the Administra- president of the bank,,was re- at least three Pakistani ships tion to stop the policy of ship- ported to have approved the carried military equipment from ping arms to Pakistan." policy of no further aid last New York to Karachi despite At the subcommittee hearing, Thursday.. what fhe State Department had Mr. 'Von Hollen justified the Administration officials re- originally described as a ban decision to continue economic ported at Senate hearings today on all shipments. aid to Pakistan and to maintain that the United States said in The State Department later the validity of the military ex- Paris that it disapproved of the issued a clarification, saying port licenses on the ground that policy of denying economic aid that the ban did not apply to to do otherwise in a situation to Pakistan as a political instru- equipment purchased' by the of "civil strife" . in East ment of pressure. This vie; w was Pakistanis before March. "Unde" r Pakistan would "be seen as reaffirmed here today. questioning by Senator ' Ken- sanctions and intrusion in in- Testifying before 'the Senate nedy, Mr. Van Hollen conceded ternal problems." Judiciary. Subcommittee on Ref- that the State Department's He said that the United ugees, the Deputy Assistant earlier public statements on the States had decided to keep sell- Secretary of State for Near matter were "confusing" and ing "nonlethal" military items Eastern and South Asian Af- "misleading." to Pakistan so that President, fairs, Christopher Van Hol- Later in the day, State De- Yahya Khan would not turn to len, said that by providing eco- partment officials confirmed re- other sources of supply, such nomic aid the United States ports that the Pakistani freighter as Communist China. would,. have leverage in per- Kaptai, due in New York today, He acknowledged, however, su'adihg" P.res;i4ent Agha W[o- would sail for Karachi about that Kammad yahya "Ifhan to seek July-f2i' "presumably with items arms: "^v"A'•,'''' •""'"'..•<"''.•'
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The Khulna district in the rif^SYiJNEY H. SCHAN3EBG lot of hungry people than a lot -of dead people." Ganges Delta also has a food "~ Special to The New York Time* The experts said that East DACCA, Pakistan, June 26 — problem, the sources said, be- Pakistan as a whole had a two- cause many Hindu farmers and Food scarcities are becoming month supply of food grains farm laborers have fled.-The serious in parts of East Paki- and that the problem was dis- ^minority Hindus have been par- stan,.eash is. short in rural tributing it to the deficit areas ticular targets of the army^ areas, jute factories are badly) The railroad from Chitta- [which pictures them as agents wippled and key road and rail 'gong, East Pakistan's major communications continue to be; port, to Dacca is still cut and of India and enemies of this disrupted -by guerrillas. guerrilla activity in the .area is Moslem nation. ! Nonetheless, most -foreign reported to .be fairly persistent. economic experts here are con- The line normally, carries 70 vinced that the Government is per cent of the food grains im- Another unknown is thej The team, described by the willing, at least for the imnie- ported by East Pakistan. Major long-run impact of the exodusj foreign economists here as diate future, to pay the severe : road bridges have also been of the six million Bengalis whoishocked and disconsolate, was economic price .of supporting blown. have fled to India. Their de-1 reported to, have recommended its army's occupation of the The region's usual rice deficit parture, which has cut food'.that aid be withheld until a eastern region, which has been is about two million tons a output and industrial produc- viable political solution was badly damaged during the ef- year: this year it will probably tion, has, also reduced con- found and a realistic - develop- , fort to suppress the Bengali be around three million. sumption. • ' merit plan was prepared by the •*• autonomy ipovement. Even in areas >vher.e rice Is martial-law government. h: Informed foreign sources re-: Dock Laborers pave Fled in reasonably good supply, cash The World Bank coordinates '*• I pint that their field trips have Apart from tHe transport; is short and many villagers can- an 11-nation consortium that.-_ turned up food shortages in mess, ports such a,s Chittagong; not afford to buy enough, even has been supplying about $500- : ^omia. areas that could become and Chalna, are also severely, at the reduced prices at which million a year in aid on which '.— graVe' unless the disrupted hampered by a lack of ware- the fleeing Hindu farmers are Pakistan is heavily dependent, ' transportation system improved house space and bj/labor short- selling it. The United States channels markedly. -S ages because much of the work: The main reason for the most of its aid—about $200- One problem "-area is the force has fled to the interior shortage of money is that the million a year—through the northwest, normally a rice- or to India. i Government's rur.al public- consortium. surplus region that .supplies Because of the, por^ conges- works program has 'been al- How long Pakistan will con-., neighboring districts. tion, the United -States, which most halted. Laborers who tinue to support army activities-- The -foreign economists say normally supplies-East Pakistan used" to make 60 cents a dayjin East Pakistan without the .r the northwest is desolate, with with lip to" a million tons of building roads, irrigation canals foreign aid is a subject of wide-./ few farmers visible"." Most have food grains -a year, has tempo- and dikes are jobtess. spread discussion in the foreign •. apparently fled "to India to1 rarily suspended; shipments. All development work has community here, escape the Pakistani Army, - The other major food-scarce stopped. Government agricul- Although foreign-exchange-•; iwhich has been. -trying to sup- area is the delta region on the tural technicians and private ir- reserves are low, the situation '[ ; press the Bengalis since March Bay of Bengal that was devas- rigation-well contractors are} is not quite as crippling as had ',' 25. ' - tated by the cyclone last afraid fo go into the interior.[been assumed. One reason is , Destroyed, Looted, Removed November that killed several Foreign consultants and engi-jPakistan's unilateral declara- hundred .thousand- people and neers- are killing time,in their tion of a moratorium on .pay-1 . Food stocks in the 'northwest destroyed ''most of the rich rice Dacca offices. Government of- ments on her huge international, have been - either destroyed, crop there. Feod stocks are low fices, though open, are short of debt. Another is that since the • looted or tavern out of the coun- on the islands-and in the coast- staff and doing no planning fighting began almost no im-" try, the 'foreign sources said. al areas,- although conditions work. • . ports have entered East Paki-. The situation has not reached are not as.- critical as was origi- Jute factories are operating! stan, so the Government has • the starvation level, -they added, nally feared because some re- at a fraction of their formerj saved foreign exchange. Finally, but- people do not have enough lief food has be.en delivered. levels. The eastern '. region'sfby coincidence, high inventories jto eat and the real problem Nevertheless, the foreign jute, one of the mainstays of of raw materials for manu-. iwil! arise in two or -'three sources sai<£ unless the distri- the national economy, is Pak facturing had been accumulated .months.' -^C-.-...4*.r.- .' bution system improves, the re- istan's biggest export and earn- in West Pakistan before the p* "Right^ngw^-Wl economist gion could become . ft famine trouble started. [^d^'th^^re^mQre 'likely a area. - • er of foreign exchange. This was the economic pic- In sum, the foreign econo-1-<- ture found by the World Bank mists feel that though Paki-^- team that toured East Pakistan Stan's economic position verges ~ recently to study the prospects on the desperate, it does not.'"j of peace-and stability as a re- necessarily presage an -early juisite to the resumption of end of the occupation of :ull-scale aid. east. NEW YORK TIMES, Sunday, 4 July 1971
v^ni-^ ,c•?•''-'Jr_:JJ! ''•'.' .HIL-.'"" TQ. **•'!:f •*!,''' to the level of typists. i mined: to keep, its ^gnp^pli-TSst Houses and shops of those 'Pakistan. '"' " ';'"'"" Bengalis who were killed or fled President Yahya Khan's speech to villages in the countryside to the nation last Monday was have been turned over to Moslem supposed to have unveiled his non-Bengali residents of East Pak- long-awaited plan for returning An 'Alien istan, who are collaborating with Pakistan—East and West — to the army. The temples of the civilian rule. It turned out to be Army' minority Hindus—the army's spe- exactly the opposite—a declara- cial scapegoats—are being de- tion that the military dictator- molished for no other reason ship would continue, with a Imposes than to demonstrate that those hand-picked civilian government who are not part of the army's as camouflage. design of "Islamic integrity" are In his speech, which Western Its Will not true1 Pakistanis and will not diplomats here described as "a be tolerated. disaster," the President, who is DACCA—"Doesn't the world Bengali youths, who just over also army chief, heaped praise realize that they're nothing but three months ago were exultantly on the army for rescuing the butchers?" asked a foreigner who marching through the streets and country from "the brink of disin- has lived in East Pakistan for shouting their slogans of defiance tegration ... by the grace of Al- many years. "That they killed— at the military regime, now talk lah." He also extended his "full- and are still killing—Bengalis in whispers, slipping up to for- est sympathy" to the six million just to intimidate them, to make eign newsmen for a few seconds Bengalis, mostly minority Hindus, slaves out of them? That they to murmur some information who have fled to India—"be- wiped out whole villages, open- about a massacre, the murder cause of false propaganda by ing fire at first light and stopping . of a family member or the de- rebels," he said. He appealed to .'billy when they got tired?" struction of a village. Anonymous them to "return to their homes •,V:'"The foreigner, normally a calm letters containing such details and hearths" for "speedy reha- 'man, was talking about the Pak- fin<(l their way every day into bilitation." istani Army and the bloodbath it newsmen's mailboxes at the Ho- Just the day before President 'has inflicted on East Pakistan in tel Inter-Continental. Yahya's speech, an army platoon its effort to crush the Bengali The effluvia of fear is over- stormed into several predomi- independence movement. whelming. But there is also a nantly Hindu villages 30 miles Most of the foreign residents— new spirit. Many of the Bengalis from Dacca, killing men and loot- diplomats, missionaries, business- —a naive and romantic people— ing and burning homes. Reports menT—also talk the way this man realize now that no other coun- of similar pogroms come from does now. They are bursting with try is going to save them, that other parts of the province. No , three months of pent-up anger they will have to do it all them- one knows exactly how many ajj.il outrage. And they are very selves and that it will take a Bengalis the army has killed, but eager to tell what they know to long time. reliable foreign sources here put those foreign newsmen who were Significant numbers of young the figure somewhere over permitted to re-enter East Pakis- men are slipping off to join the 100,000 — and possibly much tan in the past fortnight and Liberation Army, which oper- higher. travel around unescorted for the ates from border areas and from The East Pakistani economy, first time since March 25, when sanctuaries just across the bor- which used to provide the na- the army began its suppression der in India. Bengali guerrilla tional treasury not only with half campaign. terrorism is increasing. A number its exports and foreign exchange Pakistan's military regime con- of army collaborators have been but also with a captive market siders the foreign press implaca- executed, and more and more for West Pakistan's manufac- bly hostile, but it is desperate homemade bombs explode in tured goods, has been badly crip- to prove to the world its claim Dacca. The resistance is still pled by the upheaval. However, that order has been restored, sporadic, peripheral and dis- the military regime seems will- that the army is in control and organized, but tit is growing. ing—at least tor the present—to that normality is fast returning With each terrorist act, the pay the severe economic price of to East Pakistan. army takes revenge, conducting holding East Pakistan as a col- The army is, Indeed, in con- reprisals against the nearest Ben- ony, no matter how sullen or trol, except for a few areas near gali civilians. Several hundred resistant the population. the border with India, where the civilians were reported to have "It's a medieval army operat- Mukti Fouj, or "Liberation been rounded up and mowed ing as if against serfs," said one Army," is active and growing- down by the Army in Noakhali Westerner here. "It will use any more so—with aid from India. District recently after the Mukti method just to own East Pakistan Yet, East Pakistan is anything Fouj executed a member of one and keep milking it dry. Even if but normal. For this is clearly of the army's "Peace Commit- the Bengalis are serious about and simply a military occupa- tees" and his wife and children. the resistance, it will take five tion by an alien army. The once widely held theory to 10 years to make a dent." Bengali police have been re- that the cost of the occupation —SYDNEY H. SCHANBERG placed by police from West Pak- would prove prohibitive and Since cabling this article, Mr. istan, the country's dominant compel Pakistan to pull the army Schariberg, South Asia corre- wing that lies more than 1,000 out fairly quickly has been dis- spondent of The Times, has been miles away, with India in be- carded. Even without the World expelled from Pakistan. On ar- tween. West Pakistanis are also Bank consortium's massive annu- riving in New Delhi, he said the being flown in to replace officials al aid, which has been suspended Pakistan Government had or- in. ..every Government depart- in censure of the repression, the dered him to leave "in the inter- ! even down Islamabad regime seems deter- ests^ the security, of Pakistan." -NEW'-YORK TIMES-, Monday, 5 July 1971
By CHESTER BOWLES ESSEX, Conn. — Unless two rather unlikely developments occur, South Asia is in imminent danger of erupting into a tragic, needless war. These developments are: First, that the ruling West Pakistan Government turns away from the path of terror against its own subjects in East Pakis- tan and agrees to a settlement that will stem the flow of frightened, home- less refugees into India; and second, that the world community soon mounts a massive campaign to relieve India of the burden of supporting nearly six million refugees who have already crossed the border. The Indian Government is making a Herculean effort to provide food, medi- cal assistance and shelter to these destitute and frightened people. The cost, which is estimated at more than $10 milion a week, is being assumed by India at a time when its economic assistance from the World Bank and the Consortium (the United States, Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Japan and Canada) has been sharply reduced and more than $500 million in principal and interest on past debts is scheduled to be repaid this year alone. These economic constraints are com- pounded by political factors. Prime Minister Gandhi has emphasized that the refugees belong to "every political persuasion—Moslem, Christian, Bud- dhist and Hindu." But reports are now spreading that the West Pakistan mili- tary has begun to focus its fury on the Hindu minorities throughout East Pakistan. If this is true it is bound to Brad Holland create religious tension with India's 65- million Moslem minority. China may deliver an ultimatum to It is reported in the press that mem- Finally, India fears that an inde- India (similar to the one she delivered bers of the Consortium and the World pendent East Bengal may encourage in October of 1965 toward the end of Bank with the exception of the United West Bengal, where the Communist the East Pakistan war); (4) the Soviet States have agreed to stop economic party Marxists are the largest single Union then supports the Indian po- aid to Pakistan until a political under- element, to merge into a single Bengali sition and wards China off, and the standing is reached with East Pakistan nation and thereby create a target for escalation continues. and the East Pakistanis are assured Chinese intrigue and subversion. This scenario may be dismissed by their full share. In a recent speech in the Indian many as a bad dream. In my opinion it Since the outbreak of the struggle Parliament, Mrs. Gandhi asserted, is a very real possibility, and if the in East Pakistan in late March the "This is not as some say 'an internal situation continues to drift, a proba- United States has shipped three' car- problem' of Pakistan. It is a problem bility. goes of military equipment to Pakistan which threatens the peace of South Mrs. Gandhi's government has acted that can only be used against her own Asia. Has Pakistan the right to compel responsibly in its handling of the crisis people in East Pakistan or against at bayonet-point not thousands, not on its northeast border, but the finan- India. This step has been taken despite hundreds of thousands, but millions to cial and political pressures are rapidly a solemn assurance to Congress that flee their homes? This is an intolerable pushing India to the breaking point. no arms would be sent. It was first situation. This Government may have The world community through the accepted as just another bureaucratic its faults, but it does not lack courage. United Nations channel, by direct blunder which did not represent United It is not afraid to take a risk that is a initiative or any other means, must States policy. However, in the last few necessary risk." act. What is happening in East Pakis- days there is evidence this was not an The possible sequence of events that tan is an immoral and humanitarian accident but a deliberate decision. may soon confront us is appalling: (1) outrage which must be condemned and If this is in fact correct the United India in a desperate effort to cut off stopped. At the same time India must States, once again, has committed an the flow of refugees, return the pres- be relieved of the responsibility for the abysmal error in Asia, one that his- ent refugees to their own homes and care of the six million refugees. This torians may find even more difficult to prevent the establishment of an ex- long-suffering, struggling, democratic condone or excuse than the debacle in treme left-wing government in East country which a few months ago Indochina. Pakistan may move troops into East seemed about to achieve economic .Pakistan; (2) Pakistan mav then be self-sufficiency must not be allowed to Chester Bowles, author of "Promises . expected egime- s- reparing For Long Guerrilla War in East By MALCOLM W. BROWNE Special to The New York Times DACCA, Pakistan, July.29— • Most experts speculate that Pakistan's military ^Government Bengali guerrillas who went to is waiting for what it fears may India on March 25 have now be a protracted guerrilla war had ' time to receive training in East Pakistan, and. Govern- and weapons in Indian camps ment strategists are', drawing and are :now back in action in from the writings of Mao Tse- East Pakistan. According to one tung and other experts in their : estimate, there are, .30,000 plans. ••-'•• •'•' active guerrillas in the prov- "Ours is a regular army,"'a nee. One step toward counter- ranking Pakistani officer said :; rig this force was taken by, in an interview. "We recognize the Government .on July 15 that regular armies are not when • it organized the new suitable for guerrilla cam- iazakar (Volunteer) force. paigns, as the'Vietnam experi- ence has shown. Wei can shield Auxiliary Militia Formed ~ th'e nation' against external Razakar units are hamlet mi- threats, notably India,'but only itia responsible to the local the people can; conduct anti- jolice as a kind of auxiliary. guerrilla warfare.", Anyone over .14 may join after Pakistan's army, which con- a loose screening procedure. sists mainly 'of West "Pakistanis, After brief training the recruit attacked Bengali dissidents on is given a rifle and paid about March 25 to re-establish the 70 cents a day while on duty, authority of the national gov- "The Razakars guard vulner- ernment and to suppress the able points such as power sta- separatist movement. . tions, bridges and so forth, but Tens of millions of East Paki- they should be especially hehv stanis, it is repprted, fled the ful as members of rural conf- major towns for the relative munities who can identify guer- security of the countryside and rillas," an army officer said. several million crossed the . The .Government says it has border into neighboring India. already recruited more than ; Open Battles Fought 22,000 Razakars of a planned force of 35,000; Initially, the '-Bengali sep- 1 - "The people are definitely aratists fought:'the army in giving us information about the open battles. Bengali forces in- guerrillas," -.the officer said. cluded .almost all of Ea;st Paki- "The people realize that the stan's police and militia forces, guerrilla operations are hurting as well as the E.ast Bengal the economy and that this hurts Regiment, a unit' in the ha- the people. If we can convert tipnal army. this resentment into support for But the .-national army quick- us,: we'll overcome the guerrilla ly seized' all the major towns problem." in East Pakistan, and wiped out The officer said the army opposition strongpoints..:.- Re- was increasingly successful in sistance became sporadic and determining guerrilla infiltraj took the form of sniping arid tion routes and in ambushing sabotage on railroad lines. them. During the last two .weeks, "Mao Tse-tung teaches that however, guerrilla activity has 1 roving rebels accomplish noth- accelerated and has begun to! ing and that successful guerril- pose a-problem for the military l3s-;:must: have;;-a- base inside authorities. The three divisions their'vtarget' country,?? he; said, of troops, armor and artillery, "This now being maintained in East Pakistan have not been able to prevent the •-'. dynamiting • ;of THE NEW YORK TIMES, Sunday, 1 August 1971 Himalayan It is not necessary to agree wholly with India's over- Pakistan's role as the jumping off point for Dr. Henry righteous attitude to recognize that President Yahya's Kissinger's recent secret flight to Peking may help to ruthless policies in Bengal are putting New Delhi in explain — though not to excuse — the Administration's an increasingly difficult position. India simply cannot shocking support for the Yahya Khan Government during support—economically, socially or politically—a flow of the first few months of the vicious military crackdown refugees from East Pakistan that already exceeds seven in East Pakistan. But now that the door to China has million. Even more serious, the systematic slaughter, been opened, it is impossible to excuse or explain Wash- rape and expulsion of Hindus from East Pakistan could ington's continuing supply of arms to Islamabad and touch off communal violence throughout India, with its its persisting ambiguity in the face of a deepening tragedy substantial Moslem minority. It is no wonder that Indians that threatens to erupt before the year is out into a are appalled and angry over United States Government major international conflict. policies that give aid and comfort to the Yahya regime . Reports from Pakistan indicate that President Yahya while seeming to disregard the horrible implications of)' and his military supporters are still determined to pursue events in East Pakistan. I £ 'their policy of military repression in the East, having Under persistent prodding of members of Congress, .£ | failed to rally any significant number of Bengali politi- the Administration appears to be altering its position \ > 5 cians to their side. President Yahya has threatened to try somewhat. There have been vague assurances that no'"' \, 1 in a secret military court and possibly to execute Sheikh •new arms or economic aid will be granted to Islamabad^ k Mujibar Rahman, the imprisoned Bengali leader who for the present. The planned dispatch of an American * {--remains the best hope for a political settlement of the police adviser to Dacca has reportedly been canceled. But r civil conflict. . American arms continue to flow to Yahya's troops under Meanwhile, there is imminent threat of widespread old licensing agreements and the exact Washington posi- famine in the stricken eastern province, where planting tion on other aid is by no means clear. has been neglected and shattered communications lines It is time all American aid to the Yahya regime, ex- hamper the movement of available food stocks. Refugees cepting relief assistance, was unequivocally stopped. The continue to pour over the Indian border by the tens of reported American-backed plan to station United Nations , thousands daily, creating problems that a Red Cross offi- observers in East Pakistan could help ease the plight of! cial has described as catastrophic. the Bengalis but it falls far short of the political accom- '.V Resistance in East Pakistan continues, with bombings modation that is needed to head off an explosion on the a daily occurrence in the capital of Dacca and commu- Indian subcontinent that could precipitate an American- nications throughout the province seriously disrupted. Chinese-Soviet confrontation in the Himalayas. The Bengalis are said to be training tens of thousands of guerrilla fighters in camps along the Indian border in preparation for a major effort in the fall when the mon- soon rains end. If this should occur, the guerrilla activity almost "certainly would lead to af confrontation between India and Pakistan, even if Indian Prime Minister Indira nidh^ "^tiecee.ded^ni the meantime; in .resisting.^ ST. LOUIS-POST DISPATCH, Monday, August 2, 1971 Military Aid to Pakistan Goes On Administration Hides Facts From Public And Congress Senator Stuart Symington tiorial supplies will be shipped in the future. The value of validly licensed but unshipped material fo< In His Washington Report Pakistan in the United States is well over ten mil- < WASHINGTON lion, dollars. : Hostilities in East Pakistan have resulted in On the basis of agreements signed before the be- the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Pakistanis, gining of fiscal year 1971 $83,000,000 of develop-, and the flight of some 6,000,000 refugees to India. merit assistance is jn the pipeline or about to enter it. About half of this total is already formally com- Since these hostilities broke out March 25, State mitted for development projects in East Pakistan. Department officials have 'insisted that an em- The undeniable fact is that the United States bargo on military assistance has been in effect could have .refused to make these deliveries and since 1965 ,with, a one-time exception announced could have refused to transmit the equipment, 'but last October, and that "there is no — repeat — : chose not to exercise that legal right. \ .-..;• , ,; no equipment.in the pipeline .There is no doubt, about the confusion that has and none has.' been delivered been caused by Executive. Branch ;statements The Mirror . under that exception." be- over^ the past few months which seemed, to indi- " . spite, repeated statements, of cate to both the Congress and the American, Of . this nature the press made people that we had not shipped arms to Pakistan * _ € known within recent months since March 25 and that we have nothing in the i ^Public Opinion freighters were sailing from pipeline to be shipped. ftHsk ?• UlS- P°ts to Pakistan with 1 That impression was wrong. We have continued • gffr'* '& ••••' : ,U/S. mil.ita ry equipment these shipments not because we were powerless S aboard. •;-'. to stop them, but because we decided not to stop The Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on them. ' • , ( —Near- Eastern and South Asian Affairs, which I The seriousness of this situation lies in the apj; chair, subsequently met and heard testimony from parent intent of the Executive Branch to obscure Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and the facts, from tooth the public and the Congress; South. Asian Affairs Joseph J. Sisco. As a result of through semantics and ambiguous statements. No; this meeting, we have a better picture of what the effort to present the actual facts was made un- U S. Is actually doing and intends to do so far as til pressed to do SQ. . _ assistance to Pakistan is concerned. Following is a chronological description of U.S. action taken in providing military assistance to Pakistan as related by Mr. Sisco: 1965. Embargo placed on .supply of military equipment to India and'Pakistan and grant assist- ance under military assistance program terminat- ed. 1966. Embargo "modified" to permit sale of "non-lethal end items" to India and Pakistan. Paki- stan also resumed purchases through the Foreign Military Sales Programs and commercially amount- ing to an average of $15,000,000 to $20,000,000. worth of military equipment annually. 1967. Embargo "further modified" to permit sale of ammunition and spare parts for military equip- ment provided by the U.S. prior to 1965 conflict be- tween India and Pakistani 1970. (October) A "one-time exception"—sale of armored personnel carriers and aircraft authorized. The result is that we have had an embargo that'is not an embargo, although the' Executive Branch continues to insist on calling it so. By early April Pakistan had obtained legal title to and was in possession of some military items still in the,U.S. In a legal sense, however, the "de- livery" of these items to. Pakistan had apparently taken place. . . „ Some of these items -haye been Shipped,and, a t. \'. ^ Ain^tomy Of'A Ci;inw , THE NEW YORK TIMES, Thursday, 5 August 1971 |4Pakistani Aides Quit Missions in U.S. Continued From Page 1, Col. 1 :ounselor; A. R. Chaudhury, P. Rogers and Henry A. Kis- jmbassy finance and accounts singer, the President's national civilized conduct and commits jfficer, and S. M. AH, third sec- security adviser, criticized tha crimes against humanity." retary. proposed ban on aid to Pakis- The group announced that it The resigning diplomats al- tan, which now goes to the Sen- Bengalis Charge Crimes by would shift its allegiance to the uded to yesterday's House of ate for action. "Government of Bangla Desh," Representatives vote in favor Mr. Nixon said in a news the Yahya Government- or "Bengal Nation," which it )f suspending aid to Pakistan conference that a suspension said represented the "hopes and md Greece. was likely to aggravate the Some Request Asylum aspirations" of the majority of "There absolutely cannot be problem of relief for East Paki- the people of "what used to be my question of economic or stan refugees. He said it would Pakistan." nilitary assistance to West hamper Pakistan's ability to By BENJAMIN WELLES The Pakistan Army moved 'akistan now," they said. "Such work with the United Nations Special to The New York Tlmei jlast March to crush a move- issistance will only have the "as it presently has indicated :ffect of perpetuating geno- it is willing to do in distribut- WASHINGTON, Aug. 4 — ment for political autonomy in East Pakistan. Some of the :ide." ing the food supplies." [Open-: Fourteen Pakistani diplomats— movement's leaders subsequent- Within an flour of the dip- ing statement, Page 18.] all of Bengali origin—resigned ly proclaimed independence for omats* news conference, Presi- Calling for continuing e'co* today from their embassy here j Bangla Desh, and guerrilla re- ient Nixon, after a meeting nomic aid to Pakistan as-!-tH8 isistance against the troops i; Kith Secretary of State William way to "influence the course or from the mission to the ! United Nations in protest the east has been reported. nf events" in the Indian ;subi continent, Mr. Nixon announced against what they called East Pakistan, which is sepa rated from West Pakistan b; that Secretary Rogers would "crimes against humanity" in 1,000 miles of Indian terrkonj confer next week at the United. East Pakistan by the Govem- ftaSk?2 million people, mostj Nations with Prince Sadruddin • ment of President Agha Mo- Sf Bengali stock. West Pakistan Khan, the United Nations High . haiijmad Yahya Khan. tilts' a /population of 55 million, Commissioner for Refugees, ;and with other officials. , ATspokesman for the United mostly Punjabis and Pathans. : :;' The 'resignations appeared to Rejecting rising _ Congres- States Immigration and Natur- reduce the Pakistani Embassy's sional and public pressure for alization Service said that some staff here by half. Of 10 civilian pubic condemnation of Paki- of the Pakistani diplomats who attaches listed in the State De- stan's military attions in East resigned had applied for per- partment's Diplomatic List, six i Pakistan, Mr. Nixon declared: have resigned. j "We are not gbing to engage mission to remain in the coun- I in public pressure on the',6.ov| try under political asylum. Atrocities Are Alleged :ernment of West Pakistan.:'Tha|: The spokesman said the State Mr. Muhith declared that (would be totally cpunterproduc| Department would be asked for Bengalis in East Pakistan are live. These are matters that 'wf being hunted down by the will discuss Only in private its views as soon as personal army. Villages are being put. .to; data on the diplomats were col- .channels." ....'' .;• | | the torch, he said, women-are White House sources said lected. Although State Depart- being abducted and raped and young people are being "ba that President Nixon's lefep ment spokesmen declined com- : ence to the "Government"-,pi ment on the matter, there were oneted or .bled to death." - . West Pakistan" was no indications that the Bengali dip- "Not only has a reign, of ed to imply that lomats, whose cause has strong terror been established, but it States recognizes two is heightened every day," Mr. political entities. support in Congress, would be Muhith said. "Yahya's 'final permitted to remain. solution'.'-of the Bengali ques< A. M. A.. Muhith, economic tion-.has", since taken on an counselor of the Pakistani Em- added- sinister dimension : bassy and leader, of the group, denial;:of. food to starve Ben- galis into, submission." : said at a news conference at : Among the other diplomats the National Press Club that he who resigned today were'S. A. • and his--colleagues felt they Karin,.! deputy permanent: rep- could no longer remain silent while the^Pakistani Government '•-"• --•'•••• '• :••'•/." •-•'<"•"" "•*• ••' THE NEW YORK TIMES, Friday, August 6, 1971 ;: of peace' : Associated-Press -relations, are. 1 t; The spokesman.) said r the strained because of contin- ! f ued US arms shipments to NEW DELHI — Soviet issue also would come up again in talks Gromyko Pakistan, and by what is Foreign Minister Andrei A. will have with Prime Min- officially described here as Gromyko, on an apparent ister Indira Gandhi today "the prestige being used at diplomatic mission to try to and Foreign Ministry offi- the highest levels of the prevent a war between ciate for the next three State Department and days. White House to shore up India and Pakistan, arrived Indian 'officials said later and back up the Pakistan here yesterday for talks he regime." said he hoped would lead that yesterday's meeting to "the consolidation of was of a preliminary na- Foreign Secretary T. N. peace in Asia and through- ture, basically to settle Kaul, talking briefly to ; program and agenda. ..newsmen at the airport, outxthe world," ^:-;^:. ;*: : «••••' *.•<-?,• „•;,,, They said the agenda " 'r/ 3enied that any new, for- -.•'•' ;,. ; . b '•"; •'•".' 5X1- "'i ' J f;.M.al protest had been deliv- _-, Indian offieialS; described $ ...... -, ' >"••";: ... - •"^--r:, "":fered to the US government a - had, -three', .inain^. points- in the arms issue, as re- ' Grornyko's trip, ' expected bilateral cooperation, in- ported in some Indian pa- to last about five days, as- a ternational problems, and pers. The last announced "visit of peace meantmto recent developments in the protest note was given to region. deter people like Pakistani the United States June 27. President Agha Moham- Gromyko's 12-member With Gromyko's final med Yahya Khan from party includes A.A. Fomin, itinerary still not an- making threats of war head of the Soviet Foreign nounced, there was no in- against India." . • Ministry's South Asian Di- dication whether he might In a four-sentence arriv- vision and considered an be in New Delhi at the expert on India-Pakistan al statement read in halt- affairs. same time as Sen. Edward ,ing English, -Gromyko did ^ M. Kennedy, who is due Gromyko's visit; comes at a ft'rioi.mentipn _the> E^a' '••a ..time • wh'- here Saturday after visits ' '''' to East Pakistani refugee camps in the Calcutta area and a two-day trip to Pak- ••" ratirifrh^relatioris istan. Indian and Pakistan, which In his arrival statement, were believed to have Gromyko expressed hope prompted his sudden jour- that his talks here would ney to the subcontinent. "promote the cause of But an Indian spokesman further developing and ,said the East Pakistan issue deepening the friendly co- came up Briefly in a 65- operation" between India minute preliminary meet- anjURussja' ing Gromyko • had with Foreign Minister Swaran ! , Singh soon., after his arrival 3 from" Mo THE BOSTON GLOBE, Wednesday, August 11, 1971 shaiply about what they were doing to meet the The news agency report problems of the tide of re- continued: fugees. "The senator's commit- At every stop, Kennedy ment to the Indian cause was surrounded by news- has evoked deep resent- men, security police, East frdm entry on refugee tour ment in Pakistan, which Pakistani activists anxious might have found expres- to promote the rebel cause, United Press International fugee camps in India spawned by sions in public demonstra- and curious refugees. the civil war in East Pakistan. tions during his visit, em- There were hordes of shirt- BLYRA, India — Sen. Edward barrassing both him and less children. M. Kennedy's tour of East Pakistani He had expected to fly to the the host country. Placards urged him to refugee camps in India soured yes- East Pakistan capital of Dacca tom- "Responding to public oppose US military aid to terday when the Pakistan govern- orrow and on to the West Pakistan sentiment, the Pakistan West Pakistan, which sent, ment revoked permission for him of Islamabad the following day. government has let it be soldiers to East Pakistan to wipe out the resistance to cross the border into either East known that they do not re- But the Pakistan government in gard the present moment movement. or West Pakistan. Rawalpindi cancelled Kennedy's vis- opportune for a visit by the Kennedy started his au- senator." tomobile tour after a quick A news agency in Rawalpindi its yesterday, blaming him for "par,r,- change of clothes at the said "no useful purpose would be tisan statements" that have "evoked' '•{•:" In an arrival statement Calcutta airport, and made.' served by his visiting Pakistan at deep resentment in Pakistan," ac- at Calcutta airport early several stops en route 'to - the present moment with his mind yesterday morning, Kenne- the border village of Blyr a7\ cording to the Associated Press;Mf| . dy said he was visiting ; already made up." The State De- Pakistani news agency. "^ • about 80 miles away. | ', partment in Washington confirmed India and Pakistan in his The senator showed imV the cancellation. Kennedy had plan- role as chairman of a Sen- patience on several occa-" Without quoting any sources, the ate subcommittee on refu- ned two days of visits in East and news agency said "Sen. Kennedy has sions when officials volun- West, Pakistan following his exami- gee affairs "to see, hear teered answers to questions i been given to understand that no and talk with refugees. inatibn yesterday of the .teeming re.-- i 'useful purpose would be served by he asked of refugees; ';' his visiting Pakistan at the present "I'm hopeful that wilh through an interpreter. moment with his mind already made the results of these next At the Salt Lake camp -, up. few days that the United complex, his first stop" on' States will be able to help the outskirts of Calcutta, "The Pakistan government had to reduce the hopelessness Kennedy was told that the earlier agreed to the senator's visit- and despair that these 7.5 camps held 156,000 refu- ing Pakistan in hope that he would million persons are suffer- gees and that 40,000 had suspend expression of one-sided ing," he said. arrived last week alone. He views at least until after he had seen asked whether there were both sides of the picture. But partisan The senator then toured any school facilities for camps along the Indian statements made by him since his refugee children and was border by automobile and told of plans for setting up .arrival-.in India show how deeply he on foot. \ tias1 afebibed' Indian propaganda;-'' >y: classrooms. "Yes, I know, it's a nice I Kennedy, in a short- . j . , 4 sleeved white shirt with an . ink-stained pocket, got out thing to jook^for^^rd* to,"^ of his car at one point to said Kennedy; ^bufTtiowJ stride along the highway in many do you have now9" a monsoon rain and talk On being told that there with refugee families rest- were .none,', he said, "I ing by the roadside on their know.,,it's (the schooling' trek from the border. situation) very difficult." He saw still more refu- Kennedy was: 'toldi,_tha.t -gees arriving by boat from 25 percent of the. arriving East Pakistan across the refugees were,, suffering Kapathaki Riv'er. from malnutrition- ,aiid;-re- At times the Massachu- plied, "I thpught It |rduld setts Democrat expressed/ •-'probably bestnuch more."" • iijnp'afienee: anfli'.- questioned!;:; jtf;;; Sen. C h.a r-1 e s •• /Percy jjf|CR-Ill.)y' is ;V also" touring "' a, and'yesterday was in THE NEW YORK TIMES, Wednesday, August 11, 1P71 SflfSurprise to Most Irtfians *The treaty, which was signed by the Soviet Foreign Minister, BABEOFSOVIET Andrei A. Gromykp, and Mr. Singh, was a surprise to most VOICED IN INDIA Indians and to the foreign dip- lomatic community here. Injn- dia, however, there was spon- Treaty Also Brings Harsh taneous enthusiasm. The accord Comments on U.S. Policy came at a time when India was •worried over a threat of war by President Agha Mohammad Special to Th« New York Times Yahya Khan of Pakistan on the NEW DELHI, Aug. 10—Praise issue of the separatist move- for the Soviet Union and some ment in East Pakistan. India, harsh comments on United which is caring for more than States policy were voiced to- seven million refugees from! day as the Indian Parliament East Pakistan is helping the in-' debated the Indian-Soviet surgent guerrilla movement friendship treaty signed here •there with training, arms and yesterday. other supplies. Nearly all parties acclaimed In the Parliamentary debate, the treaty, but opinion was di- the leader of the right-wing Jan yjdtd on whether India's tra Sangh party, A. B. Vajpayee, ; 4itional nonalignment poliej said that the treaty had won ;.had- survived. .;-< "a friend at a critical juncture." :/ SF oreign Minister Swaran' £'?Thank God, today we have ]gh, speaking at the end-;:6f; ajpeast one ally," said another] ' six-hour debate, reiterated! rightist member, Frank Ani §t the treaty was not a rniliy] , .".Vi& • .[. tjai-y pact and that there wa's- ! "jipthing either in the treaty ||ylr. Anthony said that the •• br; in anything that flpwed pajet had brought a sense of from it that detracts from thfe realism to India's foreign policy policy of nonalignment." •-:. '''j: and' that the "sacred barren There was no vote on the cow" of nonalignment had giv- treaty in Parliament because eri:-way to a pragmatic policy. under the Constitution the Cabi- He said India should be grate- net is empowered to ratify it ful to President Nixon for hav- The Government, nonetheless ing supplied the motive to sign still went before Parliament to the treaty, "by his stupid, Amor- have the treaty debated. al policy" on East Pakistan, Mr. Singh said the signing of where he was "abetting /geno- the accord had nothing to do cide." _ with either President Nixon's Pakistan Shows Concern overtures toward Communist China or the Pakistani military Special to The New York Times suppression of the Bengali sep KARACHI, Pakistan, Aug. 10 aratist movement in East Pak — Pakistan has reacted with istan. surprise and concern to the The Foreign Minister said signing of the pact between In- that the treaty had been in dia and the Soviet Union, which .the; making for the last two Pakistan apparently regards as Vje&rs and that secret talks -had a defense treaty. ;|fgn, place at various levels ' Although there was no offi- cial comment here, Govern- ment sources privately ques^ tioned why India, which they described as a major military power, still needed the agree- ment. ! India's attitude, they assert- ed, was likely to become belli- cose instead of just obnoxious. The circles, said the treaty "knocks the bottom out" of In- idiajs •contention'", that she is '• —^ti?- 1 : __ ii . i\ ' NEW YORK TIKES, Tuesday, 13 April 1971 tf Last" Tuesday, the Chinese1 ^However, a State Department ' sent a note to New Delhi''that' spokesman, Charles W. Bray contended India was interfer- 3d,-said that the Nixon Admin- istration had not interrupted ing jn East Pakistan. Hsinhua, the program of sales to Pakis- the Chinese press agency, yes- tan, mostly for cash, of so- terday accused the United called "nonlethal military State's, India and the Soviet equipment" such as spare Union of interfering in Paki- parts, transport planes and medical supplies. Charges have stani internal affairs. , . been made that Pakistan was Since the fighting broke out using United States arms to Lauds Effort to End East's on March 25, Pakistan has suppress the East Pakistani made repeated allegations — movement. Autonomy Drive—Stay denied by India—that Indian Mr. Bray said this "modest" program was now "under re- Out, New Delhi Told armed infiltrators had entered view." Mr. Bray was .unable to East Pakistan to. .ai.d/.'ther.in say whether equipment sold to speak out on the side of Pltki- Pakistan before the eruption of stan. V:J.V UNITY IS TERMED VlfAL iT »n v~ . '^ ••• '-• ;- forces1 "of 'Sheik the.fighting was being deliv- The details of Mr. Kosygln,'i ered at this-time. He said the meetings with Ambassador Janii- Mujibur Rahman, head of the State Department had been un- sheed K. A. Marker of Pakistan Awami. League, the major party and Ambassador Durga Prasftd Direct Peking Involvement in the East. able to determine over the weekend whether there were Dhara of India were not krio$n; Doubted by U.S. Aides— "Should Indian expansion- Tass, the official press agencyj, ists dare to launch any aggres- any ships at sea carrying mate- said both sessions were atfflhe Kosygin Sees Envoys sion against Pakistan," the rial to Pakistani ports. request of the ambassadorsiift Chinese message said, "the said the talk with Mr. Ma||$f Chinese Government and peo- Wheat Shipments Stopped was held in a "friendly ajjpi|-. By neuter! ple will always firmly support WASHINGTON, April 12 (Reu- phere" and that Mr. Kdi^fi' ISLAMABAD, Pakistan, April the Pakistan Government and people in their just struggle to ters)— The United States an- had "a friendly conversation?' 12—Communist China came safeguard their state sover- nounced today that it is sus- with Mr. Dhara. %1 out strongly today in support of It is presumed by Western eignty and national independ- pending aid shipments of wheat diplomats here that Mr. Kosy- President Agha Mohammad ence." to1 East Pakistan because of con- gin has been in private contact Yahya Khan and warned India "The Chinese Government," gestion in East Pakistani ports with the Pakistan and Indian against any aggression against the note said, "holds that what is happening in Pakistan at caused by civil strife there. The Governments over the appar- Pakistan. present is purely an internal United States has told Pakistan ently worsening situation and President Yahya's forces that both of these countries affair of Pakistan, which can that it is eager to resume the may have asked to give the Rus- have been putting down a only be settled by the Pakistan shipments. sians their points of view. movement for autonomy in people themselves, and which The wide publicity given the East Pakistan. brooks no foreign interference Kosygin Meets Ambassadors meetings by 'the Soviet media [United States officials whatsoever." indicated a Soviet desire to un- said that they did not believe By BERNARD GWERTZMAN derscore Moscow's effort to re- Peking Involvement Doubted Special to The New York Times main impartial, even though the that the Chinese message MOSCOW, April 12—Premier presaged any direct involve- j By TAD SZULC Kremlin had already publicly Special to The New York Time» Kosygin met separately today criticized the use of force to ment by Peking in the Paki- I with the Pakistan and Indian quell the East Pakistani inde- stani situation. In Moscow, WASHINGTON, April 12— ambassadors as part of an ap- pendence movement. United States officials took the parently growing Soviet effort Premier Aleksei N. Kosygin view today that Premier Chou's to seek a solution to the crisis met with the Pakistani and message of support for Pakistan caused by the civil strife in India Denies Charge Indian Ambassadors.] was primarily political and did East Pakistan. NEW DELHI, April 12 (AP)— The message to the Paki- not presage any direct Peking Diplomatic sources said tha.. t The Indian Foreign Ministry stani President from Premier involvement. the Soviet Union was deeply today denied a Pakistani charge Officials here said that the concerned over continued Chou En-lai was officially consensus in the Administra- that two companies of Indian made public here tonight. In bloodshed in East Pakistan and border security forces had 1 tion was that, barring unfore- the resulting charges and coun- it, the Chinese leader said that seen developments, the danger tercharges between the Pakistan„ crossed into East Pakistan and President Yahya and other! of a major Indian-Pakistani and Indian Governments thattt the Pakistani arm^ had "w.iged Pakistani leaders had "done a confrontation was limited. have led Communist China to American officials tended to lot of useful wprk to uphold doubt that India would take the unification o^ Pakistan and advantage of the East Pakistani to prevent it from moving tp- fighting to, become directly en- .ward.a split.?'"•"-• i-M'!::vv; \.l gaged in hostilities with Pakis- Pakistan's Policies Backed tan. For this reason; they said, 1 Premier' Chou's statement of "We believe,?'.the,.message support for Pakistan appeared \vent on, "that through consul- to be "academic." .. V. Vations and the efforts :of Your Nevertheless, the White .Excellency and: leaders of vari- House press secretary, -Roflald ous; quarters in Pakistan,; Paki-j L. Ziegler, said that, "We fans stan will certainly be restored following the situation 'feeryj : : closely." „ '. to normal. ;..' ,', ;• -y -^ - U.S. Not 'taking "In. our.opinion, unification Other officials said that, un- of Pakistan arid-unity of the like China and the Soviet peoples of East; and West Paid-1 Jnion( the' United States' ''was ._.__ ...... ^i 'not taking sides." The judg- ment here is that China regards M h, as. her ally whije Jthf " ion favors Indil' V JfHE'/€BRISTI AN 'SCIENCE, MONITOR Wednesday, AgriklMlftfr A &3 How Peking views M ujib Special to the Christian Science Monitor . . . ' New Delhi Mainland China looks on East Pakistan leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as a close associate of the imperialists, a high-level Chinese Communist diplomat in New Delhi told an Asian News Service correspondent Monday. The diplomat said Sheikh Mujib had enjoyed close relations with the United States and India. The diplomat alleged that U.S. imperialism, Soviet social imperialism, and Indian "expansionism" were trying to cause chaos and confusion in East Pakistan. Peking's attitude toward Best Pakistan was spelled out in the Com- munist People's Daily, he said. China supported the integrity arid sovereignty of Pakistan. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman represented the emergent bourgeoisie of East Pakistan. " =" Indian "China watchers" think that the threat by mainland China to -sup- port the West Pakistan people against foreign interference may be based on the Chinese obsession with the Soviet Union and Soviet-President Podgorny's strong appeal to Pakistan President Yahya Khan to end the bloodshed. China analyst Mira Sinha of the Department of Chinese studies of Delhi University commented that the reference by the/ People's Daily to the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia indicated Peking's greater concern with the fear of Soviet interference in East Pakistan than that 'of the United States. The article did not declare overt solidarity with the Pakistan Government, she said. It spoke of the Pakistani people's revolutionary tradition and •->v ;.••-. Peking's support for the government and people in their efforts to uphold ' '' J their national sovereignty. R'L £ NEW YORK TIMES, Wednesday, I1)- April 1971 It was almost inevitable that the major iiatidiis oif Asia would sooner or later involve themselves in the tragedy now. being enacted in East Pakistan. The process began two weeks ago when both houses • of India's Parliament unanimously adopted a resolution expressing "wholehearted sympathy" for the East: Pakistanis; Now the Chinese Government, whose hostility toward India is of long duration, has moved to take advantage of the .crisis with a declaration of support for Pakistan "should the Indian expansionists dare to: launch aggression." For the moment there seems no reason' to take an alarmist view of the situation thus, created. India has more than enough troubles domestically to discourage even the most hawkish politician in New Delhi from advocating :military involvement, whatever may be done by individual hotheads or groups of militants in Indian areas bordering oh East Pakistan, Certainly Prime Min- ister Indira Gandhi's verbal rejoinder yesterday to the Chinese statement was . about as mild as it could be. Even if .India were much more belligerent than now appears, there is no evidence that a China still recovering from the ravages of the cultural revolution wants to get involved in a new war. •Thus Premier; Chou's note looks like ; an- effort to ' West Pakistani public opini&atj'.little;;:,1:1 i 1 *• __ t _ . , —:';•'•- :>'S!''-"tf- "^I'^""--'*'j'' ''''," P' or no real cost. Peking's attitude could chapgenf ' /Pakistan actually won its independence. But ,ihat now ' seems a distant eventuality despite continued Bengali NEW YORK TIMES, Wednesday, : P^or^^alMa-tooarffiaitia anf • •• , , - * • • " won the first stage of the war, and stream; aw recruits. Brahmaputra Before the'political crisis be- the;Bengalis are counting on th^'mohsoon rains, which will to -the Piiriji ' '• • ' ' an to mount, the Pakistani die'rs from 1 1 rmy had about 25,000 troops begin in a few weeks, to give '.. -- ;v, ' -. - . .• . them an advantage. mountains 6 wiftg;|ifei^^^ n East Pakistan. Large .num- ; ers of reinforcements ' have '•' ent ei^yar^Ttr^^ .cii een flown over from West -. thtjoughj the- border ^region: ,,bf ', India and East I ' akistah, which is separated '' ' rom the Eastern .province ,by ver a thousand miles of Indian ;ByjSYDNEY H. SCHANBERG ^ '/,. erritory. Some estimates put the num- fV'j.Indiav'-AprJI ber of West Pakistani troops in East Pakistan at 60,000 to 80,- iOO, most of them Punjabis and 'athans. The Punjabis in partic- ular have traditionally held the Bengalis in disdain though both leaders and potential-leaders'of are predominantly Moslem. East Pakistan and shattered the Though the average amount of ammunition' by the guerrilla economic base of the region in riflemen is 30 to 40 rounds, their effort to crush the inde- ;heir determination seems high, pendence movement. 'iieled in. many cases by the On orders, the army—now 'act that the Pakistani Army consisting entirely 'of West las killed members of their West'-Pakistan's military cr'adl|- families—and sometimes all of down,.' '*•/.-.•"* • • ' '' '|:S Pakistani troops — has killed them. •• s - : 1 •j.;.In: .an..rEast^Pakistani'' b.p*rder students, intellectuals, profes- "They have made me an area' visited."byj-' this:'corresppn:- sors, engineers, doctors and orphan," said one soldier who, dent, at. ..least' .six secessionisjt1 others of leadership caliber— like many of his comrades, had leaders;met to name Mr. Ahmtk;, whether they were -directly in- glassy eyes and seemed unable volved with' > the nationalist to believe what had happened. Prime ;'Minister and Defe-tige movement or not. '.'My/'life is unimportant now." Minister Pf?'the. state they<:'eall Both in military attacks and ? Tw:b days ago West Paki- Bangla- Desh;" or Bengal fJatiGtii!-; in executions, the central Gov- stani troops, as they had been JThey'^pi;pci.aimed.. 'Sheik M-fltli ernment's forces killed East for several days, were burning jtheir';President, although pri'- Pakistani Army officers and villages on the outskirts of Co- milla less than a mile from ivately'the' secessionist leader's soldiers who were unable to break out and join the guerrilla the Indian border. Their appar- ; acknowledged'that he was 'Qt forces when-the army offensive ent purpose was to remove all Tho Hew York Timei prison., in West ;P£.kistan. began on March 25. Most of cover within a five-mile radius In cities shown by .underlines, perl While ''the., central Govern- the officers' families have been of *'•** -- -1 '-"Vi ' '*" •-'•••life fled, aci iri-eht, -' which is dominated by] killed; only a few escaped into cats West Pakis'tah,'; continues to ari- hiding. all With the aid. of air and naval h'-duric'e"j that .the. situation is bombardment, the army has 0^,,.a venture without assur- calrri-in th'e,East.and.conditions destroyed food supplies, tea f'l ances of full support from Pe- are. • re.turning' to n'brrnal, a far Factories, jute mills and nat- man patrol to harass the Paki- eing. different picture emerges on the ural-gas fields—the economic stani troops. This correspond- Even before the offensive, .scene'.!.'•-. .. basis of East Pakistan. , ent accompanied the patrol, the Bengalis wondered why iJie "This has already set the three of whose members had Western powers and others did, Daily Battles Reported country back 25 years,"' said no shoes. not support their cause. Now Daily/battles-, are reliably re- a Scottish tea-estate manager Using rice paddies to advan- their disillusionment is com- ported in many sector's. Hordes who fled to India from his tage, the patrol stalked to with- plete. plantation in the northeast. 1 in.200 yards of the soldiers, "This is genocide, and people of ESst Pakistanis.have fled the 'who were throwing phospho- cities to, seek refuge: or join "The liberation : army, trying 1 are just standing by and to stopvthe army, is blowing rous grenades into thatch huts. looking," a Bengali student re-, the, secessionist', army, and thou> the bridge.s, railroad lines and The Bengalis, who had some marked. "Nobody. has spoken, sands of refugees, carrying their roads. Evert if they eventually Chinese-made automatic weap- out. Has the world no con- meager-beibhgirigs in cardboard Win independence, they'll have ons, opened fire, which the sol- science?" tb start completely from diers immediately returned. The Is'uitcases and sacks; are crossing shooting was nearly constant The bitterness does not in- into'India"; for temporary .haven. scratch again." clude India, which • has con- This man and .two other for abodt 20 minutes, after '.This;./-'correspondent /saw' which the Bengalis came scram- 'demned the Pakistani military 1 estate managers who escaped action and is trying to per- Pakistani soldiers. burning vil-j with him asked that their names! bling back to safety over an : 1 embankment. suade other governments to iages'--. ;ta'-; deny' the resistance | not- be used because of their, put- pressure on Pakistan to forces cover or hiding places.. fear of reprisals _against Brit-- Sheik Mujib Faces Trial stop the killing. As the; smoke from the thatch ish families still in East Pak-j 1 The coordination of guerrilla Indian civilians and officials arid!bambbo huts billowed upl istan.. " ' units is poor and in some in- in border areas are providing pri: the!•• outskirts of the city Attack on 'Empty' Trucks ; stances nonexistent. The Ben- assistance to refugees and- of:Gohiilia,-i circling- vultures, 1 galis are now devoting them- others,' but. this correspondent The .three evacuees reported selves to guerrilla tactics while descended' on the .bodies of that a convoy of nine trucks saw no arms being transport- that the Pakistani radio con- the army has gaified control ed across the border—as the/ peasants,,..,already .being picked of most of the major cities and Pakistani Government has 1 tended had been carrying arms 3 apart.. *-...... -'by.. ...•?.-" iri^., dogs. «:M'.' , .1and. ^yjj.,;., i^/jt^Hi.-i.i^j.r-'.uiyCEOW'S.. ,--, . .towns, including the canton- i charged and New Delhi his: rftents and airfields. repeatedly denied. ' Evacuees Describe Atrocities Both refugees and Western jvacuees have brought tales of itative, . repbrts,;., .,fr,om, Authoritative' reports indi- atrocities and slaughter. 1 cate that- perhaps, 20 to- 25 per .sourceS'ragreei tjMK' ' the figure cent 'of the people are left in control. A few of the columns One Westerner, manager of a iSi: at' leaSjt^W;; -the- - ^tens have been successful, but not jute mill in the Chittagong area, T such towns as'Dacca, the capi- many, because the guerrillas of:, thousandsj'fs'bme'Teports put tal, and Chittagong and-.,Cpmi said that while he hid from the ,, ' i , i . '• . .• - * •• ircm'ft.sv - have been able to cut road, it; much, higher. , ' - la. Smaller centers are' als army for three hours in a ditch, : ; largely . deserted.' Dacca -had a water and rail links with some he saw troops bring a truck .The ; cbhif alJGo'ver^nent; off^: regularity. convoy down the road. In the cially,;'bars'aU\'fbreigr«nBwsmeti pppulatib'ti"pf'-about Tv5 million!, Chittagong:' about 400,000 io Though the guerrillas were lead truck, he said, were sev- f r;Qm i .]£a£t;;.PakjstanIflB ut:.'fr.oni 500,000 arid' C/omilla about jfighting on, their leaders ac- eral Bengalis held at gunpoint- the evidence'-availabte in secesT 10,0,000. ' ' ' • ' 'knowledged that Sheik Mujib, and told to shout "Victory for sib,hist-held^:rurkl--areas—some '"'in the eastern part of East the 51-year-old symbol of the;Bengal," an independence slo- rebel inovement.was awaiting gan. When they did so other re ,p,ccasi.onally:.conf Pakistan the thump of artillery : fire, can be^heard^yery day in trial on the treason charges Bengalis came out of their brought, against him by Gen. hiding places and were ma-" Agha Mohammad'•Yahy-i Khan;. chine-gunned. ..- • IK> President of Pakistan;. The Ciov- "They want to drag us so-far^ outgunned; ernrnent had .announced- that down that the nation will, he the-. Pakistani Sheik Mujib i.-was arrested at back in the 18th century," a Bengali soldier said, "so tha* there .will'-be famine and''we' will be-reduced to-eating grals.-r They want to make.' sure that no head" will ever-'be raised: against .them again." " , ;;^r There have also'bfe'en reports/ from scattered| areas of i.ttba; province that- Bengalis •retaliating' by killiiig Pakistanis and othet nou .—., salis; -particularly businessmeW Tne-.difficillt countryside of ice. When the ma'nsoons swell East' Pakistan—a veined net- he rivers and frood much of .,«.., . iy has clearly iwor'k-ofhtije'thousands of rivers ;ast Pakistan from May through won the first stage, of the war, and streams ':of : the Ganges- Ictober, it will become even Brahmaputra " system—is . alien lore alien. Before the political crisis be- the -;Bengalis -are counting on v an to" mount, the 'Pakistani the' tnohsoon. rains, which will to ;tHe 'P.urijabr atid'Pathan sol- "We are just Waiting for the .rmy had about 25,000 troops ibegin in a few weeks, to give diers "fro'm 'the dry plains and .ionsoon," a Bengali officer them an advantage. mountain's. of 'the wes tern pfov- :aid. "They are so frightened .Delhi cotrespond- East Pakistan. Large num- )t water you can't imagine. ers of reihfofcements ' have And we are masters of water. |just< completed a een flown over from West They won't, be able to move [of India and East 'akistah, which is separated f •om the Eastern province ,by .heir artillery and tanks, and ver a thousand miles of Indian heir planes won't be able to IG ;erritory. • ly. Nature will be our second Some estimates put the num- irmy." er of West Pakistani troops in The Bengalis are bitter about last Pakistan at 60,000 to 80,- ;he failure of the United States '00, .most of them Punjabis and :o take a strong stand against 'athans. The Punjabis in partic- :he Pakistani Government; most lar have traditionally held the )f the leaders of the indepen- a.ve killei Bengalis in disdain though both lence- movement are pro-West- :re predominantly Moslem. rn and were hoping for sup- 1 potential leaders of [port from Washington. They :an! and shattered the Though the average amount >f ammunition by the guerrilla are even more bitter about the iase of the region in iflemen is 30 to 40 rounds, American weapons being used t to crush the inde- :heir determination seems high, against them. novement. :ueled ,in many cases by. the 'We Were Expecting Help' 'act that the Pakistani Army 3rs, the army—now "Do you know, they are us> .'•entirely 'of West ias killed members of their amilies—and sometimes all of ing your planes, your rockets troops—has killed :hem.. '• ^ • ' your tanks, to kill us?" a Ben intellectuals, profes- '"They have made me an gali sbldier, his voice tense and irieers, doctors and irphan," said one soldier who, his eyes narrowed, asked the 'leadership caliber— .ike many of his comrades, had American correspondent. "We ley were directly in jiassy eyes and seemed unable were expecting help, not this.": •ith - /the nationalist to believe what had happened. Similar.remarks were made re-; or not. "My-'iife is unimportant now." peatedly by others. military attacks and 'Twro days ago, West Paki- The Bengalis are not*so sur- Dns, the central Gbv- stani troops, as they had been prised by the Chinese weapons forces killed East for several days, were burning the army is using because they 'Army officers and villages on the outskirts of Co- apparently expected Peking to yho were unable to milla less than a mile from support the Government. Some and join the guerrilla the Indian bolder. Their appar- Bengali 3ft the army offensive ent purpose was to remove all The New York Timst April 14,1971 March 25. Most of cover within a five-mile radius In cities .shown, by ^underlines, perhaps 75 to 80 per •s' families have been of the ' int.pf^the^iesjdiihtsl-lfaYe fled, according to reports. y a few escaped into cat! all e aid. of air and naval ient, the army has uch a venture without assur- -'food' supplies, tea ___ ...... ances of full support from Pe- jute mills and nat- man patrol to harass the Paki-, king. fiel'ds—the economic stani troops. This correspond- Even before the' offensive, East Pakistan. ' i ent accompanied the patrol, the Bengalis wondered why the; jas already set the three of whose members had Western powers and others did jack 25 years," said no shoes. not support their cause. Now. i tea-estate manager Using rice paddies to advan- their disillusionment is com-, to India from his tage, the patrol stalked to with- plete. . in the northeast, in, 200 yards of the soldiers, 'This is genocide, and people (ration army, trying iwho were throwing phospho- are just standing by and. he" .army, is blowing rous grenades into thatch huts. looking," a Bengali student re-, 3,s> railroad lines and The Bengalis, who had some marked. - "Nobody. has spoken, eii', if they eventually Chinese-made automatic weap- out. Has the world no con- lendence, they'll Jiave ons, o_pened fire, which the sol- science?" . . M, completely from diers immediately returned. The shooting was nearly constant The bitterness does not' in-, *ain." ielude India, which-has con- lari and two other for about 20 minutes, after Idemned the Pakistani military inagers who escaped) ,which the Bengalis came scram-1 bling back to safety over an action and is trying to per1- asked that their names! embankment. suade other governments to - sed because of their, put pressure on Pakistan to eprisals against Brit-j I Sheik Mujib Faces" Trial stop the killing. ies still in East Pak-;j 1. The coordination of guerrilla Indian civilians and officials units is poor and in some in- in border areas are providing on 'Empty' Trucks • stances nonexistent. The Ben- assistance to refugees and ree evacuees reported 'galis are now devoting them- others,' but this correspondent jnvoy of nine trucks selves to guerrilla tactics while saw no arms being transport- Pakistani radio con- the army has gained control ed across the border—as the' id been carrying arms of most of the major cities and Pakistani Government has itowns, including the canton- I charged and New Delhi his"-' rtjents and airfields. 'repeatedly denied. . : "'• Evacuees Describe Atrocities : Both refugees .and Western, ,„.,„,,„ : itative' reports indi- evacuees have brought tales of :• perhaps .20 to 25 per IrfWgP atrocities and slaughter. ;he people are left in control. A few of the columns One Westerner, manager of a ns as'Dacca, the capi> have been successful, 'but not jute mill in the Chittagong area, Cm'ttagong and Comilg many, because the guerrillas said that while he hid from the ler centers are also, have been able to cut road, army for three hours in a ditch, ieserted. Dacca had ai water and rail links with some he saw troops bring a truck n of about 1.5 million,.! [regularity. convoy down the road. In the )g about 400,000 toj Though the guerrillas were- lead truck, he said, were sev- anil. Comilla about| fighting on, their leaders ac- eral Bengalis held at gunpoint knowledged that Sheik Mujib, and told to shout "Victory for eastern part .of East the 51-year-old symbol of the Bengal," an independence slo- the. thump of artillery rebel movement,was awaiting gan. When they did so other be heard every day in trial on the treason charges, Bengalis came out of their every sector; After.] brought against him by Gen. hiding places and 'were ma-" jrrilla attack or harass- Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan, chine-gunned. . -v.. the outnumbered and President of Pakistan. The Gov- "They want to drag us so far. •d resistari&e troops, ernment had announced that down that the nation will be stani Afmy appears to Sheik Mujib was arrested at back in' the 18th century," a ' Bengali soldier said, "so that there .wit! be' famine and' '.wl£s | wilV'b'e1 reduced to-eating grass? They Want to make; sure tlia't? rid head ' will ever '-he raise'if' .against.them again." " •]$.*-• .' There have alscx'be'en reports- from scattered, -areas* of titHS province that Bengalis w§F$ •retaliating' 'by killing "West Pakistanis and othei^ ndn-B'Sfts galis; particularly businessrrieW .. But the killing'of Bengali!*, which has been systematic, '^Ss apparently' . planned ' long <-''irr* advance. Members" of the Mufp lim.'' 'League, an ineffectual religiously;: 'briente'd 'party -;:iJi East. Pakistan long .;associat&l- ,'with the"rarriiy•• and other \Sf.e'st" Pakistarii interests,' have M re- portedly *• been" assisting iSth"e| 1 forces -coyer' or Hiding places. fear of reprisals' against Brit- I Sheik Mujib Faces Trial As the'smoke from the thatch ish families still in East Pak- stop the killing. istan. . ' . i-. The coordination of guerrilla Indian civilians and officials arid'bamboo huts billowed up units is poor and in some in- in border areas are providing On- Hie;-outskirts -of the city, Attack on 'Empty' Trucks j stances nonexistent. The Ben-assistance to refugees and; of- "Gdrriilla/j-circling- vultures The .three evacuees reported 'galis are now devoting them- others/ but this correspondent' descerided." oh.' the /bodies of' that a convoy of nine trucks selves to guerrilla tactics while saw no arms being transport- peasants,,..already .being picked that the Pakistani radio con- the army has gained control ed across the border—as the' of most of the major cities and Pakistani Government has .apart '-TJy "-.dogs . and tended had been carrying arms J itowns, including the cantpn- [charged and New Delhi h^S iftents and airfields. :repeatedly denied. Evacuees Describe Atrocities fMiiii&^^sktle*|f^fe".| Both refugees and Western itative', repqrtS:. .from marty. Authoritative' reports indi- evacuees have brought tales of : cate that perhaps ,20 to 25 per atrocities and slaughter. sources ^aj£feeU4lia t'' the figure, cent'of the people are left in control. A- few of the C'dlufflng One Westerner, manager of a is-., atV -le^t^j'-.jnSi.'the-'- • tens' such towns as Dacca, the capi-, have been successful, 'but not jute mill in the Chittagong area, of: ttiousandss'^b'nWteports put tal, and Ohittagong and;.£pmiJ|| many, because the guerrillas said that while he hid from the it.muc*h higher... 3 i • . .' ' . 4 . *it*r, « *;i • la. Smaller centers are also; have been able to cut road,, army for three hours in a ditch, . The'/oehtralf-Gov^rf^n1 ent offi>| largely' deserted. Dacca had a water and rail links with some he saw troops bring a truck : : population of about 1:5 million,. regularity. convoy down the road. In the cially: :bars all: fpreignjmewsriien Though the guerrillas were ffiStn I'tr^ef'i- TDali-TC-fv-n'VHa-iil- fi-r*m Chittagong about 400,000 to lead truck, he said, were sev- . 500,000 a'nii Comilla about; fighting on, their leaders ac-. eral Bengalis held at gunpoint- the evid^hcejravkilabie;in .seceS- icaooo. '•'••:• ,. ; knowledged that Sheik Mujib, and told to shout "Victory for sip^ist-heid"'rural i'-afeas—some ''in the eastern part of East; the 51-year-old symbol of the Bengal," an independence slo- rebel movement/was awaiting Pfei which: :are occasionally cphr; Pakistan the thump'.of.-, artillery.'! gan. When they did so othpr fire, can .be. heard '-every day. in: trial on the treason charges B.engalis came out of their brought, against1 ftijn by Gen.; 1 virtually. ';eyery;,Mtp£-\'" Aftefl 1 hiding places and''were ma- eveiy."guefrilla-':atta;;k£p§:haf.a|sj:) Agiha-Mbhammad'Yahy-a 'Khan,'! 'chine-gunned. . . . •' -\K;, Presiderit'of Pakistan^ The Gov- 1 ' "They want to drag us so ,farf •Outgiintied;?; re'sisMnf eV'tropp's^ ernment- had .announced that down that the nation wilKJbe : l f Sheik Mujib;.was ..arrested- at: ;tKe-. P.a kistMiil'i^my--A£p^.e"afs'' to back in. the 18th century,"'• a be';'infiicting5 '3Sii.ecltl:tti'TlitN*w.V£i'fkTimes '.' • IV Mrfe Bftypto was fprmerl-V 'Pakistan's :;'foreign Minister;., KARACHI,' Pakistan, April His party,, with all its '-strength 14—The Pakistani Government in West Pakistan, won 88 of political: activity, rumbr-mon- reported today that its troops, the 313 seats in the national pushing west, from Dacca, had assembly in the' December "At the same time,'! he said, reached the key- town of election. This made it second "naturally .there is a need- for Rajshahi and had "wiped' Outl to the' East 'Pakistani Awami vigilance and a need for. sen- all miscreants and . Indian 'in- league. sible control;"1 ' ' ' filtrators in this.area," •'Gravest' Crisis Since '47 But Mr. Bhutto urged that The report was broadcast The' league's chief, Sheik the people betaken more into' late this afternoon by the Paki- Mujibur Rahman, is said by of- the : Government's, confidence stani radio. Deriding the "mis- ficials here to be in Govern- concerning events in the East." creants and infiltrators," the ment detention in West Pak- radio said "they now have to istan and the Awami League \The Pakistani radio, lit giving face the combined force of the has been banned. It was the people and the armed forces— postponement of the convening details^ the sweep In Rajshahi,|m'iegsagV^roa1|paCti that is why the ground has of the assembly that provoked said, "It .was officially an- that calls itself the Free Bahglai been cut out from under their the league into its autonomy nounced in .Dacca foday' that Desh radio, which came on the feet and they are running struggle in the east. air two days ago with a very away." Mr. Bhutto said the present :he Pakistani armed forces '•The radio also said that crisis was "the gravest emer- have restored river-boat traffic, 'weak signal. The radio is be- which had been interrupted ilieved to have two small clan- "economic activities in Dacca gency we have ever faced" wmui nan uc "destine transmitters in opera- have been increasing" and de- since the founding of Pakistan from Dacca to the Padma area, ^ ong pf which can be moni.i nied what it said were Indian in 1947. including Anche and Nager-: Calcutta. reports that it had staged Turning to .the future^ Mr. tored in heavy bombing raids in East Bhutto said: ' bari." . ' Mr, Tajuddin, reported to be Pakistan and had destroyed a He added, "The present crisis It continued: "An army col-in New Delhi, was second in holy man's tomb. Reports' by is a legacy of past blunders." umn which was sent from Dae-', command of the Awami League ca went from Pabna via Ishurdi when the arm y moved to crush the central Government in He said, "We must:- wilj'ingly its bid for autonomy for East Karachi—which is West Pak- give the people of East Pakistan and Nator and connected with Pakistan three weeks ago. j stan—have claimed increasing their legitimate rights," but he the Pakistani Army garrison in The transmitters for the Free control in the East, where a did not make specific proposals Rajshahi:" • Bangla Desh radio are appar- movement for autonomy and for a settlement. ently being operated by the ater independence was met by In answer to a question after Insurgents Ask Aid staff of the -radio station at the Pakistani Army by force his statement, Mr. Bhutto said! By JAMES P. STERBA Chittagong, who fled with on March 25. a gradual easing- of- restrictions on political activity in Pakistan Special to T^he New Ywls Times - equipment from the station on Bhutto Holds News Parley NEW DELHI, April 14—The March 24 and began broadcast- "would be necessary, would be ing messages in support of the Meanwhile, in a statement productive." minister of the secession- lere. Zulficar Ali Bhutto, now Earlier he had said that be- '^proclaimed government 'of L^^ff^S^IJSSfe^^ Pakistan's most powerful-.-:-r cause of recent restrictions on East Pakistan appealed in a broadcasts.^?, disru .itical leader, said that,J?a] 'the press as well as on political broadcast today for rec- stani authorities would1 ^.scrj _, i activity, "productive and con- (ignition'of his new government for a "political settlentent«fc|f and aid.... some o the East Pakistan problem"' k;. Tajuddin Ahmed, who was reported destroyed in a bomb- once the situation comes under irietl prime minister of Bangla ing raid by Pakistani planes. control. sh/.pr; Bengal .Nation, by the Two days ago, using weaker Mr. Bhutto, head of the Pak- independence movement two equipment, they began broad- istan People's party, spoke at days ago, also urged foreign casting again. a thronged news conference in governments to stop arms ship- Rajshahi lies 125 miles north- his party's columned head- ;ments to the Pakistan Govern- west of Dacca on the Ganges quarters here. In a statement ment, which, he said, was "kill- River. It is the capital of one- that lasted more than an hour, jng innocent men, women and of the East Pakistan's four he analyzed the Pakistan sit- children " irtaia .administrative divisions uation. j It Was hif secjond recorded auidjfisinoted for its university Mr. Bhutto said he had been aji'ddits:. museum. in close consultation with |ThBeekeeping and sari-making President Agha Mahanimed are among its main industries. Yahya Khan. He said the coun- The radio denied what it try- was going through a, "ter- said was an Indian report that rible ordeal" arid he criticized Pakistani planes had wrecked what he said was "exploita. the tomb of Hazrat Shah Jal, a tion" of East Pakistan in years Moslem holy man, near Sylhet past. He said "we must evolve hf the northeast of East Pakis- a system" where all Pakistanis The New-York Times. April 15,1971 tan. could live "in , an equitable :.-Denying .other ..reports,,.-the. 1 Pakistani radio reported economic sytem and under the underlined towns were radi&.said ^Pakistani troops .had- - cover of 4emocracy and under 'left-'roads'.a'nd bridges;intaet. •, NEW YORK TIMES, Sunday, 18 April 1971 istan, when all foreign correspondents the rightist military dictatorship of had been hurriedly ushered out of the West Pakistan. country, and when daily on-the-spot The upheaval in East Pakistan came ESSEX, Conn.—The appalling strug- reports from our Consulate General in at a moment when there was new hope gle now going on in East Pakistan is Dacca had described in detail the mas- for political stability and economic a further testimony to the folly of sive military action by the West Pak- progress in South Asia. In December, doling out arms to "friendly govern- istan Army- against East Pakistan civil- the overwhelming victory of Sheik ments" with little regard for whom ians, our Government persisted in say- Mujibur Rahman and his Awami they are to be used against or for ing it did not know what was going League in the first free election ever what reasons. on and therefore was in no position held in Pakistan had opened the door The billion-dollar military equipment to comment. not only for the first geniunely demo- program for the Government of Pak- It was only when some 500 Amer- cratic government but for greatly ex- istan (meaning . West Pakistan) be- ican refugees from East Pakistan be- panded trade with India and the eas- gan to give accounts to the press that tween 1954 and 1965 enabled and en- 1 ing of the conflict between the two couraged the Pakistanis to attack,, our. Government offered even a mild nations. India in 1965; Now (along- with some' protest to the West Pakistan Govern- Two months later, Mrs. Gandhi's ment. landslide election in India provided her ., .Two,actions, it seems to me, should with a mandate not only for an all-out be taken at once. First, we should effort to ease the poverty of the Indian ,' Soviet and... Chinese. equipment)lit"'as- lodge a strong protest with the West masses but also to improve India's re- being used" by "the West Pakistan Gov- Pakistan Government over the misuse lations with its neighbors. ernment to beat down their fellow of U.S. military equipment and all aid Tragically, the action of the West countrymen in East Pakistan who re- except medical supplies and food Pakistan Government has destroyed for cently voted overwhelmingly for great- should promptly be stopped. Second, some time to come the hope for a po- er independence. we should call for a meeting of the litically stable, united Pakistan living It is a particularly shoddy spectacle Security Council of the United Nations at peace with its neighbors. In all like- because there is no indication that to consider appropriate steps to deal lihood, the West Pakistani forces in our Government feels the slightest re- with the threat to the peace of Asia East Pakistan ultimately will be driven sponsibility for how our weapons are which this conflict clearly has become. out. Although their military superiority being used. Indeed it has done its best U.S. Government spokesmen have al- is substantial, the movement of food to sweep the Whole situation under the ready ignored the first suggestion and and military supplies in the coming rug, rejected the second on the ground that monsoon through the aroused country- .;••:..Even, .when, .the International Red •the fighting in East Pakistan is an side will be exteremly difficult. An ^Gj$sf'vifas tefused/ehtrycinto East'Pak-. '"internal question" in which we have independent East Pakistan appears to no right to interfere. But what about be in the cards. 'U.S. action in the Congo? What about But if the United States and the South Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Cy- U.N. combine to look the other way prus? and the present struggle is allowed to When peace is threatened on such continue to its inevitable bloody cli- a massive scale the United Nations has max, East Pakistan will become a polit- an overriding obligation to do every- ical vacuum with 70-million embittered thing possible to settle tihe conflict be- people convinced that the only hope fore it gets out of control. This obliga- .for support is from the most extreme tion is particularly clear when the "in- elements in India. This is particularly ternal problem" is created by the ef- likely if, as many observers believe, forts of a well-armed minority to sub- Sheik Mujibur Rahman, who has been due the overwhelming majority con- deeply committed to the democratic stituting more than one-half of a di- process, is already dead. vided country, separated by more than As this danger grows, Mrs. Gandhi's 1,000 miles of alien territory, speaking Government will be increasingly di- different languages and with deep verted from its programs of economic built-in cultural conflicts and differing development to raise the living stand- economic interests. ards of the Indian people, instead turn- If we assume leadership in muster- ing to the political and military prob- ing world opinion to stop the fighting, lems of securing its northern and east- the Soviet Union, which has limited its ern borders. reaction to a mild plea for restraint, will almost certainly support our posi- Chester Bowles, Ambassador to India tion. This 'is particularly so since China from 1963 to 1969, just returned from has seized upon the situation to stir a ten-week visit to the subcontinent. He is author of a new book, "Promisg; K to <*P" .. ,, , ' -:^J . UNITED - April 22—India: has requested .United Nations assistance fora half-million refugees from East Pakistan. -C- ; The request was_ .made this evening to Secretary General Thant by Samar Sen, India's chief delegate Mr Thant leaves, tomorrow and cated that he "acted now so that this Secretary General, would have the opportunity to con- sult . Prince Sadruddin Khan, the United Nations High Com-, NEW DELHI, April 23 (UPI) tnissioner for Refugees, whose —The Bengali independence headquarters is- in Geneva. movement appealed to the Funds for an -initial assist- United States and China today ance program could come to recognize it as the rightful from the High Commissioner's Acts in a Protest Against government of East Pakistan. emergency reserves and be aug- The appeal came from Mau- mented later by contributions Disorders in Calcutta lana Abdul Bhashani, a leader from governments, according to in the Awami League, the Ben- officials here. gali political party that held a Mr. Sen said his Government NEW DELHI, April (Reuters) majority in Pakistan's National had been caring for the refu- —The Pakistan radio said to- Assembly before President gees without aid-but was com- night that Pakistan had decided Agha Mohammed Yahya Khan pelled to seek help as the num- o close down the Deputy High declared it illegal at the start ber continued to grow. Commission office in Calcutta of the civil war on March 25. Earlier today, Dr. Marcel and had asked India to close Mr, Bhashani's messages to Naville, president of the Inter- her Deputy High Commission; President Nixon and Chairman national Committee of the Red office in Dacca. Vlao Tse-tung and Premier Chou, Gross,- had meetings with Mr. The radio, quoting an an-! En-lai were read to a gathering fhant^nd George Bush, the nouncemerit in the Pakistan of newsmen in Calcutta by United States delegate, to dis- capital, Islamabad, said the Shaldl Ahmed, a representative cuss Pakistan developments closings would take effect of the league. and the plight of prisoners of Vtonday. Mr. Bhashani asked the the Vietnam conflict. Pakistan's move follows American and Chinese leaders The Pakistan Government is angry demonstrations in Cal- :6 do all in their power to stop being urged to permit interna- cutta against.the new Deputy President Yahya from using tional assistance to victims of ligh Commissioner, appointed weapons supplied by the United the fighting in East Pakistan, after the previous holder of the States and China against East but has refused help. Dost switched allegiance to the Pakistan's population of 75 mil- United Nations sources said 3angla Desh independence ion. that Mr. Thant had been urging movement in East Pakistan. His message to Mr. Nixon Pakistan to-allow relief efforts Bangler Desh is Bengali for said that, with weapons sup- :and that both the United'Na- Bengal Nation. *;. plied by "yours arid: the "-Gov- j|ipns; arid the Red Cross were Earlier today Parkistan ac- ernment of « China-,, barbarous cused the Indian Government soldiers of West Pakistan have of failing to prevent what she jrutally slaughtered hundreds termed unprovoked and violent of thousands of innocent and demonstrations against the new unarmed, helpless masses of Deputy High , Commissioner, Sangla Desh, irrespective of Mahdi Masud. •> '•'.; V caste, creed .and sex, including ' It also protested' that", the women, children and even new- Indian Government had- -not 5orn babies ah'the :arms of their taken action to remove-;, the mothers." ^ former Deputy High Cominis Bangla Desh is Bengafe " stoner from the mission 3eugaL Nation;. ,- ,- premises:^—-:-:*• *,$ NEW YORK TIMES, Sunday, 25 April 1971 They'-' are largely Moslemp and this presents another irrJK REFUGEEflORRY-- tant—the religious friction #£-' k tween Hindu and Moslem that was the reason for the 1947 INDIAN OFFICIALS: partition of the subcontinent into Hindu India and the two Disruption Feared as Influx Moslem wings of Pakistan. From Pakistan Increases No Official Complaints So far, few Indians, and no Indian officials, are publicly By SYDNEY H. SCHANBERG complaining about the refu- Special to Tlie New York Times gees. There is widespread In- CALCUTTA, India, April 24 dian support for the indepen- dence movement and genuine — Several hundred .thousand sympathy for the refugees, but refugees fleeing the Pakistan the struggle for existence is al- Army have poured into India most as hard in West Bengal from East Pakistan, and Indian as it is in East Pakistan. And, officials are expressing increas- with more people competing for jobs and land, officials fear the ing concern that they may social abrasions will soon ap- soon become a serious ,disrup> pear. tive influence: ,., Perhaps the main reason The Indiaft Government is that clashes have not taken welcoming the refugees as place is the commqn ethnic origin of the East Pakistanis friends in distress and has as- and the people of West Bengal. sumed the costs of food, shel- Both are Bengalis, with the ter and basic medical care. same language, culture and Yesterday, however, it ap- fish-and-rice diet. pealed for .United Nations ref- East. Pakistan's 1,500-milej roughly semicircular land bor- ugee aid. "•-..• der is ringed almost entirely Privately, officials are wor- by India's West Bengal State, ried that if the refugees stay for Assam State and the Union any length of time,:the pressure Territory of Tripura. for jobs, permanent housing and farming plots' will arouse Number Put at Half Million antagonism among the local West Bengal officials say people who are now their hosts. that more than half a million There are reports that some of refugees have crossed into this antagonism ,- has already their state, although independ- come to the surface. ent observers believe this fig- "It will be impossible for the ure has been somewhat inflated state government, or the cen- with a view of getting more tral Government for that mat- money from the central Gov- ter, to provide rehabilitation ernment for refugee support. for these people," said a high Nevertheless, these observ- official of :&he West Bengal State ers, who include representa- who asked for anonymity. "If tives of Western relief organi- they stay long, there will be zations, think it possible that frictions. Where are the jobs, the total figure for the entire where are the homestead plots bojder region might be half a to give them?" million and. could conceivably Most Are in West Bengal^ reach a million in a short time. India, in appealing for United. West Bengal State is..receM Nations aid,' put;the total at ing the bulk of the refugpj over half a'.million. and this compounds the prqp lem, because nearly a quarfer .of the state's population of 45 million is of earlier refugee '.origin—most of them Hindus .who were unhappy in pre- dominantly Moslem East Paki- stan. This earlier influx has placed tremendous pressure for own- ership of scarce farming lane and has thereby been the tinder for considerable socia! 'strife in this politically unstable state. The new refugees have .come over in the month, since the civil war began, most of them in the last two weeks as the NEW YORK TIMES, Sunday, 9 May 1971 ACCEPTANCE OF fipeolal to Tht New Yank Tlmei UNITED NATIONS, N. Y., May 8—Reports reaching here from Dacca indicate that the Paki- stani Government/ which has been under pressure to permit outside aid, may agree to ac- cept, help from the United Na tions Children's Fund and other aid groups. '. • • Officials of the United Na- tions have visited East Pakistan in recent days with prospects that some international assist- ance will be permitted to begin soon in areas disrupted by fighting between East Paki- stanis and the Pakistani Army. Officially, Pakistan has made no response so far to the sev- eral offers of humanitarian as- sistance made by . Secretary General Thant. The children's fund has had a $9,738,000 program for health and family planning for all of Pakistan, and approved $3,860,- 000 additional for emergency aid after typhoons and floods devastated East Pakistan late last year—most of the funds going to improve the damaged water supply and $500,000 for blankets. ^ United States officials here and in Washington have ex- pressed the Government's i" tention to take part in r international effort in E" Pakistan. Meanwhile, the United St~ is preparing to provide sistance to East Pakistani rr gees who have crossed 'i^border-iaito India -and promp f|"~ffii''"G6vernm^St'"inqNew''Dc LONDON TIMES, Wednesday, 12 May 1971 ns'T SIR ALEC DOUGLA5.HHOME. There is fiinally tihe .problem of of view of 'tihe refugees, and the Foreign and Commonwealth the very considerable number of possible scale of rebief wfliioh Secretary (Kinross and We sit refugees who have crossed from would be tfiecewary later on in t'he Pertlh, C.), made a sitatetwenit about •East Pakistan .into India. Already year was great and justified bring- tihe situation in East Pakisitan. a consortium of Bnitiisih charities ing in 'the United Nations. Within 'East. Pakistan (ihe said) ihas decided to .offer assistance. A political settlement must be communi cations .have . bean dis- They, asked far. GovernniGnit assis- for the peorple of Pakistan. No rupted as a co.Q«*equejioe of the tance .to itiransport supplies necess- one couM ductate th'is frrom out- recent strife and there may well ary £or health and ishetter. siide. The 'British Governniemt had be food isihwtages later tibis year, I decided that her Majesty's beein in close toudi wiiiih tihe pantioiilapliy iLn areas already •Government should make an President of Pakistan abomt the aiffec,:.ed lahyd TellKhant Relief A id Is Not Needed Now By KATHLEEN TELTSCH tation and reconstruction were pressed hope that Pakistan Spedal 'to The New Yank Times ;' moving ahead. would agree to make "early "As for international help," if and full use" of the Secretary UNITED NATIONS, N. Y., and when,required, "it will be General's offer. May 12 — President Agha Mo- administered by Pakistan's own She said the United States hammad Yahya Khan has told relief agencies," the President and other governments were Secretary General Thant that said, consulting Pakistan on the form United Nations emergency help During the debate in the of help. She added that Wash- Economic and Social Council's for East Pakistan is not needed 1 ington had allocated $2.5-mil- Social Committee,.touched 'off lion-to help East Pakistani refu- now but he left open the pos- by India's charges, Mrs.. .Rita sibility of accepting interhatigriT gees in India. :I "auser of the United State's'ex^ i'Samar Sen of India said there al aid in the future. . TJ yras ; a : need for international In a letterTithe Presidetn. aid dor -the refugees. He said complained that news accounts tliey.'numbered 2,000,000 and of widespread casualties and warned of the danger of famine destruction in East Pakistan and epidemic. were "highly exaggerated—if Agha Shahi of Pakistan three not not altogether tendentious,?? times 'interrupted the Indian Meanwhile, India .charged delegate %and disputed his ver- that military forces from West sion of the causes and conse- Pakistan had carried out "wild quences of the East Pakistani destruction of life and property" conflict. He charged that India in a drive 'to crush the East had |; taken every step short of Pakistani movement. Pakistan war|;to help the" secessionists. in turn accused India ,of en- couraging and^aiding the sepa- ratists in hopes Of breaking up 1?;, Yahya Said to Plan Visit Pakistan. "KARACHI, Pakistan, May 12 President Yahya's response (AP) ^-.President Yahya will to Mr. Thant's April 22 offer visit East-Pakistan for the first of humanitarian assistance was time since the fighting broke not \regarded here as "a refusal out 'there,'.ahnost two months of all' help In the future' and ago,, the president of Pakistan's United Nations authorities said Democratic party! Nurul Amin, that Mr. Thant was continuing . sai'd Wednesday. \ ''^ Lv. . to explore the possibilities. of k .. * ,'1 assistance. The Pakistani President told Mr. Thant that there, were ade- quate supplies of medicines and fpodli.in .East Pakistan,: that;aur 'thOTitles... there 'saw[-''n'oj-c'ayjse fprT£dnciejgtf's anH itt'aV.rebab'i jilt ':• ;.v-, •••.?.r' .-••-- T;-^..i-i *~T '4J^vl5.-fr*':i'.t-Vk NEW YORK TIMES, Sunday, 30 Majr 1970. fie:, now supports3 ffie prbvisi6in- al government of Bangla^' Desh KMNFS'DlFt (Bengal Nation) set up by East Pakistani separatists. He is ;PDEREDATU.N. working in Britain to rally sup- port for the cause among the 100,000 Bengalis living there. Regime Asks His Removal •His status as a member of ;: From Rights Commission th| Human Rights Commission isChow being studied, say legal experts here. One diplomat •VlBy KATHLEEN TELTSCH predicted that it would lead £' Special to Hie H«w York -rimes to a "good fight" in the com- -'UNITED NATIONS, N. Y. mission's parent body, the Eco- M£y 28—The dispute between nomic and Social Council, political factions in East anc later this year. West Pakistan that erupted into 'There are precedents for in- Moody fighting in March has dividuals continuing to serve left a legal problem for the on. some council commissions United Nations to unravel: after being disavowed by their What to do about Abu Sayed governments.. However, the 32 Chowdhury, a jurist and edu- members of the Human Rights cator from East Pakistan who Commission traditionally are Tv'as named to the Human Rights regarded as representatives of Commission before .the crisis? their governments. j The Pakistani Governmenl •"I still consider myself a last week notified the United member of the commission," Nations that it wanted Justice Justice Chowdhury declared. He! Ghowdhury taken off the pres- arjgued that since the council1 tigious commission. In due had confirmed his designation,! course.the Government said, it the council would have to de- would offer a successor. cide on his removal and that ". However, Justice Chowdhury he- was entitled to a hearing. has now turned up here, talk- !'It is a fundamental principle ing to delegates in their offices of' jurisprudence that nobody and telling them his version of can be condemned unheard," he the March fighting. said. •••• The 51-year-old judge said ' Justice Chowdhury was a during an interview that he member of the High Court of; would fight to keep his seat on East Pakistan for 10 years and' the commission with one aim in also served ,as vice chancellor mind: of' the University of Dacca. in his talks here he has been particularly bitter that the cas- ualties of the fighting included hundreds of students at his uni- versity. He refers to them often as "my children." :As he tells it, he had left meetings of the commission in Geneva and gone to London when news reports reached him that the Government of Presi- dent Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan had outlawed the Awami League, which was pushing for autonomy in East Pakistan. Next came reports that West Pakistan troops had fired on civilians during the night of March 25, he said. ;"When they killed my stu- dents and my teachers, I knew I could not go back," he added. "I could not serve under an administration that murdered in utter lawlessness. As a judge ;Abu Sayed Chowdhury I 'could not uphold the rule of {law- in a country^ where, people* are shot while they are sleep- "I want to be able In if United Nations forum to the world how the Pakast; Government of President Yahya «atroeities: iun* aralleled in history against the gepple '.jgf • East Pakistan." ____ HEW YORK TIMES, Saturday, 5 June 1971 s fey ANTHONY LEWIS ringes and 300,000 disposable and. the Government, of..,Paid-, Special-to -The^-New Yt>rk Times needles. start announced today that they" LONDON, -'June 4 — British] had" agreed on cooperation in relief organizations acted ur- Special lo The New York'Times relief for' the victims of last Accord on Relief Reached year's typhoon and more re- ;ently' today to get antichpleral UNITED. ....NATIONS, N. Y., cent . civil- .disord.er.s::. iij East vaccine to India, where an epi-ljune 4—The United Nations Pakis'tan. '• !,' •''',;•' dem'i.)„-»;„c hafrag? broken ououtt among; ' refugees from East Pakistan. 'I ^ Oxfam, a private chdrit'aqle' organization, is . to tfly^ v out' 800,000. doses of the vaccin&rjto-,. morrow-. 'Two -other charities,1 WarSon-Warit and the Save the :hildren,;Eund;....,1plan to' send nore. next -week — along with medicine; and .jmpbjle hospitals, Raymond Cournoyer, Oxfam's representative in eastern India, visit .that '.'Cholera ' threaterieo'. riot only .the estimated four rriil- lion'; to. five million.''Pakistani refugees .but also.mahy .Indians. The. 'administration, of. India's West Bengali-State is' appealing for four million cholera and--ty- phoid.' :sh'qts, Mr. Cournoyer said.:. -• ^'•!-.;'-- ' ;•' • • •',' ', j'Majpr Disaster'^Feared .' . A representative..of War oft Want,-:, the Rev. -.Wilfred Ke'rr, said'tKere :.would be'a "major disaster", unless the -refugees could': retufn'to their /homes 'An East Pakistan; before'.the mon- soon .rains-"start in. about a month;' • : . -;.: . . - "They are: living in tents set up in/rice -fields.'; and they \yill be flooded ip.ut when.the fains come,".:h,e..said.."Dysentery and cholera .will'-''become raimpant." -The:-Wbrld Health Organiza- tion announced, that' the 'first planeload; in a relief program of more, than $300,000 worth of supplies would leave Geneva for India tomorrow. The organi- zation' said it was acting in re- sponse to a request today from the Indian Director of Health. The -'shipments -:.wll .include $40,000 in medical equipment previously donated^by. members of. the agency,; plus' $100,000 in supplies purchased with W.H.O. funds and $185,000 donated by tlie.office'of Hie U.nited Nations High. ^Commissioner' for Refu- gees for purchase:. 6f supplies. The largest' item .will be 250 metric tons— or about 551,000 pounds—of reriydration fluid to treat lossfpf body fluids among choleravi yictirris\:. .Experts say fluid loss is the. principal cause of deaths'ffoin :cholera. the W.HiO; program is also to include V -500,000 ddses of cholera vaccine, a million cap- sules,, of tetracychne antibiotic, l,000r~'botiles_^o"f{ syrup fo LOWDOW TIMES, Wednesday, 9 June 1971 From Alan, McGregor a programme for repatriation of A Staff Reporter writes: British Geneva. Joins 8 all. the refugees. charities, who are working around Events have thrust on Prince the clock to mount their relief With contributions from govern- Sadruddin the responsibility of programmes to combat the cholera ments now past the £12'm mark en&uring the success of the largest epidemic, are worried that tha and the certainty of more to come, humanitarian action ever under- disease may gain an even firmer United Nations aid for East taken by United Nations agencies. hold across the border in East Pakistan refugees is steadily gather- The UNlHiCR emergency unit is Pakistan- ing momentum'—being coordinated registering Government contribu- The Rev Wilfred Kerr, inter- by what amounts to a disaster tions, in cash or in kind, obtaining national director of War on Want, relief unit set up within the office precise details of what is needed, said yesterday: " I assume it must in Geneva o_f the United Nations and informing the India Govern- be the same on the other side of High Commissioner for Refugees. ment what is available. A senior the border. Cholera does not stop Officials are unable to estimate official, Mr Thomas Jainieson, has just because someone draws a line at the moment how much money been attached temporarily to the across a map." may be needed altogether. On the Delhi office of UlNiHCR. War on Want has already dis- basis of three million' refugees, One problem is obtaining the- patched aid to the value of the Indian Government had earlier hundreds of thousands of tents put forward a figure of approxi- needed to -shelter the refugees £78,000. A medical team is mately £70m. during the monsoon. The slow- leaving for Calcutta today with For once, the United Nations moving airlift of medical supplies a 14-ton consignment of 1,500,000 had sidestepped its own red tape by the World Health Organization antibiotic tablets, half a million and gone ahead with establishing will be given a boost tomorrow vaccine shots and 5 vaccine guns. a "special body to organize disas- when an RAF Hercules will pick ter relief. This is being done by a up nine tons at Geneva airport. Oxfam said..-that more than 23 six-man planning team, directed The aircraft will already have a tons of -medical supplies'.and equip- by Mr. Charles Mace, the Deputy quantity; of British supplies on ment will arrive in Calcutta by High Commissioner. The team is Board, including 14,000 litres of today. The organization has also backed by the considerable ad- saline rehydration fluid—regarded cabled £40,000 in cash for pro- vision of local medical teams.and ministrative resources of UNHCR by WHO as the most important f headquarters. item of all for saving the lives or local purchase of tents and The High Commissioner himself, of persons already infected by the medicines. Oxfam has made a Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, has cholera vibrio. total commitment to date of been in- Pakistan since Sunday on An RAF VC10 will load 14 tons £140,000, and on Saturday is what is undoubtedly the most of supplies here qn Thursday or launching a giant appeal. difficult assignment of his career. Friday and American Air Force The British Red Cross Society, His aim is twofold: to ensure " the transports are expected within the which has sent £10,000 to the humanitarian aspects" of relief, next day or two. This will enable League of Red Cross Societies for unhampered by poMcal hitches; W'HO to clear the backlog of the relief operation, is dispatching and, in the longer term, to work supplies: only two and a-half tons five tons of supplies, inckiding vOUtiWitli the Pakistan have gone out so far. o -iins '{hjnoila SIB -jorT NEW YORK TfMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 10, 1971 Briton Urges East Pakistani Settlement By JOHN M. LEE but the Government feels un- Secretary General Thant's able to authorize new 'proj- May 19 appeal to governments Special to Th* New Tori Tim* » has brought contributions or LONDON, June 9—-The Brit- ects until normal civil life is ish Foreign .Secretary, Sir Alec restored, pledges of $32-millk>n. Douglas-Home; made a strong Relief Program Planned appeal today for a political set- Refugee Flow Continues tlement in East Pakistan, term- Special to Th« New Tori Tim<* ing it an essential condition for GENEVA, June 9—A special CALCUTTA, India, June 9 any permanent solution to the representative of Secretary (Reuters)—East Pakistani refu- Pakistani refugee disaster. General Thant of the United gees continued moving into the Speaking In an emergency Nations today requested the troubled Indian town of Barasat debate in the House of Com- cooperation of the Food and today as five foreign planeloads mons on the relief situation in Agriculture Organization and of medical supplies reached Cal- East Pakistan and India, Sir the League of Red Cross Socie- cutta to help fight the cholera Alec said the real tragedy lay ties in a large-scale food relief epidemic. in the fact that this was not program for East Pakistan. Reserve policemen were a natural disaster but .a politi- According to reliable, sources, called in yesterday to prevent cal one. the two agencies, together with Hindu-Moslem rioting from He said the relief, of immedi- the United Nations Children's breaking out in Barasat, nor- ate suffering should be followed Fund and donations from gov- mally a town of 90,000 now "very soon by the creation of ernments, are expected to pro? flooded with more than 200,000 a political framework in which refUgeesl:iSqme.-of the refugees vide the bulk of the ;: griain-and : civil government can be formed edible oils needed. '•''"•'•'''*••:. had^triedi to;set'*up:-ca1npv£K a in and which will give confidence The United Nations'official, Moslem'-mosses;' '^j'tJ :o the refugees to return home." Ismat Kattani, an Assistant Sec- Sir Alec alsq, urged continued retary General, stopped ,6ff in restraint in the tense, relations Geneva today on his way back Detween Pakistan and. India. to New York after confer- Otherwise, he said,, "thfe.danger ences in pacca, the capital of of war- would" be' .very. real East Pakistan. .•••••- and would convert-' what is al- Reliable sources said Mr. ready a. tragedy into a! catas- Kattani felt that he had ob- trophe?' " ' '•'••'.';/" • "aihed 'the consent of the Pak- Politicians of all parties rose istani Government, which had :o deplore' the disorders' in East previously been unwilling to ac- Pakistan and; to, express con- cept outside help; for aid'under cern at the plight' of the refu- the: "United Nations umbrella." gees.. -The refugee flow began ast March after the Pakistani UNICEF Issues Appeal Army moved against East Pak- Speotal to TJi« New York Timci stanl secessionists. ]• .,' ;: UNITED NATIONS, N.Y., Mrs. Judith Hart, the, .Labor June 9—The head of the United >arty spokesman on pverseas Nations Children's Fund is development, said:'•"'"The Gov- making a worldwide plea for ernment must not for one mo- immediate assistance to ref- ment feel limited in any efforts ugees from East Pakistan. they can make about who is The :appeal by Henry R. going to pay the bill at the Labouisse, UNICEF director, is end of the day." .,...-. twofold: for continued emerg- Sir Alec, who reported yes-^ ency aid such as drugs and :erday that the Government foodstuffs now being supplied lad so far given $4::2-milliori by UNICEF'and for long-term for food and relief, said "We assistance for the two million, are, ready to do substantially children living in the crowded more as soon as we can assess refugee camps in northeastern the need, and, the opportunities India- unfold" At least $5-milhon will be It is the Government's Inten- needed initially for this pro- tion that all future devejop- gram, Mr^ Eabouisse advised menl! aiij to Pakistan should be the UNICEF committees in 27 BpenftJmrEasfoPafcistan, he said,' countries. »s, ~ri NEW YORK TIMES, Saturday, 12 June a»971 , Aid to Be Distributed Special to Tt» W» Zori Times UNITED. NATIONS,;'R Y., fane 11—An official - of the United Nations who has just returned from Pakistan said to- day that President Mohammad Agha' •'• Yahya,v,.Khan's:: :.;Goyern- ment' wbi?ld - disf rib'itte • .United Rations relie'f s'LJppries"-'"ih! 'East Pakistan. ^ . ... Ismat Kit'tani,,.. an Assistant Secretary General,1 said- that he did not yet: know how as- surances could be obtained that the aid 'would!-' actually reach the East'Pakistanis but he in- Sted that he. {was; cbuiil^ng TKerificatipn pn-fore.ign pffi- sfitls'Md on the United Nktions Staffs :wp;rkers;.'whof;. are. Teturn-' NEW YORK TIMES, Wednesday, l6 June 1971 Mrs. Gandhi Says Pakistan Solution Grows Remote Special to The New Yen* Times Parliament, some members sug- ferred here today with Secre- morrow with President Nixon NEW DELHI, June 15—Prime gested that India should send tary General Thant and urged and Secretary of State William Minister Indira Gandhi said in the military into East Pakistan that international pressure be P. Rogers. Parliament today that the pos- to help the Bengali separatists. exerted on President Agha Mo- After leaving Mr. Thant's of- sibility of a political settle- The Pakistani Army attacked hammad Yahya Khan's Gov- fice, he told correspondents he ment in East Pakistan was "be- in East Pakistan in March in ernment to cease what was had asked the Secretary Gen- coming more remote" everyday. an attempt to crush the in- termed political repression in eral to use his "tremendous dependence movement. East Pakistan. Mrs. Gandhi also declared influence" to impress upon the Mrs. Gandhi did not com- The Indian minister, who has Pakistani Government the need that India was prepared to make visited Moscow, Bonn, Paris "all the sacrifices" and would ment on these suggestions. She for a political solution to en said a political settlement had and Ottawa, is gosng to Wash- able millions of refugees now in have to "go through hell" to ington to schedule talks to- India to return home. look after the six million Pak- to come sooner or later—"bet- istani refugees in India. ter sooner than later." But she said India expected Mrs. Gandhi declared, how- tive" transfer of power to the tho nations of the world to ever, that India would "never UHYASAIDTODELAY acquiesce" in a political settle- elected representatives, both at share the responsibility. PLAN FOR CIVIL RULE the national and provincial "We are looking after the ref- ment "at the cost of democ- ugees on a temporary basis," racy and the rights of people levels. fighting there." RAWALPINDI, Pakistan, June He said General Yahya was Mrs. Gandhi said. "We have no 15 (Reuters)—President Agha intention of allowing them to "Any settlement must be ar- sincere about transferring pow- rived at with those people who Mohammad Yahya Khan has settle here; neither have we postponed the announcement er, but "a coterie of civil ser- any intention of asking them to are today being suppressed," she vants, defeated politicians and said. "We shall not for a mo- of his plan for the transfer of go back merely to be butchered." power to a civilian government, big business" had been trying She said the problem also in- ment stand for a political set- to impede the victory. tlement that means the death Zulfikar AH Bhutto, chairman volved the issue of democracy of the Pakistan People's party, The National Assembly that and human rights, and that In- of Bangla Desh and the ending was to have written a consti- dian representatives had been of democracy and of the people said today. The President, who tution was postponed in March. who are fighting for their rules by martial authority, said going around the world to pre- May 24 that he would announce Protest strikes followed in East sent the situation to govern- rights." Pakistan, where a separatist ments. Bangla Desh—Bengali nation the plan in two to three weeks time. movment was under way. The "We are not going to allow —is the name the East Pakistani army attacked in the East and the international community to separatists have given to the Mr. Bhutto, who met Presi- the dominant political party get away with it," she declared. province. dent Yahya here yesterday, there, the Auawi League, was "They have to realize it is their said the delay was due to barred. responsibility. They will cer- Indian Envoy Meets Thant the Government's preoccupation tainly suffer from the •.conse- Special to Th« New York Tlmei with the budget, to be an- quences of whatever/(happens in UNITED NATIONS, N. Y., nounced later this month...'h 'thisiipar' t of thetisrorld." • une 15 — Foreign Minister Mr. Bhutto reiterated his 'Swaran Singh of India con- mand for an "early and effecV NEW YORK TIMES, Thursday, 1? June 1971 acfeih Dacca on Aid Officials Reportei political accommodation that By MALCOLM Wl BROWNE tees" have been assassinated! 3?:' Special to The New York Times and that officials cooperating would give the people of East flSLAMABAD, Pakistan, June with the military regime there Pakistan grounds for hoping Is—Knowledgeable sources re- have been receiving threaten- they could go back to work ing letters on official stationery and cooperate with the Islama- pjfrted today that officials of overnment. aij international aid consortium overprinted with the words li&aded by the World Bankl"Bangla Desh." Thant Appeals for Aid narrowly escaped death in East Bangla Desh, meaning Ben- Special to The New TTark Times pMlstan' last' Thursday from gall nation, is the name sepa- UNITED NATIONS, N.Y., qftibs presumed 'to have been ratists have given East Pakistan. June 16 — Secretary General thjrown by Bengali -separatist A Bangla Desh underground Thant appealed to the. world government is said to be func- community today for assistance Extremists. :ioning both in neighboring.In- to East Pakistan. He declared The incident reportedly oc- dia and in a few isolated bor- that improved conditions in |urred in front of the Inter- der areas in East Pakistan. East Pakistan would help to Continental Hotel in downtown Some foreigners report that halt the flow of. .refugees cross- Dacca, capital of East Pakistan. installers of irrigation wells, ing the border into India. According to the sources, one rural agricultural teams and Mr.,. Thant made a separate other local technicians on appeal last month to govern- American and two British offi- whom the administration of. aid ments for assistance to the qials were -about to get into a to East Pakistan is dependent refugees in India, now esti oar when three bombs were are too frightened to leave the mated to total more than six ijtirown, one of which' exploded main towns to work in the million. tine car. Bomb fragments countryside. In a related development, the were said to have caused some Pakistan's financial and International Rescue Committee minor injuries, and the car was economic position, in the disclosed it is sending a group demolished. [A spokesman for opinion of foreign economists, to India with the aim of finding lihe World/Bank lieadquarters verges on the desperate. and assisting educators, writers m Washington said he knew Largely as a result of the physicians and other profes- Nothing about the bomb report. East Pakistan situation, Pak- sionals who have fled from He said the bank was in daily istan's exports of such com- East Pakistan. contact, by cable,1 with the con- modities as jute are understood Charles Sternberg, executive sortium and had received no to have fallen sharply in recent director of the Rescue Com- Reports of any violence directed months, as has revenue from mittee, who has been confer Against the financial mission.] taxes,. ring here with United Nations I A mission qr.tlie. llrnation .The'';'. 'consortium ' mission, authorities, explained that the ciqnsortium, including the Unit- headed by I.PiM. Cargill of: the intention 'is to assist profes- ed! States, is in Pakistan to World Bank, has just completed sionals 'and intellectuals with 3tudy prospects of peace and a series of talks with ftjhe emergency funds but no political stability as one of the Pakistani Government, includ- resettlement. The committee prerequisites to full-scale re- ing President Agha Mohammad recognizes that as a private gumption of aid to this country. Yahya Khan. group it could not possibly at I Aid Down to a Trickle - The substance of the talks tempt an aid program for the was secret but it is believed entire refugee population 'anc | United States aid to Pakistanin diplomatic circles that donor so ' decided to concentrate ,pn is largely channeled through nations are insisting on a rapid the professional;gr.oups, .hg the consortium, on which Paki- stan's economy is heavily- de- pendent. Since March 25, when the Pakistani Army began sup- pjressing the secessionist mtive;- ijient in East Pakistan, .with heavy resultant loss of life, 'i.ri- •t0f national ...aid to Pakistan has l(e;en reduced to a trickle.. I i Foreigners " concerned with the- situation report that ter- rprist resistance, to martial-law ;, ajuthority:.in .East P,ak.istan.,has "Since the nation has recent ly been subjected to a ven ev t>rt he said l hav Yahya Promises a decide! W°ld that the nationa- " l anc provincial governments wil By MALCOLM W. BROWNE between these two parties anc have at their disposal th Special to The New York Times the military Government re cover of martial law for a pe RAWALPINDI, Pakistan, June suited in a stalemate and lasi nod of time. In actual prac 28—President Agha Moham- March 1 President Yahya an> tice, martial law will not b mad Yahya Khan of Pakistan nounced that the convening o: operative in its present form told his people today that they the National Assembly woulc but we cannot allow chaos in could expect to have a popular- be postponed. any part of the country and ly elected legislature in about The Awami League was the hands of the governments four months. pressing for a wide measure of need to be strengthened unti In a speech to the nation, autonomy for East Pakistan | things settle down." President Yahya Khan said that and some of its leaders and he considered the results of the members advocated outright se- Indian Cabinet Meets elections held last Dec. 7 for a cession to form a new Bengali Special to The New York Times Jlational Assembly and for local state to be known as Bangla NEW DELHI, June 28—The provincial assemblies still val- Desh (Bengal Nation). On March Cabinet of Prime Minister In- d. 25, armed forces from West dira Gandhi met tonight to re- But the President said tha Pakistan poured into the east- view the announcement bv although Pakistan would mov ern wing(to suppress the.seces- President Agha Mohammad :oward democracy as rapidly a sionist movement and to clamp Yahya Khan that a new con- sossible, martial law would re military administration on the stitution would be drawn up nain in, effect for some tim< province. Many thousands for Pakistan. p keep:'the country from chaos were killed, the economy of There was no official com- /General Yahya khan saic East Pakistan came to a stand- ment, but informed sources fiat' national and provincia still and millions of Bengal re] said that the Government con- governments would be formec ugees swarmed across the bor sidered the proposal "totally when the assemblies were con The New York Times der into India. negative'." ' • - : fened, but he did not say wha^ President Yahya Khan The Awami League was 'per orrn such governments would manently banned and its leader ake. larly elected government. Dur- Sheik Mujibur Rahman, wa A Watchdog Role ing most of her history she has jailed. The speech indicated that any been under military rule. In his speech today, th ew Government would be sub- -The election of last Decem- President said that the ban on set to certain guidelines, with ser was the first of its kind in the Awami League was not in le armed forces maintaining a the nation's history and the re- tended to exclude members-elec watchdog role. of that party from the new Na sults reflected the .deep split tional Assembly. •;:,:General Yahya Khan said >etween the Punjabis and other fiat there had been indications lomihant groups of West Pak- A list of ineligible Awam that major aid-giving nations stan' and the Bengalis of the League members who had com- were seeking to press Pakistan more populous East Pakistan. mitted "antistate" or "criminal' ntp a quick political settlement East and West Pakistan are sep- acts was being drawn up, he f:her.problems. He said that arated by about l;000 miles of said, but the others were asked 'akistan, wholly 'rejected such Tndian.,territory. .-,. to come forward to serve in the ; legislature as individuals ressure and would do without - Nearly all the seats allocated 'oreigtr.'aid if necessary. :p;.East .Pakistan were won by New Constitution Planned Pakistan's economy is largely :he Awami League, which 'thus A special commission has eperiderit: on foreign" aid; of been appointed, the President became the majority party of said:,-to.prepare a new consti- vhich the United States fur- all Pakistan. The runner-up was ishes about half. tution to go into effect at the he Pakistan People's party, first sitting of the National As- JPjkistan^whichi with Jndia, which won all its seats in West ""-"la,independent, 'of"Britain pakistan. sembly. A' draft of the consti- l-T^Wni'-'*..>:..'fcjj<.•-_!popu_ tution will be shown to various Negotiations" on procedure!|PP»tical leaders _fpr comment ftesfidentv'said .:that'vhe would u,:*.t_rail,- -.splinter:• _L;'.__•__;_, 4p'aitieli' .'••-..•..; a•-'M. r*_ . .'tho*•• Wr*V ST. LOUIS POST-DISPATCH, Wednesday, 28 July 1971 At 1000 Centers CALCUTTA, India, July '27-A United Nations agency will ; open 1000 centers Awg'. 15 to : dispense .high-protein foods in eastern India. The action is' to stave : off the threat of wide- spread deaths from malnutri- tion amnrig r ef u g e e children from East Pakistan. . '. "The- situation is very seri- ous," said J. Gullniar Anders- son, the Swedish director of a new emergency section set up by the UN International Chil- dren's Emergency Fund. • A'nd'ersson said 2,000,000 'refugees—children below 9 years old and expectant mothers—would be :giyen about 3yz ounces of high protein food a day, including f oo'd made from milk powder, a special' High'.,-protein flour preparation and soya milk. Operation Life Line will be administered by the India-n Rfed ; Cross.. UjSTICEF and the World- j':]Eeisdjiig' progfani will provide ' NEW YORK TIMES, Tuesday, 3 August 1971 of Indlai ^Pakistatii Clash By KATHLEEN TELTSCH repatriation of the refugees. He '{' "Sfie said she would "welcome) A reliable foreign travelei Special to The New York Times has been seeing delegates of , iy. action by the U. N. which!reported that a major bridg< UNITED NATIONS, N. Y., the two sides almost/daily. : would insure and guarantee.; on the key road betweer Pakistan agreed on July 20 under adequate international! Dacca, the provincial capital Aug. 2 — Secretary General to accept representatives of the I supervision, that the refugees' comilla, a major town t< 1 and Thant warned today that a United Nations High Commis-] lands, houses and property will &e east on the Indian frontier be returned to them in East major conflict could break out sioner for Refugees at two or 1 ' blown up by guerrilla! between India and Pakistan, three selected areas "on both Pakistan and that conditions the weekend. -•'-,-'""! which "could all too easily sides." India today responded are created there to insure their c£s iif. expand." formally and expressed "total safe return under credible inter- The warning was made in opposition" to the plan, which national guarantees without a memorandum for Security she complained would only di- threat of reprisal or other meas- Council members made public vert world attention from un- ures of repression from the today amid growing pessimism abated Pakistani 'oppression of j military authorities in West among diplomats and officials the East Pakistanis. - ••'••' 'Pakistan." about the situation. In'short, neither Mr. Thant's Clashes in East Reported Lack of progress in Mr. approach to the Council nor his ; Special to The Hew YorK Times Thant's private efforts in recenl negotiations with the two DACCA, Pakistan, Aug. 2— months was reflected in the parties have so far yielded re- Clashes and incidents between Secretary 'General's remarks sults. . •'• - • , ; Pakistani Government troops He sard: . At Mr.,. Thant's. request, Jac-and Bengali guerrillas were re- "I am deeply concerned ques - Kosciusko-Morizet^^of rted by varigiisvsourees_tp about the possible consequencesFrance,-who was CouncilSErgs^ yev occurred^ o\fe::;the week- of the present situation, not dent for July, canvasse&i,J;h<^ P only in a humanitarian sense members and reported ti^pf^ but also as a potential threat to timent .did not favor an^ppi end throughout most parts of peace and security and for its public mee.ting, mainly because bearing on the future of the of fear of exacerbating tensions East Pakistan. United Nations as an effective Morevef, there is growing There are indications that; instrument for international co- anxiety that the ' situation military action between the operation and action." is worsening daily, with separatist Ukti Bahini, or lib-j The .memorandum reflectec border clashes, raids and sabo- eration army, and the national concern about the danger o: tage becoming more frequent army is increasing rapidly. big-power involvement if the There is concern that the re Bengali sources said that on deteriorating situation eruptec fugee situation should. not be Saturday night Pakistani Army into fighting and Pakistan permitted to stagnate as hap- troops moved into the port turned for support, to Qhina pened on a reduced scale with area of Dacca and began fir- and India to the Soviet Union the Palestinian Arab refugee, ing blank cartridges to scare The statement is Mr. Thant's in 1949. people away from a dock. most: outspoken, on the crisis, Mr. Thant's warning- to the> Some Bengali observers who whichVhSs, followed' the West Council stressed that outside remained in the area, accord-' Pakistani Army's campaign, relief would not suffice to re- ing to the account, saw serv- begun March 25, to crush the solve the problem and that a icemen unloading bodies of separatist movement in East political settlement was re- soldiers from a vessel. Pakistan- and which has sent quired. The assistance program In Dacca there were many seven million refugees fleeing for East Pakistan, to which the civilian arrests over the week- into India. United States on Friday pledged end. With the memoradium, Mr. $l-million, is a separate opera- Universities throughout East Thant put on record his behind- tion from the plan for repatriat- Pakistan reopened, today with the-scenes efforts to persuade ing the refugees now in India heavy .pontingents-bf troops in ; India,. and.. Pakistan to . accept with the aid of the High Com- asHu ^™,-v:urt4;... attendancei- could •United'' N-atiohs, representative's jnission's office. ('•••^l.'.'V.-T.;,-' .-"*,. • , j M!J ii ^estimated. on their" territory' to far- - '- * : Thant pointedly declared ythat his request for the ac~$s>tance of United Nations '"on both sides" was not an attempt to introduce a peace- keeping operation such as the United Nations had, in the Mid- dle! East and the Congo and still maintains in Cypress.. Diplomats here hope that the presence of civilians serving under United Nations auspices would help reduce incidents and lessen tensions. . India,- in a reply to Mr. Thantj aed;; her.;: argument* toft; a l "settlement '•.acceptably .-.: Pakistanis:' . - -." • THE BOSTON GLOBE, Thursday, 5 August 1971 14 Pakistani feet to US, rebels *TSA W 4 > _E-*V± . By Darius S. Jli'abvala methods" to crush ''freedom and even cause the Pakistan government's abil- Globe Washington Bureau humanity" in the eastern half of the ity to create some stability would be' nation. seriously jeopardized." WASHINGTON — Fourteen offi- "Yahya's 'final solution' of the Opponents of economic and mili- cials at the Pakistan Embassy here Bengali question has since taken on tary assistance claim that American and at the Pakistan mission to the an added sinister dimension — the aid is being used by President Yahya United Nations requested political denial of food to starve the Bengalis to suppress the revolt in the eastern asylum in the United States yesterday into submission", Karim said. half of the, nation. . ..,, .-...,.- and pledged their allegiance to The group defection was an- Bangla Desh (the freedom move- nounced one day after the House;.; voted to suspend $225 million in ment in East Pakistan.) economic, military and surplus food Included in the group are Enayet aid to Pakistan until the govern- • > Kacin, minister and number two man ment begins to take back the 6 mil- -in the embassy, and Sayid A. Karim, lion refugees who have fled to India. -Palestine's deputy permanent repre- President Nixon said yesterday sentative at the United Nations. his Administration does "not favor At a press conference, Karim said the idea- that the United States should cut off economic assistance' that "for us Bengali officers in the 1 Pakistani missions in the United to Pakistan." -u-. ' States, it is no longer possible to re- He said the US has already pro'-"^ main silent spectators to the bar- vided "$70 million for refugees re- barous actions of the Pakistan gov- lief and we are prepared to pro- ernment which have turned Bangla vide more." Desh into a land of death and Mr. Nixon announced that Secy, of State Rogers plans to go to the terror." United Nations next week to dis- One of the officials told The Globe cuss with officials there additional privately yesterday that the defec- steps for relief assistance. tion is intended "to dramatize our The President said that to halt iV revulsion" over Pakistan president' all aid to Pakistan "would simply ? Yahya Khan's "cruel and barbarous aggravate, the refugee problem be- THE NEW YORK TIMES, Tuesday, August 10, 1971 rsGives$l-MilliontoThant orReliefWork in East Pakistan By SAM POPE BREWER Special to The Hew York Time* | UNITED NATIONS, N.Y., Aug.home from conferences with $—Secretary of State William the Israeli Government. The State Department's |P. Rogers met today for four : KIOUTS with "Secretary General spokesman; Robert £ > McClos- key>: .msjsted/that.:,the report ipianf to discuss ways the from Mr. Sisco, which had been iSUnited States and the United expected with"'keen interest [{Nations could cooperate in aid- here,-was limited to "five to [£ng the millions of East Pakis- seven minutes ;at the.end of. this tanis left destitute by cyclone morning^ session/'. He would war. hot discuss the substance of fte Both 'sides in the talks report.- ."•••' [Stressed in- later statements U; N. Telling Its Role ; lijhat they felt that humanitar- A reliable source Said data on ian efforts must take priority the role the United Nations &ver politics. Mr. Thant has would play .in East Pakistan' warned the, member states that would be released.in the,next Bie'also sees a grave threat to day or two. ; • jjeace in the tensions along the Besides Mr. Rogers and Mr. Pakistani-Indian, frontier.) Sisco, the relief conference in- JT• Mr. "Rogers^ presented ' Mr. cluded Samuel DePalma, As- fhant -with a check for $1- sistant Secretary-of State for xnillion, which a United States International Organization Af- spokesman described as "the fairs; George Bush, the chief irst million." The spokesman United States delegate; Maurice ;aid another million would fol- J. Williams, deputy.administra- ow and that both contributions were. to be used to finance tor of the Agency for Interna- Jnited Nations efforts to aid tional Development, and Francis 1 L. Kellogg,, a special assistant to :he- destitute and hungry in Mr;,Rogers for refugee and mi- Last Pakistan. The check was gration affairs. : •eported to be. .the first cash From Mr. .Thantfs staff there contribution jfor such wor;k ;in were Roberto; Guyer, Under Sec- East Pakistan as distinct tfrbrji 1 vork in India for Pakistanis retary General for Special Po-| vho had fled there. i, V:i "' litical- Affairs; -Ismat Kittani, A brief report on negotiations Assistant Secretary General for n the Middle East was given Inter - agency Affairs, and >y Joseph J; Sisco, Assistant Cjharles.Mace, the deputy of the Secretary of. State for Near Kigh commissioner for. refugees. Eastern and South 'Asian [Affairs, who has just returned FfiESH AIR FUND. PLEASE GIVE. The New York Times/Tyrone Dukes CONFERENCE ON PAKISTAN: Secretary of State William P. Rogers, center left, in light suit, and aides with U.N. Secretary General U Thant, second from right, and staff members. Flanking Mr. Rogers are George Bush, to left, delegate to the U.N., and Joseph J. Sisco, Assistant Secretary of State. THE BOSTON GLOBE, Tuesday, August 10, 1971 muffee .£_ ^LuK^Jtl.**! lb **£& i Jl't psyes and ears "of •'the flo the Secretary .Qenerar any, ;c 3. Jhabvala f £ r military actions between India ^ Glo'fie :Staff Pakistan. UNITED NATIONS—The United Thant is expected to announce States yesterday emphasized its con- tomorrow his program of action, a cern for Pakistani refugees in India measure which will fall short of a and East Pakistan, by delivering a proposal he offered to man India- substantial contribution to partially East Pakistan borders with a UN ob- underwrite the cost of a relief distri- servation team. bution team. Pakistan accepted that suggestion The apolitical gesture is in con- but India rejected it, complaining trast with the Soviet Union's signing Jhat it, in' effect, would make India a of a 20-year treaty of friendship and party to the military oppression in- cooperation with India. t,stituted by the West Pakistani gov-.j It also comes at a time when needs of the refugees are becoming a secondary consideration in the big Since ' ila£t; Maftrfi : seven- ' mfflion power geopolitical struggle for alle- Hindus in East' Pakistan, fearing for giances in the Asian subcontinent. their lives under the martial law in- Secretary of State William P. stituted by West Pakistan, have fled Rogers met with UN Secretary Gen- eral. U Thant and his advisers twice into India. Moreover reports claim yesterday for a total of three hours that at least another 250,000 have and 45 minutes. The sessions were been ' killed in East Pakistan in the devoted solely to Pakistan relief, -../West's effdrts'. to wipe'-'out the seces- ending with Rogers giving Thant a ist Bangla Desh rebellion. , •, ;., check for $1 million for a UN team J-' tak& which will supervise distribution of immediate necessities. :• different views (jfthe'; refugee, prob- According to sources, the teapi, lem — India claims, that political in- stability and West Pakistani military excesses are the main cause; the US insists that food shortages and gen- eral economic instability are the root of the problem. •vuph'eiv'als' since' last March. An ini- tial group of 36 will leave for East The Soviet Union has contributed Pakistan by the end of this week. relief assistance for those refugees are in India. At the same time itr The Secretary also promised ts the Indian assessment. Thant more aid in the near future. ytreaty signed yesterday clearly Britain is expected to pledge $1.2 Ijthe.r Soviet Union not only behind, ,-. million today. sflridia but also behind the Bangla., The US has already given more pbesh movement. than $70 million in relief assistance. !i , The US has been concentrating on • However the problem is hot the ac- ; quisition of supplies but their prop- |'the economic side. The administra- er distribution. -, - ^ tion- has refused to sever economic ( ties with Pakistan despite contrary i The4JNX team will also., act ^s^he sentiments of Congress. That in turn has brought India-US relations to their lowest point since the days of independence in 1945.; ;,,,>..UN officials remain concerned ,||aboitt the worsening relations be- |fl$reen India and Pakistan and the in- ^creasing threat by each side to wage l Most are alarmed by the US and THE NEW YOEK TIMES, Wednesday, August 11. 1971 „ , ••"srE"-:^.'-? ••,'''••;*" y 1 : Denounced as 'Traitor* Agreement on Repatriation Sheik Mujib regarded the By SYDNEY H. SCHANBERG vote as a mandate to seek a Special to The Nou- York Times large degree of autonomy for NEW DELHI., Aug. 10—India OHUJIB TRIAL the East, and after talks be- and Pakistan have agreed, tween President Agha Moham- after a three-and-one-half- t> mad Yahya Khan and Sheik mpnth impasse, on the repatri- Says East Pakistani's Fate Mujib broke down, the army ation of personnel at their1 moved against the autonomy Will Have Repercussions respective diplomatic missions movement. The assembly never in Dacca and Calcutta. convened. Indian officials disclosed General Yahya, in a nation- here today that more thin 200 By SAM POPE BREWER wide broadcast March 26, de- Special to The New York Times Indians at the Deputy! High nounced Sheik Mujib as a Commission, or consulate, in UNITED NATIONS, N. Y., "traitor" who had sought East Dacca, East Pakistan, would be Aug. 10 — Secretary General Pakistani secession from West flown back to New Delhi on! Thant warned today that the Pakistan. The two wings of the fate of the East Pakistani leader,' Thursday aboard Swiss and! 1 'country are separated by 1,000 Soviet planes. Thirty Westjj Sheik Mujibur Rahman, would miles of Indian territory. Pakistanis of the Pakistani;; "inevitably have repercussions jj In another development ~at Deputy High Commission inj outside the borders of PaMa?, jjthe United Nations, Britain p're-' .Calcutta will be flown to tan." ssented $1.2-million as part of'an. Karachi on an Iranian plane; The Martial Law Administra; pver-all pledge of $2.4-m!lii0ri'i The two missions have been; tor's office in Rawalpindi, Pak'| ffor relief efforts for mill.ionsjl shut since April 26 at Paki- istan, announced yesterday th'a't (Pakistanis of East left destitute 'stan's instance. The Pakistani, Sheik Mujib would go on Iby a cyclone last year and/jfiyj •move was in retaliation for trie' trial tomorrow before a special Ithe war. The other part'''"of seizure of the Calcutta mission military court for "waging war ihe pledge will be paid in kind,-, "eight days earlier by the East against Pakistan" and other of- .'chiefly transport or reliefj .Pakistani staff members. fenses. •supplies. -.;' : 1 ; The East Pakistanis took over Mr. Thant said he had been Yesterday Secretary of State the mission in the name of the receiving expressions of con- William P. Rogers presented Bengali independence move- cern about Sheik Mujib, party a check for $1-million. ment and declared it the first .chief of the separatist Awami The British contribution was foreign mission of Banela .' league, from many govern- presented by British delegate, Desh, or Bengal Nation, the ;'• lients every day. Sir Colin Crowe, who said it name given to East Pakistan . | Sheik Mujib was reported to was given in response to Mr. by the insurgents. .have been arrested by the Pak- Thant's appeal June 16 for aid The most important snag in i|tani Army after it moved last to the East Pakistanis. repatriating the diplomats and March to crush the autonomy their families was Pakistan's : . rihovement in East Pakistan. Eleven Senators Appeal demand for private interviews ^ Termed 'Delicate Matter' WASHINGTON, Aug. 10 (AP) with each Bengali to "satisfy —Eleven Senators urged today itself" about which ones did not 5 Mr. Thant's statement on that the United States Govern- wish to return. A Swiss diplo- Sheik Mujib, issued through ment convey to Pakistan their mat finally arranged and con-! spokesmen, said that the Sec- "profound hope" that compas- ducted the interviews with the retary General "feels that it is more than 60 Bengalis in Cal- an extremely sensitive and deli- ,s\on, would,be shown to Sheik cutta, and all refused to return. cate matter, which falls within jMujib. the competence of the judicial system of a member state, in •this case, Pakistan." Although the, trial is within Pakistan's jurisdiction, Mr. Thant said, "It is also a matter of extraordinary interest and concern in many quarters, from .the humanitarian as well as the political point of view." . Mr. Thant said that there was a general feeling that the hope of restoring peace and normality in. the. region was "remote unless some kind of accommodation is .reached." On July 19 he addressed 9. memorandum to India " and Pakistan, noting the danger to peace and security arising from, any dissension between them. But that was a case of inter- national affairs. In the latest statement he was expressing views on domestic, affairs of a United Nations member. ,. In elections last December foif a national assembly that would draft a constitution to return THE NEW YORK TIMES, Thursday, August 12, 1971 Letters to the Editor Katangan and Biafran cases. The first Self-Determination for the Bengalis is geographical separation. The Congo and Katanga are contiguous territories i To the Editor: munity has been reluctant to express and so are Nigeria and Biafra, but East I In your Aug. 6 editorial you call itself on an issue of political separa- and West Pakistan are over 1,000 Ifor the immediate suspension of United tion, even when the disputing parties miles apart—a distance not as great States aid to Pakistan, pointing to have gone to war over the issue. The as that between Indonesia and the Increasing evidence that the Bengali United Nations had nothing to say Netherlands, but considerably greater resistance is "deep-rooted and spread- about the demand of the Vietnamese than that between Algeria and France. 'ving." In his report from New Delhi for independence from France or the The second condition is the denial of appearing Aug. 8 Sydney Schanberg demand of the Biafrans for inde- political rights. The Government of ' confirms that West Pakistan's military pendence from Nigeria. But it has not Pakistan has denied equal political Impression in East Pakistan is not always been silent on the issue. It rights to the people of East Pakistan, Succeeding and warns that the specter endorsed self-determination in the wars repudiating the results of an election ^qfVan international war is hovering brought by the Indonesians against which would have propelled the leader t'.pyer the continent. the Netherlands and by the Algerians of the Bengalis into the office of Prime i'.-"It' is now time for the international against France. It disapproved of self- Minister of Pakistan. When these two -•cbmmunity to face the basic issue over determination for the Katangans in c conditions exist, should not the inter- 'which the current civil war is being their war against the Congo. national community support a demand fought, whether Bangla Desh (East Instead of being reluctant, the United for political independence? Pakistan) is to be permitted to become Nations should consider itself under an obligation to pass judgment on wheth- The vital questions are: Do the Ben- an independent nation. I propose that galis have some friends at the United the United Nations endorse self-deter- er a people should be permitted to en- ter the international community as a Nations who will present their case, mination ror the Bengalis and urge and would enough countries be willing the Pakistan Government to enter into nation when the parties immediately concerned have gone to war because to deal with the case for what it is— negotiations for implementation of of their inability to agree. a demand for the exercise of a funda- that principle, calling upon all outside A combination of two conditions jus- mental human right? states to refrain from giving military tifies approval of the Bengali demand ARNOLD FRALEIGH or economic aid to the Pakistan Gov- for independence, making the Ben- Falls Church, Va., Aug. 5, 1971 ernment in the meantime. gali case similar to the Indonesian and The writer is a contributor to "The In- I realize that the international com- Algerian cases and different from the ternational Law o/ Civil War." of< months but. Moscow had not This pressure, they said, is been prepared:'' to sign so likely to iricrease with guerrillk quickly. activities and the problems Authoritative sources said, posed by the refugees. however, that India was eager The United States agrees to sign at once in the light of with India that the East Pakis- her mounting dispute with tani crisis jean be solved only Pakistan. The two countries through a political accommoda- fought a brief war in 1965, tion under which President By TAD SZVLC and the Indians were believed Yahya would grant the region Special to The New Vorls Times to regard the Soviet pact as a autonomy. But it is recognized WASHINGTON, Aug. 12 — Washington said that India had guarantee of her present se- here that such an accommoda- advised the Soviet Union early curity. Soviet mediation helped tion now appears virtually im- Authoritative United States to end the 1965 conflict. possible in view of the mount- officials said today that they last week that she planned to It was not known here ing guerrilla war. understood the Soviet Union recognize Bangla Desh on Aug. whether the Soviet Union had succeeded in dissuading India 9. There are Bangla Desh lead- also agreed to provide India Betrayal of Rebels Charged from formally recognizing East ership groups in East Pakistan with new economic and mili- NEW DELHI, Aug. 12 (Reu- Pakistan as an independent na- and in India. Rebel guerrillas tary aid. State Department officials ters) —A n Indian political lead- tion three days ago by quickly are known to be supported said that India had not'noti- er today accused his country signing a friendship treaty with from the Indian side. and the Soviet Union of stabbing Bangla Desh. India. According to thnse reports, Atal Behari Vajpayee, lead- They said the 20-year treaty the message on the planned rec- fied, the United States in ad- er of the right-wing Jan Sangh 'of peace, friendship and coop- ognition was delivered in Mos- vance of a plan to recognize Bangla Desh and that they party, charged at. a rally that jeration signed in New Delhi on cow by Durga Prasad Dhar, ,were not aware of any Soviet there was no mention of Ban-? Monday by Foreign Minister former Indian ambassador to gla Desh in a Soviet-Indian effort to pass this information communique issued yesterday. Andrei A. Gromyko appeared the Soviet Union, apparently on to Washington. "On the contrary, it discuss- to be the price for an indefi- acting as special envoy- for Robert J. McCloskey, the de- es the interests of the entire nite delay in India's plans to Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, partment's spokesman, said to- day that the Soviet Union and people of Pakistan" Mr. Vaipa- recognize East Pakistan, or Mr. Dhar flew to Moscow on the United States'were not in yee declared. "This Is a stab in Bangla Desh. Mr. Gromyko ,touch\ over the Indian-Pakistani the back of Bangla Desh and Continued on Page 6, Column 21 amounts to support for the in- i rushed to the Indian capital I dispute. He was asked the ques- divisibility of Pakistan." 'during the weekend on two1' ' 'tion at the regular daily news briefing, without reference to days' notice to sign the treaty'^ diplomatic""'-reports' said the intelligence reports on the Pakistani to Visit Soviet According to intelligence re-j, that Mr. Gromyko had told Mr. Soviet role in the controversy. Special to The Hew York Ttoa ports submitted to Presiden| Dhar that India should -act with The Indian Government went KARACHI, Pakistan, Aug. 12 Nixon on Monday, the Sovie£ out of its way yesterday to as- —Foreig n Secretary Sultam caution, warning that recogni- sure Secretary of State Wil- Union had warned the Indian tion of Bangla Desh could pro- Mohammed Khan has been in- 'Government that recognition of liam P. Rogers that its new vited to visit the Soviet Union. voke a war. <..,_ I 'treaty with the Soviet Union The invitation was received last Bangla Desh could precipitate The next step, AmeriQah> week, it is understood, and hSS ia war between India and Pak- sources reported, was for : Mr? been accepted .if or, jdatery;' this was not directed at the United iri&ith. - '•''•• -:" istan. Gromyko to propose that he States or its allies. The assur- ! Suppression Began March 25 visit New Delhi as soon as pos- ances were conveyed by Am- Bangla Desh is the name' sible for talks with Mrs. Gandhi bassador Lakshmi Kant Jha and were reported accepted by given to East Pakistan by its and Foreign Minister Swaran Mr. Rogers. separatist Bengalis, who have ^ingh. The visit was officially American officials cautioned, India's open support. Pakistan, announced last Friday and Mr. however, that the Indian-Pak- has sought to suppress the sep- Gromyko 'arrived.Sunday. istani tensions were not likely aratist movement since March Officials here recalled that to diminish in; the forseeable President Agha Mohammad Ya- future even if New Delhi con- 25 through military action, tinued to withhold, recognition which, according to estimates hya Khan recently warned that from Bangla Desh. j war with India was "very; Intelligence specialists noted; accepted by the United States 1 Government, has resulted in near." He ;had said that if India] that Mrs. Gandhi was under close to 200,000 deaths and helped the East Pakistani sepa-i pressure at:home to recognize ratists to seize the state, it) the rebel state and to give the! seven million refugees. ; guerrillas even greater as-; The controversy over East would be regarded as an In- sistance in their efforts to end! dian attack on Pakistan and the Pakistan has created deep ten- ;K : West Pakistani, control of East cause for a war: ' ' (Pakistan.•'«;--. •-.•••X, .--'i ^;:-.-*S» 'sions between Pakistan and In- In recent weeks, working1 in? dia, partly because the millions dependentiy, the United State's',! of refugees are a vast burden Britain, the Soviet Union and- Jon India, and threats of a war China have engaged in diplo- have been exchanged between matic efforts to cool the tem- pers in India and Pakistan and tlie two countries. •••:•;- '.••• •avert an outbreak of hostili- 'he. reports?, received m ties. Washington has publicly counseled restraint to both Gov- ejrnments. . : Ig: China, which has close ties with Pakistan, was reported by diplomats last week to have been quietly advising President Yahya to proceed with caution. American officials surmised that Mr. Gromyko was success- ful in persuading India whpn he agreed to sign the friendship treaty immediately. The pact, ",t was ufjkterslod., had < been THE NEW YORK TIMES, Saturday, August lU, 1971 THANT] AID TO PAKISTANI Says Cash Is Needed to Food .and Services By SAM POPE BREWER Special to The New York Times. UNITED ' NATIONS, N. Y., Aug. 13 —Secretary.. General Thant reiterated today " that there was still an urgent need for' more cash donations—as distinguished from donations of supplies—to aid the victims of the recent lighting, .in East Pakistan and' the cyclone 'there last November, ; During the flay Canada gave $7-million'' "in ' supplies and France gave about $200,000. Meeting with' representatives of 28 countries', Mr.:Tharit said cash wajs -needed to pay for the • transportation .of .food "and I'pther donated supplies, and to fpay.for food and services that fijjiust be purchased on,the spbix i"|'.There are two separate pro- grams of relief: one for persons ported yesterday that it hac Mfrho. have fled into India to sent food,, medicine, roofing |e:scape the 'fighting at home be- material and other goods val iiween the Pakistani Army and ued at $2-million to its Calcutta the Bengali separatists; the office. In addition, a spokesman Other for persons in East Paki- said, it has made available 28 stan left destitute by the storm tons of supplies worth $3.5- Oh May 19, Mr. Thant ap- million from stocks on hand in pealed to all governments and Calcutta and from diverted interested organizations .to ships that had been en route provide aid for the refugees elsewhere with foodstuffs do- pouring into India. There were nated by the United States 7.5 million at last report. Government. The Indian Government has Church World Service, which said that $400-million would channels donations from Prot- be needed to take cafe of the estant denominations, said it refugees through the end of had provided $85,000 to the September. World Council of Churches to- Mr. Thant reported that ward the Council's $4.5 million $51-million in cash and $54.5- appeal for refugees in India; .^ million in kind had been v pledged through United Na- Church World Service also tions channels, plus about $75- provided $48,000 in supplies, million in .cash and supplies including .chplera vaccine and from other sources. . • : . dried beans; $23,000 in roofing For the'cyclone victims, Mr. materials' and other goods, cbn- Thant'said only about $4-mil- tributed by American busineV lion had been contributed to- concerns and a quantity 'of ward immediate requirements food already on hand in India. that he had set at $28.2-mil- lion. U.S.-Soviet Talks Co On *' HELSINKI, Finland, Aug. 13 Aid From Churches (Reuters)—The United States Church relief agencies in the and Soviet delegations to the United States have provided talks-here on the limitation of several million dollars" in sup- strategic arms held their 10th . plies to THE NEW YORK TIMES, Saturday, August lA, 1971 •v,.. ''Soviet Endorses Treaty With Indi By BERNARD GWERTZMAN ticular significance to "the com- "will help the heroic struggle oj Special to The New York Times' mitment contained in the treaty the patriots of Indochina." H< '•"' MOSCOW, Aug. 13 — The for consultations in case of at- did not explain the connection. ' Soviet Union ratified its 20-year tack or the threat of attack on Meanwhile, Indian Embassy ] ' friendship treaty with India one of the parties." officials said that the treaty] 'today and warned that it would 'Mutual Consultations' was negotiated two years ago'; take "urgently effective meas- on Moscow's suggestion to as- ures" to protect her from at- "In case one of the parties is sure India that the Soviet Union tack. attacked or threatened with at- would not support Pakistan in •^'; Foreign Minister Andrei A. tack," he added, "they shall any crisis situation. ^Gromyko, who signed the treaty immediately begin mutual con- While the Indian Government "pf peace, friendship and co- sultations with a view to elim- thought the treaty was a good; ;-pperation in New Delhi on inating this threat and taking idea, the officials said, Prime, Monday, told the Presidium of appropriate effective measures Minister Indira Ghandi asked '.the Supreme Soviet that it was to guarantee peace and secur- the Russians to postpone sign; particularly important "in the ity for their countries." ing until a more propitious,timev ""light of the situation developing "This provision of the treaty reportedly out of fear of do- south of the borders of the already has drawn attention iA mestic opposition. ^Soviet Union." many capitals and correspond- The decision to sign came-in ££';-That remark seemed aimed at ing conclusions are being drawn the past two weeks, the em- «Jlie mounting tension along In- from it," he said, iri an allusion bassy officials said, when the SSia's border with East Pakistan, to the clear warning to Pakis- Indian Government feared a *§aused by the Pakistani Gov- tan and China. Pakistani attack backed by Chi- Sirhment's efforts to eliminate The stress in speeches by nese arms and supplies. pSie Bengali secessionist move- Mr. Gromyko and others, as The embassy sources said IsSftent and by the flight of some distributed by Tass, the Soviet they had no information about plfeven million East Pakistanis press agency, in summary form, reports from Washington that Across the border. The. remark was on the Soviet desire to as- a factor in Moscow's decision '"could also be interpreted as an sure India of support and to to sign the treaty was concern expression of concern about the deter Pakistan from any rash that India might extend rec- Soviet Union's long border with action. ognition to the East Pakistani China. Boris N. Ponomarev, a party separatists, provoking Pakistan •"""Mr. Grqmykp attached . par- secretary, ..said that., the treaty. to'attack. . " '.. , THE NEW YORK TIMES, Sunday, August 15, • Seek .'Presidency Question Parried j TRISTAN HOLIDAY,_ /: The guerrillas, whose all* ' NEW DELHI, Aug. 14 (Reu- 1 'Igiance is to Bangla Desh an 1 ters)—Senator Edward M. Ken- I 'Jiqt to Pakistan, were dete ^nedy, Democrat of Massachu- IS GRIBMN DACCA I Drained to spoil the holiday ac- «,setts, was asked by an Indian tivities either by direct terro ^•member of Parliament today, City Is Largely Deserte l.;pr by inducing the populatioi ""''When are you going to be fto leave the city in a show o: President of the United States?" as Its Residents Leave ^noncooperation. Senator Kennedy replied, "That >' In downtown Dacca, portraits is the kind of question I like." •;bf Mao Tse-tung appeared with " By MALCOLM W. BROWNE ; Is there a breakingjjbfpt, stftell ; Trqpp JUy»yj»,_.v«/«ivF>» .,,,.. foreign diplomats arS asking/va1' This correspondent has oB- point at which the Indians de- served Indian troop movements cide that the strains are so along the border with East Pak- great that they must take di- rect military action to stop the istan. Near one border point, at refugee flow? Petrapole, Indian regulars were training with recoilless rifles, Whatever the two govern- often used against tanks. ments do, all reports here indi- By SYDNEY H. SCHANBERG There are many rumors about cate that the guerrillas are the possibility of another In- about to.open a stepped-up of- Special to The New York Times fensive, they have already de- CALCUTTA, India, Oct. 11— dian-Pakistani war—a brief but bloody one was fought in 1965 livered some hard blows. They Under heavy security, several —but there is no strong evi-, have severed—and kept severed [special freight trains carrying dence that it is imminent,, and —the main rail line, many key [military supplies now arrive! the troop movements may ;be roads and innumerable bridges, here every day. The arms arej elaborate psychological warf are; and they constantly blow up crucial power installations. reported to be for the Bengali In recent days the Indian press has been full of reports Since August guerrilla frogmen [guerrillas who are fighting for of a Pakistani military build-up, have been attacking ships in (East Pakistan's independence of civilian evacuation from East Pakistan's harbors andj and who seem to be preparing some Pakistani border areas have damaged or sunk at least and of war hysteria and a hate- a dozen. As a result British to step up their activities lines have suspended traffic to [against the Pakistani army. India campaign on Pakistan. East Pakistan. Correspondingly, the Pakistani On the guerrilla side, the cru- press has been heavy with .re- Guerrillas Claim Big Toll cial question is how far India is ports of an Indian build-up and j The guerrillas claim the kill- willing to go in support of the of Indian border provocations, :: : ,j ing of 20,000 to 30,000 Paki- 'independence movement. So.Jar i such as shelling. ' ::ia;.-; . •<*;•-• i ! ->' stani soldiers; although that is the Indians have been provid- Furthermore, secJ^Mphas' I considered an exaggeration, the ing sanctuary, training and been tightened ar;pifiip; the casualties are believed to be certain amount of arms. ,campsrthat hold the>'iengali considerable. No figures are "Tie,political leaders of the six- refugees, who have ''fled: the available on guerrilla casualties. ifl.few.4.?:^^""' •-• '•' • -'• Pakistani military repression in There are estimated to be 'East Pakistan. Indian officials 80,000 Pakistani soldiers ,in „„, — ^c uasc^._Hj Calcutta, say that Pakistani agents have East Pakistan, plus,-;ajb<^|£lte > infiltrated the camps. •-; 000 hastily? trained non-Bengali have been complaining-that the home guardsmen.- • ,_ '•'' Indians are not' giving them An Indian news agency- Press Trust of India, reported; Estimates of the numberfijfjjji enough arms to equip all their that the authorities had im-\ guerrillas ;fange from 50,000'to trained men. posed a blackout and air-raid;] 100,000, many thousands ofi Moreover, India, largely be- measures at the extensive oil them trained since the Pakistani cause of the restraining advice refineries and depots in Assam, Army launched its • attack an eastern border state. against the independence move- of her closest ally, the Soviet Whether those pieces add up ment in March. The hard core Union, has not granted de jure to anything, it would be logical, of professionals consists of recognition to the government now that the annual monsoon more than 15,000 men who de- of Bangla Desh (Bengal Nation), rains and floods are just about fected from the East Pakistan over, for both the Pakistani Rifles, a paramilitary border the name given to East Paki- Army and the Bengali guerrillas patrol force, and the East Ben- stan by the independence move- to increase their activities. gal Regiment, a regular army ment. The thinking behind that As for India, the social and unit. restraint has been that recogni economic pressures of the ref- Many of the guerrilla train- tion might precipitate a war ugees are mounting. Official ing camps and base areas are with Pakistan. estimate that over nine million on the Indian side of the bor- have poured across the border der, but a growing number of The flow of heavily guarded ,:-and that the influx-, continues Bengalis have been operating freight trains into Calcutta fo- at about 30.0QQ a day.'(the ~''"' __ from areas in East Pakistan dicates that India has agre^dj :stanis ;:p'ut; JheViptafeiar'' '.adjoining the border. to give the guerrillas mpf^ U-- Some recruits are being arms, but it does not neces- 'trained as guerrillas and others sarily mean that she is prepared as regulars. "We need both," a to 'give them what they really high official said, "because the want—logistic support and air guerrillas can only hurt and ••Weaken and sbfteih'.We need:,a cover for a frontal push into force: that- eanihnM ..*oi—!*-' &ut Pakistan to seize control of a chunk of territory. Even though Indian troops woqld not be involved, such a move would clearly be regarded by Pakistan as an act of wan •Meanwhile, an air of suspense continues to grow between the Indian and Pakistani armies, on both the eastern and western borders of divided Pakistan. Reliable reports indicate that lr'.Vl~'-- NEW YORK TIFES, Thursday, 14 October 1971 Effort fbGetU.N. . By KATHLEEN TELTSCH puts the figure at 2,002,000. gees, who are becoming an The United Nations aid pro- ' ' Special to The New York Times United Nations sources are in- increasing burden on the gram in East Pakistan is now !' 'UNITED NATIONS, N. Y'., clined to believe that the total Indian economy. carried out by a staff of 95 ,Oct. 13 — Efforts to get rep- is at least 6.5 million. One new initiative is planned headed by William McCaw, an resentatives of the United Na- Mr. Thant, treading careful- by the India consortium set up American, and officials here tions stationed along the tense lyr,, did not propose a presence by the International Bank for seem confident that supplies: border between East Pakistan of military men, but rather Reconstruction and Develop- get to the needy and are not diverted. and India, remained deadlocked civilian representatives who ment and 13 governments. Un- would not exceed 100, ..accord-, Some diplomats say, how- today, despite three months of ing to United Nations officials. der this plan, aid would be ever, that they do not believe intensive private negotiations President Agha Mohammad channeled to India that would these officials or the four mem- Within and outside the world Yahya Khan of Pakistan initial- allow New Delhi to delay re- bers of'the High Commission's organization. ly argued that there was no payment of. loans. These loans, staff rtfho are on the scene, con- problem requiring outside help, which finance the nation's de- stitute the kind of stabilizing ' The gff&ty of the situation but then agreed to the1 Thant presence that could have enough Ijias pr^rn'pted high officials velopment program, cost India proposal—-provided India ac- $400,000,000 in annual pay- impact to encourage a mass re- here to'.;expfess growing fears cepted representatives on her ments. turn of refugees. that a fSllrscale conflict ..may soil. • . • • , . The 13 Snatlons have sched- The Pakistan Government India; refused, insisting she says that 200,000 have come break %t;.';in the subconti- uled a meeting in Paris on Oct. back and that their properties nent as'itasi?Pakistani refugees has remained opposed, to ad- 26 to discuss this plan. They mitting observers, -many here, have been restored to them pour across the border into are: Austria, Belgium, Britain, and that they are living in se- India |ftd 'frontier incidents believe, because military and Canada, Denmark, France, other help is being given to1 curity. United Nations officials cpntinu&'. Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, have interviewed only some of ! In. thS-.tas't three weeks, 47 East Pakistanis n6w intent ,pn Norway, Sweden, the United setting up a separate' state of the 40,000 who have returned government leaders, most of States amd West Germany. through the government-run the&fr pm Western countries, Bangla Desh. The United Nations' refugee ; Mr. Thant also warned mem- reception centers and do not haye ;~ppre|sed their concern aid, which began in May, has claim to be able to speak for individ|tiflly'f from" the rostrum bers 'of the Security Council developed into two separate in August of-a potential threat others who may slip across the of me Jpfeneral Assembly. programs. One is for the ref- border. to peace as sabotage an'd bor- ugees in India and the other for : Proposal by Thant der raids increased, saying that East Pakistan's distressed home In India, United Nations au- such a conflict could expand thorities have even less free- I However," a frustrated Unit- population. Observers fear that dom to go into the camps, ac- easily. This was taken here to East Pakistan is threatened by ed Nations official pointed out mean that India could turn to cording to informed sources tljiat-np one had moved to place famine next spring because the here. the Soviet Union for help and conflict has disrupted crop the explosive' situation on the Pakistan to Communist China. agenda oflthe Assembly or the However, diplomatic sound- plantings. Special to Th« New Yori Times Security Council. He suggested To date, 48 nations and Unit- GENEVA, Oct. 13 — Prince that apathy or fear of involve- ings showed that none of the ed Nations agencies have given ment caused many to avoid big.-powers favored a Council or pledged $114,000,000 in cash Sadruddin Aga Khan, the United meeting and the prevailing sen- or relief supplies to be chan- Nations High Commissioner for such,, action. He added: timent was to try to avoid a Refugees, said today that he "If reminds me of the murder, confrontation. . neled through the office of the and his top aides would make of that Vfoman in Queens years United Nations High Commis- personal calls on government ago IKijttjr Genovese Si 1964],; • Outside Efforts Here Failed , sioner for Refugess, Prince Sad- officials in an attempt to in- when neighbors heard screams! Meanwhile, outside efforts by- ruddin Aga Khan. In addition, spire a new international effort and didn't call the polteey-.bu't' Iran, Britain and the United $90,000,000 has been given di- on behalf of the East Pakistani pulled down window blinds.'* States, among others, have also rectly. President Nixon 10 days refugees in India. The proposal to send ~Unite~ d ja iigdd % make' headway and ago asked Congress for $250,- He said that unless a new Nations personnel into the the general view here is that 1)00,000, Of Which $150,000,000 response from the nations of troubled area came from Secre- hopes for a United Nations would go to refugees and $100,- the world was forthcoming tary General Thant.. The exo> presence have faded badly-and 000,000-for-the needy in East within a few months, the refu- dus of refugees began after the Pakistan. will only be revived if events : gee situation would again be- West Pakistani army set out impel governments to inter- The High Commissioner planscome "extremely dramatic." to crush an autonomy move- vene. a renewed appeal to govern- The prince said at a news ment in East Pakistan last Thwarted on these efforts, ments on behalf of the refu- conference that he was con- March. the United Nations has concen- gees. Indian authorities now cerned about the "apathy" over India's newest estimate is trated on humanitarian actions say that there must be a con- the problem of the refugees. that the East Pakistani refugees and the United States, Britain siderable upward rise in their He warned that the assistance who. have crossed, 'over the and other governments also estimate that $400,000,000 nations had provided for the •but have committed themselves to would cover a six-month aid United Nations ;aid pipeline was ited substantial aid for the refu- program. no^'slowly drjiing up," * NEW YORK TIMES, Thursday, 25 November 1971 Pakistan Is Slow to Appeal to U.N. Council 1 - By HENRY TANNER Officials said it would be the the United States, the Soviet having both denounce each Special to The New York Times "height of irresponsibility" fqr Union, Britain and probably other in the Council. UNITED NATIONS, N. Y, him to do so in the'knowledge China, among others, were These hesitations would be Nov. 24—Pakistan, uncertain that' the principal members of making urgent representations swept aside only if the big the Council were deadlocked powers came to the conclusion whether she would get the on the issue. in the Indian and Pakistani necessary support from the big capitals for restraint. that a major border war had They added that the only All the big powers were said already started, one diplomat powers, was still reluctant to- time in United Nations history to be reluctant to choose pub- said. Most diplomats here feel day to call for a meeting of that a Secretary General took licly between India and Pakis- that the Indian incursions, the Security Council to con- it upon himself to call though real, have nowhere sfder her charges of a large- Council into session was on reached the proportions con- scale Indian' invasion of East July 13, I960, when Dag Ham- tended by the Pakistanis. Pakistan. marskjold, knowing that he har1, China's Position 1 Agha Shahi, the Pakistani • In the absence of a Pakis the backing of the Western The arrival at the United delegate, today said that he had tani request for a meeting, no powers, called a historic meet- Nations of China, which has received no instructions yet other country appeared willing! ing that set the stage for tha given strong public support to from his Government to seek a to take the initiative. United Nations operation in the Pakistan, has strengthened the Council meeting. He was hold- The United States, the Soviet Congo. Pakistani position in the Coun- ing consultations with friendly Union, China and Britain were Diplomats today gave many cil. Pakistani diplomats now delegations, including the understood to have political reasons to explain the lack of feel for the first time that they Chinese. reasons of their own for avoid- action here. Some were bitter have an unconditional friend Pakistan, it is reported, does ing public discussion of the that the Security Council, among the five veto-wielding not want to go into the Council! India-Pakistan conflict at this which met all day, was dis- permanent members, but even if all she can obtain is a resolu- stage. Their inaction raised cussing, in the words -of one, China, some sources say, may tion calling for an immediate fundamental questions about "sandbags in an African village prefer to avoid seeing the cease-fire. This would freeze the effectiveness of the Coun- while large-scale war is build- "third world" publicly divided the present military positions cil in dealing with what all ing up in the Indian subconti- at the United Nations. and make it impossible for diplomats here regard as an nent." The Council meeting Similarly, the Soviet Union, the Pakistani Army to press its obvious threat to international dealt with incidents on the bor- which has close treaty ties fight against the guerrilla peace and security. der between Senegal and Por- with India, is not Anxious to forces. , Secretary General Thant, tuguese Guinea. take a public position that The Pakistanis, it is felt, must who since last summer has Big-power representatives could drive Pakistan perma- hold out at the very least for a been vainly pressing for a said that "public diplomacy" nently into the arms of the resolution calling for the imme- more active role by the United on the floor of United Nations Chinese, the sources added. diate withdrawal of the Indian Nations, was said to have no bodies was a last resort that They pointed out also that forces that have crossed the intention of calling for a Coun- should come into play only if Britain has close ties with both border. But the Soviet Union is jpil. meeting, even though he all the means of quiet diplo- countries and does not want thought likely to veto such a, has;:the.power to.do so under macy had been exhausted. They to widen an already painful resolution because -%i- Xvo'ujffl . Ihe'jQharter. • said that the governments of rift in the Commonwealth by imply a condemnation of India.] UNITED NATICio INFORMATION SERVICE NEW DELHI Name of Paper THE TIMES OF TJOIA ^JS'.'J DELHI) Date 26.8.65, I This point is also made by the • Christian Science Monitor which says , that there is no evidence that China I is directly behind the curreni clashes "but Pakistan has of late sought to 1 exploit the U.S. and India's concern j over Chinese intentions." TO QUIT U. The newspaper comments express | the view that it is impsrative for : India now to speedily restore quiet in i Kashmir. This gives the impression that people here. would he happy to see Indian forces expelling and . des- Manoeuvre To Keep Thant troying the Pakistani intruders in- stead of drawing the U.S.A. or the U.N. into the affair. The Denver Post wonders if Pre- Silent On Infiltration sident Ayub Khan is betting on a lake-over of all Asia by the Red By H. R. VOHRA Chinese and has tolally committed himself to that position. Should that "The Times of India" News Service I become clear, then "the U.S.A. must I take the other task of giving India WASHINGTON, August 25: Pakis- complained about his "widely mis- all the help she needs in defending [an has threatened lo walk out OH the understood job." In an interview with her border." United Nations if U Thant, Secretary- Jacques Nevard of "The New York- All American correspondents in General, issues a statement confirming Times," he said he was often asked Srinagar also say that there is no local India's complaint that Pakistani raid- in Srinagar: "Why don't you stop support for the intruders who, being ers have crossed the cease-fire line in all this?" Gen. Nimmo points out Punjabis, could not conceivably strike Kashmir, it is learnt. that he, has 45 observers from 11 local roots in the Kashmiri-speaking This became known yesterday when nations facing bullets as well as the valley. They treat the Pakistani effort U Thant stated he was no longer repeated clamour from all quarters. as a crude imitation of Chinese tactics. thinking of sending an- emissary to People, he says, do not "understand The U.S.A.'s favourable reaction Kashmir. His statement on the situa- that his tiny force is not a police seems to be partly coloured by the tion had been shown to India and force; its only function is ' lo report expectation that India will soon realise Pakistan before it was issued. Though to the U.N. violations of the cease- how in war escalation has its place it favoured the Indian position, India fire agreement. "The Only ones who and that the U.S.A. is doing almost had objected to it on the ground that can stop the shooting are those who the same thing in Vietnam for about it did not go far enough, are doing the shooting," tie General :he same purpose as India is doing in Pakistan protested because, accord- adds. Kashmir —defendin g a legitimate Gov- ing to Rawalpindi, it went too far the Meanwhile according lo a dispatch Jrnment against intruders. other way. Pakistan, therefore, told in the New York Times U Thant U Thant that "as the Secretary-Gene- refrained from expressing his views ral of the U.N. you cannot do that. under pressure from Britain and the If you issue this statement, we shall U.SiA. Both British and U.S. sources walk out in protest." deny ever having cautioned U Thant U Thant did not feel he could take against a statement. U.S. sources are a step which might lead to such a particularly clear, pointing out that drastic result. Ever since, he has been the U.S.A. had already accepted the explaining his delicate position which Indian version of events through a did not permit him to pronounce State Department spokesman. judgments on disputes. His residuary power, such as it is, could only be NO QUIBBLING used to compose differences, not widen them. But Indian representatives in the' In the circumstances, India is left U.N. have been trying to secure from with the hope that the final report of U Thant a statement to the effect that Gen. Robert Nimmo, Chief Military the intruders are Pakistanis and that , Adviser of the U.N. observation mis- Pakistan has wilfully broken the cease- • sion for India and Pakistan, will be fire agreement, thus inviting its con- consistent with his earlier tentative sequences. Reports of Gen. Nimmo's reports and that it is duly circulated. observer team are believed to uphold It is not binding on U Thant to the Indian contention without much issue it. Several observers' reports have quibbling. , never seen the light of day. In this Indian diplomats are left for Hie' mailer, too, it is explained, the U.N. time being to draw satisfaction from secretariat is generally guided by the the cue that neither from the U.S.A. principle that a publication _ which nor the U.N. is there any repetition harmed the objective of reducing ten- of pressure to withdraw Indian forces sions had better be kept under 'lock from across the cease-fire line in the and key. Kargil area. U Thant and his senior colleagues A British diplomat told this corres- have been disturbed by Indian com- pondent that everyone is prepared now ments and reports which, they say, are to blink at the Indian occupation of wide of the mark in attributing greater the region. It is recognised that Pak- authority to the Secretary-General than istan had broken the earlier U.N. he possesses under the U.N. Charter. arrangement, so painstakingly reach- His authority, they assert* is no greater ed, and that India has no option but than what is conferred on him by to keep open its vital road to Leh. disputing parties in a situation. It is interesting to note that several Gen. Nimmo has also publicly newspapers including the Baltimore Sun, have established editorially that there is more than the issue of Indo- Pakistani relationship in the current fighting. "It involves also India's posture against Communist China," says the paper, adding that a whiff of Pakistani blackmail is sensed in the attack:. UNITED NATIONS INFORMATION SERVICE NEW DELHI Name of Paper THE TIMES OF IM.OIA (NE'.V DELHI Pate 26.8.65. .Did Not "~ "The Times of India" News Service The Secretary-General expressed WASHINGTON, August 25. grave concern not only at the cross- TN the statement he intended to ing of the cease-fire line "by arm- ed personnel whether or hot they issue on August 18, the U.N. are1 in military uniform" but also Secretary-General, U Thant, at the heavy and prolonged artillery had said that the latest viola- shelling by regular units of the Pak- tions of the cease-fire line had istan Army across the cease-fire line in the Chamb-Bhimber area. taken place "mainly from the Pak- Expressing his anxiety to make istan side in the form of armed every possible effort to restore nor- men crossing the cease-fire line for mal conditions along the cease-fire the purpose of raiding." line, he made a special appeal to "These violations,'" the Secretary- P_afcistan to end the armed incur- General stated quite categorically in sions and stop the heavy artillery the draft statement, "have been shelling across the cease-fire line. numerous and widespread to an un- ;._U Thant had_also regretted the precedented degree; they have cost many lives and many hardships, reoccupation of the three Pakistani I and they give rise to grave danger posts by India in the Kargil sec-' and to most serious concern." tor, but he did not single it out as a major act of cease-fire violation Copies of the draft statement by India in order to balance his were made 'available to the per- strong criticism of Pakistan's con- manent missions of several countries duct. at XT.N. Headquarters on the as- sumption that it would be released for publication on August 18. Though V Thant decided at the last moment to withhold its publi/ cation for the time being, his strong condemnation of Pakistan's rote in organising these raids by several thousand armed infiltrators has con- vinced the representatives of many countries that Pakistan was primari- ly responsible for the latest happen- ings in Kashmir. The Secretary-General further stated in this statement that the Chief U.N. Military Observer in Kashmir, Lt.-Gen. R. H. Nimmo, had informed him that the situa- tion was likely to deteriorate still further, unless something was done immediately to stop these violations of the cease-fire line. He had ask- ed from the Chief Military Obser- ver for a fuller report which could not be sent to him earlier in view of the extensive nature of this arm- ed infiltration and also because of the fact that it was continuing even till August 17. GRAVE CONCERN He had, however, been convinced "from the information received from the Chief U.N. Military Ob- server that trained armed men have been participating in the raids which have taken place on the In- dian side of the cease-fire line and that they have come from the Pak- istani side of the line and have been supported from that side.". .1 1 THE NEW YORK TIMES, Tuesday, 2^ August 1965 diet Is Annoyed With Thant His Silence on Kashmir New Delhi Wants a Statement Condemning Pakistani Role in Breach of Cease-Fire By J. ANTHONY LUKAS Special to The New York Times NEW DELHI, Aug. 23 —.-In- dian Government officials ate deeply annoyed by the decision of U Thant, the United Nations Secretary General, ..to, refrain "fropi any statement, at thlsi.time on the Kashmir situation. ;• • The Indians 'made, no public comment but have privately ex- pressed their irritation. They have made it plain that under the circumstances there can be no enthusiasm for a ^proposed visit here by -'.Dr.: Ralph .J. The New York Times Bunche, United ..Natipns.'-Uhder U Thant Secretary for Political-Affairs. India, believing that she has a good case against '• Pakistan officials fear, Dr; iBunche's visit over the. fighting in-Kashmir, to India and Pakistan could be : interpreted, as a mediation ef- had high hopes-that; Mri Tnarit fort. Such ah impression could would back.her; ,.-:,-/ :•-.-.'.: be dangerous for Prime Minister; Gen. Robert H; Nirrimo of 'Lai Bahadur- Shastri, who is Australia, chief United Nations facing a. "no confidence" ./motion Observer,, in Kashmir, is be- iri Parliament, at leasj;' vpartly lieved tb have.supported India's : charge' that the . violence has oh his- handling of the Kashmir :been caused by armed, infiltra- issue. • ,• ',-•:' r'tqrs from Azad Kashmir, the Chester Bowles", the'- United ^Pakistani-controlled • sector of States Ambassador, called on theii|r|iisputed . state. Pakistan Mr,- Shastri today for 40 min- ji^Kw yjg ,action- as an • up- utes." They were believed to have .„ by••,'. "freedom-loving" discussed the Kashmir ques- isiem residents, of the .In- tion and Dr. Bunche's proposed 1 visit. . ••• • dian-held area.: ' v.'; •,.' •••'.-. 1 In military action reported U.S. and Britain Implicated today from Kashmir, 49 pro- India ..was , led .to., believe, Pakistani soldiers were killed that ;Mr.: Tharit would 'issue a yesterday when they atta'cked statejnent -late last'-week,-'.gen- ah' Indian post in the Mendhar erajl^'- putting' the blame "on sector. Twelve Pakistani infil- Pakistan. At the .last:'moment, trators were reported killed in howey.er, :Mr. Thant apparently the Rajauri sector; decided hot to issue -the state- ment. " . Indian officials assert that Kashmiri Meets Ayub this decision was made be- ' RAWALPINDI, Pakistan, cause of "pressure'' from' sey^- Aug. 23 (Reuters) — Abdu eral interested parties. Britain Hamid Khan, President of Pak- is mentioned here most fre- istani Kashmir, told President quently as a source of that Mohammad Ayub Khan today pressure, and there have been that resitlveness was growing suggestions that the United among the Azad people over States joined with Britain. the situation in the Indian sec- There is no hard evidence tor. here to support either allega- He said that he had told Presi- tion. „ Nevertheless, India con- dent Ayub :that Kashmiris on siders herself cheated out of a the Pakistani side of the cease- statement that would have, sup- fire line were eager to cross and ported her stand. join the "freedom fighters" on Such a feeling was reflected the Indian side. about- 10 days ago when Mrs; The report of Mr. Haniid's Indira Gandhi, India's Minister statement gave no indicationi of Information and Broadcast- of President Ayub's reaction. ing, ^accused Mr. Thant- at\ a - newsyconf erence of '"not taking No Decision on Bunche Trip a serious view" of the Kashnlir Special to The New York Times situation.; . UNITED NATIONS, N, Y., Accusation Is Denied Aug. 23 — A United Nations spokesman reported,.today; that Thg'-next day Mrs. Gam Secretary < General -Thant had denied, having made this, state- made no decision on a trip by mentf but reporters had the re- Dr. Ralph J. Bunche. to study mark-plainly in "their notes. the Kashmir, cpnf lict. -^ The ThB ^United Nations observer i source declined ,;to cbniment on team In Kashmir has also been|a r.epprt: that Mr. Thant Vhad heavily criticized for failure to decided against making a state- - prevent Pakistani attacks ment in support of India's across the 1947 cease-Age .line. charges against Pakistan. It js .still •unclear .-vahat" effect Although he. has received the annoyance will.have oh the daily reports on Kashmir, Mr. proposed visit by Dr. Bunche. Thant has apparently been un- Incjia does not'.wish to slam willing to disclose- their con- titeidpor on Dr. Bunche, but she tents or to make ah assessment, does,not like the idea of his in the belief, that, an assess- coming here without at least ment might worsen the situa- a, public statement indicating tion.. •-.-.- support for India's version of In reply to Inquiries, British what is goin :g on in Kashmir. and United States spokesmen : Without such a statement, denied involvement. WASHINGTON POST, Sunday, 5 September 1965 Pakistan IJL-Jrn l IIIU •!V 1 • m Thant Reports Shastri's Conditions tijaial reported from Paris, compliance with the 1949 hJ9$ever, that Ayub had asked cease-fire agreement. On 'Collapsing' The Indian Prime Minister P^sLdent de Gaulle to su The 45-man U.N. observer said he could not accept a _S£plfflf.tL PakistaT,_I_!_I.__n_ i=_n . it^_s (Juarre^ "l, team in Kashmir was hard- Of Cease-Fire cease-fire unless Pakistan India. A Pakistani em- pressed to follow events along agreed to withdraw its guer- spokesman said, though, n a infiltrators as^ well as the 500-imle cease-fire line, By Louis B. Fleming military personnel that have no military aid was re- Thant reported. No direct ob- Los Angeles Times servation could be made of at- moved into the Indian part London, a UPI dis- tacking units actually crossing ! UNITED NATIONS, of Kashmir since Aug. 5. paifch said that experienced "Furthermore," Shastri into Indian territory but the ! Sept. 4— Secretary-General jlomats there believed that evidence suggested that they wrote, "we could have to be Red China nor the U Thant reported to the satisfied that there will be had come from the Pakistan jU.N. Security Council to- Union would intervene side. In recent days, the mili- no recurrence of such a sit- y in the explosive sit- day that Pakistan was re- uation." tary units of both nations have uation. Peking has supported become involved overtly with sponsible for stalling the "We cannot be expected to Pakistan's stand favoring wait for Pakistan to violate no effort to conceal the iden- series of incidents that has self-determination, tity of the fighters. the cease-fire line and attack Chiftese news media have "collapsed" the 16-year-old us at will," lie continued. The most recent report from Studiously reticent so far the U.N. observers indicaets cease-fire agreement in "And we cannot go'from one e current crisis.] cease-fire to another without that Pakistani troops are now Kashmir. , . ,. „. . ., . _ 7 . 3ji making bis report, Thant occupying 30 square miles on He also asserted that Pakis- our being satisfied that Paki- er£phasized that he w'as deal- the Indian side -of the line. tan had refused to respond to i£ltaL'f.n™££^C£ ^ °nly WUh the ****** U.S. Ambassador Arthur his peace appeals. : of violatiMs and aggression m ^^,,5 and not with the. Goldberg delayed his formal r.iie lutuie political situation as a Whole. The accusations came as the Shastri also chided Thant ™- call for the Security Council apparently was in meeting until just before noon Security Council itself was for issuing identical appeals nts called into emergency session to the two governments when, to Pakistani argume today, and even then used their action has been cautious wording to avoid any Ion the expanding war in Shastri a the U.N. report ju:|,fcified b z d- , intransi (Kashmir and as Prime Minis- itself demonstrated that Paki- y impression that the meeting rated that Pata- elfe on a political solution. jter Shastri of India condi- stan was responsible for the ^hant advised the Council was an initiative of the United • tionaly accepted the Secretary- aggression. .^ States. General's earlier cease-fire ap- lR ig rt hat h iu ^Thant appeared to have in- There was no response n-oir ti^ has .,become acutea 'nd peal. St he Se spired the meeting, with most ^peal. ^^[United^^ Press ^LIntern^a ipow dangerosuly series" of the members agreeing that Pakistani Moves Cited afijij is a potential threat to some action was necessary in But Thant reportedly left an w^ld peace. the absence of a response front impression that Pakistan has Ipjianit's report was based on Pakistan to the cease-fire, ap- a;|eport to him by Australian • undertaken a military opera- : peal and in the light of find- tion in. defiance of the ceas@< I/fc vGen. Robert H. Nimmo, ings of the U.N. observers;- : •fire agreements, of the past in. cHief of the U.N. Military Ob- la ne,w;e£fprt to' cnange the.pplii- Group, in India and jtiqal sitriaft^ The which checks pn report : held; ciiff no hopes that Pakistan would 'respond to ih- terventipn by the United Na- tions. Many Security'Cpuneil mem- b e r s reportedly remained determined to go on record with a resolution supporting the cease-fire appeal that Thant sent Wednesday to Shastri and to President Mohammed Ayub Khan of Pakistan. Shastri's response to the ap- peal was. handed to-Thant less than three hours before the Council, convened at 3 p m. NEW YORK HERALD TRIBUNE, Sunday, 5 September 1965 Security Councils Stop the Shooting By Darius S. Jhabvala minute consultations.with Mr. Thant, who issued a report Of The Herald Tribune Stall on the situation shortly before the session began. In his statement, the Secretary General called the Kashmir . , UNITED NATIONS. situation "a potential threat to peaca, not only between The United Nations Security Council last night called India and Pakistan but to the broader peace." on India and Pakistan to arrange an immediate ceasefire Mr. Thant appealed on Sept. 1 to both sides to re- in Kashmir and withdraw their forces to their own sides spect the 1949 ceasefire agreement and halt hostilities. of the 1949 ceasefire line there. India replied yesterday, reportedly declaring willingness A resolution containing this demand was adopted unan- to respect a ceasefire provided Pakistan withdraws "in- imously at an urgent session of the Council called by United filtrators" and regular troops from Indian Kashmir and States Ambassador Arthur Goldberg, president of the Coun- pledges not to support future guerrilla incursions. Pakistan cil for September. denies supporting guerrillas and has not formally replied Diplomats at the UN, however, privately expressed to Mr. Thant. doubt that the resolution would bring the bitter fighting in Kashmir to an early end. Neither India nor Pakistan was PAKISTAN BLAMED believed ready at the moment to accept its terms. Mr. Thant's report, which deals with events since Aug. Indian Ambassador Gopalaswami Parthasarathi hinted 5 when the cun'ent round of fighting began, discreetly and as much in a speech at the Council session. He first de- indirectly placed the blame on Pakistan. manded that the Council "condemn Pakistan for violating The report is based on Mr. Thant's consultations with the ceasefire" arranged by the UN in 1949. Then he tried. Lt. Gen. Robert H. Nimmo of Australia, chief of the 45- to secure guarantees against future infiltration of armed man UN observer group along the ceasefire line in Kashmir, men from the Pakistani-held section of Kashmir into the and with Pakistan Ambassador Amjad Ali and Mr. Indian section. Parthasarathi. Pakistani Ambassador Amjad Ali would not comment The Secretary General stated he made no effort to on the resolution, explaining that he had received no in- assess "the political background of the problem," but dealt struction from his government. But he reserved the right primarily with current breaches of the ceasefire agreement. to speak later, probably when the Council reconvenes on He noted that in the first five months of 1965 there had Wednesday afternoon to determine the' effect of its action. been 377 violations, 218 of which observers attributed to • The resolution was introduced by the six non-perma- Pakistan. nent members of the Council—The Netherlands, Uruguay, According to Gen. Nimmo, "The series of violations be- Ivory Coast, Bolivia, Jordan and Malaysia—with the express gan on Aug. 5. . . when armed men, generally not in uni- purpose of halting the immediate fighting in Kashmir form" crossed over "from the Pakistan side for the purpose rather than attempting a solution of the 18-year-old ter- of armed action on the Indian side." ritorial dispute there. This activity was followed by "heavy and prolonged • -It called on both sides to "take forthwith ail steps for artillery fire across the line from the Pakistan side" on an "immediate ceasefire" and to "respect the ceasefire line Aug. 15, 16, 19 and 26, with some shells hitting the building and 'have all armed personnel of each party withdrawn to occupied by UN observers in the town of Poonch. its own -side of the line." Gen. Nimmo confirmed that the Indian forces counter The Council also called on both India- and Pakistan to attacked on Aug. 14 and subsequently occupied several .cooperate fully with the 45-man UN observer group in Pakistani posts including the Haji Fir Pass, five miles Kashmir and asked Secretary General U Thant to report wtihin the Pakistan-held Kashmir. within three days on the implementation of the resolution. Subsequently both India and Pakistan violated the Malaysian Ambassador Radhakrishna Ramani in- ceasefire line at several points for a variety of tactical and troduced the resolution on behalf of the. nonpermanent defense reasons, the report stated. members. He said it was their desire to "avoid getting en- The result was a general escalation, including deploy- tangled in political causes" of the current Kashmir crisis ment of aircraft for the first time in the 18-year-old and deal only with "the immediate threat of escalation of dispute, the war." x Mr. Thant reported that in August he held numerous "The Security Council is today faced with an objective private sessions with the Indian and Pakistani ambassadors situation . . . which cries for the intervention of the Council and "repeated appeals orally for transmission to the two . . . because of the recrudescence of violence in a normally governments, asking also that all personnel of either party unstable situation," he said. still remaining on the wrong side of the line be withdrawn Similar sentiments and explanations were briefly made to its own side." by other speakers, including Soviet Ambassador Platon Mr. Thant stated that he "did receive assurances from Morozov whose government has been uneasy about the drift the government of India . . . that India would act with of Pakistan toward the Red Chinese camp. restraint to any retaliatory acts and will respect the cease- Despite the urgent purpose of the meeting yesterday, fire agreement and line if Pakistan does likewise." the Council first devoted more than an hour to a proce- "I have not obtained from the government of Pakistan dural debate on a complaint by Mr. Morozov that he was any assurance that the ceasefire agreement and the line not consulted by Mr. Goldberg on the decision and the time will be respected henceforth or that efforts will be exerted to call the meeting. to restore conditions to normal along that line," Mr. Thant Mr. Goldberg apologized for not doing so and ex- added. plained that "time did not permit me to advise all members On Sept. 1, the Secretary General issued his public in advance of the exact hour of the meeting." appeal. This won quick endorsement from the United The U. S. Ambassador called the meeting after last- States and Britain. owngour\ lasfe Thursday ,j art liH»lo«efMonUerjpiauisja|ia|3gS ^feaM;ffi^e?»E6wtagM£MI^ ^^•j'iG^|'^Tp.jaejl).j^gjj^u^a}^.i;u)/j;,.p ^pSoU^a|f^|i^i3i[|^^^:gg;^|;1 ^^SJiV^aStJ^Sl^MgUV^g.tus 6*;^. YORK TIMES, Sunday, 5 September 1965 i^i.ra^mraTft.fstiSAe'A.ntrieaf-Jimig&tri£C.bm'rnu^^ V NEW iif^iSi^iEfiiii.ig^.Sife^.iyjjgj.lf'lj^i .vvtlwi^AY^T.1:,-—^—.Jr.^../.'..,•. n^ii.^.v-;;.;-,;;^;; 6a$tyy.^S^^y^s"f^!fr^^sf'"y_::\ llfclfiE^IIS&SMi&lSsi^ jswee3en -wire; 'pressed in- Washington, Lori- •$&&; Ottawa', the United' Nations,. J 'jnd elsewhere ih'hopes of heading,".'" . the •fighting before it. got out " -.: •',': ,', ••.. -TV.: • rvi . ...fj.ji];. .has:: .been . the- ^biggest ,'Jb'ate of., coiitention. in-;.th e ..uneasy 'i^latipnstiip, ; that has t -' .tween suu;e-,.J-"'» :•!"-"-, ":".'"">5 ;* ^ohtinentiivass.partitioned ftSjBn|-.;. ""'Urule^ended..,' ^w^' was-. "£Bunded "as a Moslem. cpunterp/art mands in,Tndia.ior-a more militant • - - •• .•lH-t-^t'^c.Uj Hindu ...... :•.!!'% Moslem ....'..:88%|.: Other .•: -... 1% • tKerfe have- been differences over tioftr.:began.;; tot ..j^. ^ ,.;,ISdian refugees, ^influence in; Southeast,J.t ^^ J^ured*'trireefl;aki|tani I'." V," '• 1 Asiafand rtva]ry-«ir«^™^.^«^*^S»SB^^^^ffi«- .Irorn both the Western' ^^^^rag^Ml.^Adfen ; indicate percentage - munist "worlds. Many. Pakistanis^ t spokesma^- k s ^ n saisaidd ththe'|J5 attack attacks si'wer i'weree of population by.religion • t^i:i.iv.n~aJ»Hii.fpa.r't.hat.-Inai811,'I . ..*'••.-"precautionar. ..i y measures- ',-__,", designeJ-__;—:„,d! to'"check further infiltration." '•'•'- liastV'-w'eek the- fighting grew'to. s', tfieif- ',';••..*; they" ,iregarded . ~ "crisis-proportions, and brought the IteVfS '-• '•;';--;" V'- ' ' two1 nations to the brink of all-out ' V India essentially :has- followed- a war.'pliidia captured mote Pakistani. neutralist line' in world affairs, but • ppsit.iphsdn'Jwhat'was described as1 i.i.^-.i.iiiii-^^aMKis^jiSir^te^fiK'Sss^-VfiTvrHii.'i' ''' Pakistan retail- . he seizing some Indian posts. ation...]BPth coun-' ; ^ Ved economic and.By-' midweek, :tanks . and planes Chhamb sector and thus preclude There are those who believe ymiitary-aiiiffrpm.-'the U.S. Pakis-i were'tlirown into the battle. Some the temptation •' to counterattack real war breaks out over K *taic gpt Arnerican..arms because of of .the .heaviest, fighting' took place at other points. ' : ' Communist China might decider '{(JS-'.^rti^ihn.ti'rtn ' in.-SEATO- and. near'. Chhamb,. where'the Kashmir time was ripe to commit the sev.-, .cease-fire line* meets"the' interna-: While India's army is said to be s stilL aching for a chance to prove t&seM! E ; .tional- border -: between••• India •• and : border. Weapons!after its-, border clashes; ! after the bloody noses it ; Pakistan:;--••••.::... i- ••• ''''••••' " with ' Communist-' China', in: 19(32.; ort the: Chinese border in Because' "of'the traditional'.fivalrji", , 'f Prittie rime.. MinisteMihistefr 'Shastrenastrii saiad matliatt' in^the-Raiin'of Cutc'h, t 'oe'tween' 'India .'arid '-' 'Pakista'nf.if Pakistan'j had 'op'ehed.' a"."regular : : strong" economic reasons- for Tnaia' Wa'shihgtbh stipulated" that'- 'nei=> ^'.atta-EB'^andr ."we-.-wil&.- certainly not to go on a war footing: India's tfier'country could use the arms-!" --—>meetKit;"•. < 'Presidentr.-.Ayub:^•-~^-^:--^^, said,.=-*" 1 , economy is lagging badly, and -the. Ifaiiist-,rr !,^L^. ilu-tjtie . ottier-4i!~«;. ' • "These 'blatant, acts of J aggression-: foreign exchange shortage; is acute. ' "Washington'.s provision of arms cannot and''shall not be 'alibw.ed- to 1 1 , Thus,,ithe country would, have-to to'.irijaial was one ;of' the', reasons go unchallenged.''' .''':'- >. . , ': J-- .'< _ shelve; its (development program if • "fiiat Pakistan has- drifted away India protested ''to; Washington; ' 1 | it mobilized; • The presence of 50.. from.the'U.S. iri recent .years.'The ' claiming that' Pakistan was''using million Moslems-in India also'is-an sierhment of ''President Mbham- t : American-supplied F-86 Saber jets . inhibiting • f acton .War between i Khan'has sought closer and Patton1 tanks in violation of India and Pakistan would almost Sons ; with 'ih'fe • Afro-Asian mutual "agreements. A Govern- ' certainly mean a renewal of the I'-'(except India), notably with v : ment spokesman said Pakistan bitter :• communal fighting which i Chma. never'would'have dared to launch marked the early post-independ- adiphs • between India and : . its' attack-at Chhamb without the ence years. Some communal clashes ttari grew tenser last spring . American planes and tanks. have already occurred in the city fighting broke out in the There was a widely held view in of Poona. . of Cutch, a wasteland on As for Pakistan, the Ayub Gov- western' frontier. A truce Pakistan, on the other hand, that open fighting would not have ernment may feel that now is the ,,.„„ «,_lle'd in JUne, and it appeared : erupted in Kashmir if the U.S. had time to take on India. If the ffiat the matter might be settled. not given military aid to India in Pakistanis ever had any hope of "'iLater in the summer, however, the three years since the Indian- getting. -Indian Kashmir through •trouble started in Kashmir. Chinese border clashes. President plebiscite or negotiations, that hope Jferrhe" fprmer princely state of has ..been scotched by India's firm Jarhmu' • and Kashmir — popularly . Ajmb said in a radio statement, : "We warned our friends time and declarations against such a settle- Vfeferred to as just Kashmir—is a again- that this aid would not be ment. . . :teiritory about the size of Idaho, On the other hand, though Paki- 'situated. between the northern' re- used ' against China,- but against .Pakistan. This has come to pass." stan's army is well trained and ^ibris of both India and Pakistan. As the fighting intensified, U well. equipped, it probably would "Its'population of 4.5 million is pre- have • little chance in a prolonged •Httmhiantly Moslem. Thant, the U.N. Secretary General, sent urgent appeals to Prime Min- struggle against India's J.'-^Shortly after the 1947 partition, larger forces—at least, wit •tfte Hindu .Maharajah of Kashmir ister Shastri and President Ayub tn onrq. thp "imminent" threat of side help. bMween India arid Pakistan, Pakistan had opened a "regular Washington stipulated that nei- attack" and "we will certainly strong economic reasons for India- ther country could use the arras meet it." President Ayub said, not to go on a war footing. India's against the other. "These blatant acts of aggression economy is lagging badly and the Washington's provision of arms cannot and shall not be allowed to foreign exchange shortage is acute. t-o - India was one of the reasons go unchallenged." Thus, the country would have to shelve its development program if that Pakistan has drifted away India protested to Washington, from the U.S. in recent years. The it mobilized. The presence of 50 claiming that Pakistan was using million Moslems in India also is an Government of President Moham- American-supplied F-86 Saber jets ;"^eif'Ayub Khan has sought closer inhibiting factor. War between and Patton tanks in violation of India and Pakistan would almost 'relafions with the Afro-Asian mutual agreements. A Govern- ^bflci (except India), notably with certainly mean a renewal of the ment spokesman said Pakistan bitter communal fighting which ^mmunist China. never would have dared to launch .tions between India and marked the early post-independ- its attack at Chhamh without the ence years. Some communal clashes an grew tenser last spring American planes and tanks. fighting broke out in the have already occurred in the city of Cutch, a wasteland on There was a widely held view in of Poona. western frontier. A truce Pakistan, on the other hand, that As for Pakistan, the Ayub Gov- lied in June, and it appeared open fighting would not have ernment may feel that now is the tjiat the matter might be settled. erupted in Kashmir if the U.S. had time to take on India. If the "•"•Later in the summer, however, not given military aid to India in Pakistanis ever had any hope of trouble started in Kashmir. the three years since the Indian- getting Indian Kashmir through avThe former princely state of Chinese border clashes. President plebiscite or negotiations, that hope Jammu and' Kashmir — popularly Ayub said in a radio statement has been scotched by India's firm •referred to as just Kashmir—is a "We warned our friends time and declarations against such a settle- territory about the size of Idaho, again that this aid would not be ment. 'situated between the northern re- used against China, but against On the other hand, though Paki- gions of both India and Pakistan. Pakistan. This has come to pass." stan's army is well trained and •Its population of 4.5 million is pre- As the fighting intensified, U well equipped, it probably would dominantly Moslem. Thant, the U.N. Secretary General, have little chance in a prolonged :" 'Shortly after the 1B47 partition, sent urgent appeals to Prime Min- struggle against India's r^much.. Ifle Hindu Maharajah of Kashmir ister Shastri and President Ayub larger forces—at least, withoutjout-,. signed an act of accession with to end the "imminent" threat of side help. . 'SJ. >• ;,., •India, subject to the ratification of war in Kashmir. He called for a Whatever the outcome, ,the,,new ,- • th"e .Kashmir people. He acted has- military pull-back by both parties crisis would appear already to have tily because Kashmir was being to the 1949 cease-fire line. had the following consequences: 'b&sieged by Pakistani tribesmen Secretary of State Dean Rusk Indiati-Pakisianl relations. The 'sleeping across the border. called in the Washington Ambas- conflict already has killed hopes •=v-Jawaharlal Nehru, then Prime sadors of India and Pakistan to for a reconciliation which bloomed rMlhister of . India, said "there express . the Administration's deep briefly but sweetly after the sign- ^should be no. forced marriage be- concern about the Kashmir devel- Ing of a cease-fire agreement in iween Kashmir and Pakistan" and opments, and to urge compliance the Rann of Cutch. Diplomatic iSfent army units to rescue the prin- with Mr. Thant's appeal. observers in both countries believe cipality.. Pakistan retaliated by But yesterday, as fighting con- it will be years before India and ^sending its own troops. tinued, Mr. Thant reported he had Pakistan can wipe away the en- ,ii_.A cease-fire was negotiated fey been unable to get any assurance mity generated by the Kashmir .the U.N., effective Jan. 1, 1949. It from Pakistan that it would re- outbreak. gave Pakistan control of one-third spect the cease-fire line. India at- . U.S. ties. Both India and Paki- of Kashmir in the relatively poor tached conditions which, in effect, stan are angry over the alleged use west and northwest. India retained meant rejection of the appeal. The of American arms in the fighting. the rest. Security Council demanded an im- Observers in Karachi suggest that v.,Since that time there has been mediate halt to the border war. the Kashmir dispute may have /sporadic agitation and unrest on sounded the death rattle of the *he Indian side of the cease-fire THE OUTLOOK U.S.-Pakistani friendship. The alli- line. Pakistan has steadily de- Whether the two Governments ance has been on the skids for manded a plebiscite, but periodic ultimately would heed the appeals some time. .The Johnson Adminis- UlN; attempts to settle the dispute remained an open question. Many tration maintained an attitude of -Have been in vain. observers believed that a full-scale studied neutrality, hoping that war might be averted if the fight- diplomatic pressure could prevent THE FIGHTING ing could be confined to Kashmir, a. large-scale war. rt-he^new,, trouble started even though the Indian Govern- Power balance. In the view of ljn&iaf.IcharKed that in- ment is under strong pressure at American experts, the deHrio1 and home to extend the conflict. This, ofi. Indian-Pakistan-r T T-. 1 . i re- -?'&-.*>tT, feisfan, were being in turn, "prSb^bly-^Wjill-^depend on ens drastically .the deferai'feft , —^^..4..ir to .carry o-ut whether themdiattyA|riLvlcan;nllt Southeast Asian reg^on-.jagaij 'Sbts of terror. There *were de- the ' Communist Chinese ambitions.' '•jf 1 W WASHINGTON POST, Tuesday, 7 September 1965 Of Dispute In Kashmir The chronology of the Kash- Kashmir is set up in territory nounces it strengthened its mir dispute is as follows: controlled by Pakistani forces. security forces in Kashmir to August, 1947 — India ,and meet "extensive infiltration" Aug. 13, 1948—U.N. commis-along the cease-fire line. Pakistan become independ- sion proposes a cease-fire in Aug. 10—India claims it in- ent. Kashmir, with its pre- the continuing conflict. flicted heavy casualties on dominantly Moslem popula- Jan. 1, 1949—India and Pak- Pakistani "infiltrators." Pakis- tion, is split between India istan order a cease-fire. tan denies that it sponsored and Pakistan. The Hindu- Oct. 15, 1951—Sheikh Abdul- infiltration and said there is an indigenous revolt against Moslem . conflict flares in lah's party wins all the seats in Indian rule. Kashmir.••>>:,.. the Kashmir assembly. Aug. 12—TIN. observers be- vpct. 27,. .1947,— India an- Aug. 8, 1953—Sheikh Abdul- gin investigating incidents in nounces" that the Maharajah lah, who increasingly, favored Kashmir. of Kashmir has signed the in- Kashmir's independence from Aug. 13—New fighting is re- strument of accession of Kash- India, is dismissed from office ported with heavy casualties on both sides. mir to India, after an Indian and arrested. Aug. 20—India claims more military expedition crushed a The Kashmir conflict con- than BOO "infiltrators'? were pro-Pakistan uprising. tinued w(ith numerous appeals killed in recent clashes. Oct. 31, 1947—Sheikh Abdul- to the United Nations by both, Aug. 30—Indian troops cross lah, a Moslem leader, is sworn sides until the present fighting the cease-fire line. in as Prime Minister of Kash- Sept. 1—An Indian spokes- mir; erupted last month. Aug. 9, 1965—Iri^dia an- man says Indian planes des- Nov. 3,'••1947—Azad (Free) troyed ten Pakistani tanks in the Chhamb sector. Pakistan throws regular army forces into the battle and claims its guns downed four Indian planes. Pakistani troops cross; the cease-fire line. Sept. 2—Indian and Pakis- tani planes battle as the ground fighting .continues. Sept. 4—Pakistani troops ad- vance into Indian-held Kash- mir in bitter fighting. The U.N. Security Council calls for a cease-fire. , \ the world had dismissed as a series AT HOME ft! ABROAD of obscure border incidents. And I had observed how the camouflaged Pakistani thrust into India had en- dangered the supply line of the Indian divisions holding several hundred critical miles of frontier in the Ladakh highlands facing the ex- pansionist Chinese empire. HF ESSENTIAL LESSON of the whole T trip, however, a lesson that promises to be increasingly pertinent in the coming weeks, did not strike me until the long, hot, dusty drive back to the capital, when I started reading a document I had been carrying around for several days: the report of the United Nations Chief Military Observer in Kashrnii. Lieu- tenant General Robert H. Nimmo Up Front in Kashmir of Australia, on the early phases of the armed conflict between India EDMOND TAYLOR and Pakistan before it turned into a conventional, if limited and un- declared, war. NEW DELHI I had visited several critical I had already seen the key % --EW DAYS after the start of the sectors of the cease-fire line where passages of General Nimmo's report recent cease-fire—if it can be the Indian Army, confident but in the western press before coming . .'ine'i! that—I stood in the main wary, stands guard over its hard-won to India, but reading it all in the /reet of a partially burh't-out Kash- gains. I had heard somebody's ar- context of what I had just learned v'j?.r' village under the majestic tillery ceaselessly pounding some- in Kashmir threw a new light on ••".i ..• trees that are the Vale of body's positions in the nearby hills it for me. As the Indians endlessly Kashmir's special glory and wearily and watched Indian patrols comb- pointed out, the report confirmed thanked the peasants I had been ing the ravines for the several their contention that Pakistan was talking to for the highly colored thousand armed Pakistani raiders the original aggressor. That was not stories they had just told me about who are still believed to be behind all, however. Without realizing it, the events that burst in August upon the Indian lines. I had talked poli- General Nimmo had also drawn up their mountain paradise. Then I tics and war with Indian colleagues a devastating indictment not only climbed into my car and started back representing every shade of opinion, of his own mission but oi the whole over the mountains and across the every region of India, and every re- United Nations peacemaking ma- plains to Delhi on the last lap of a ligious community, and I had chinery. As an incidental by-prod- fifteen-hundred-mile trip by car, marveled at the unanimity of their uct, the report makes it plain that truck, and jeep. patriotic fervor. I had talked war ample evidence existed to warn The five-clay journey through and politics with the young com- Washington that Pakistan's U.S.- some of the most sensitive zones in pany-grade officers who seem to be equipped armored spearhead would the intermittently hot and cold the most typical representatives of almost inevitably be thrown into eighteen-year-old war between India the intransigent but lucid new the struggle that its guerrillas had and Pakistan had been as rewarding Indian nationalism that is perhaps launched, if indeed such interven- as it had been grueling. Rolling the most significant development tion had not been planned from across the fertile plain of the Punjab here in the last few years. I had the first. Yet our observers, like at dawn, I had seen the immemorial witnessed some disquieting mani- those of the United Nations, missed tranquillity and the no less imme- festations of the polarization of atti- the point or failed to put it across. morial squalor of Indian village life tudes that seems to rule out any Finally, the reluctance of India's alternate with model farms and im- rational, humane solution of the civilian leaders to discard the my- pressive reclamation projects. Peas- underlying political problem of thology of Afro-Asian neutralism ants driving oxcarts shared the high- Kashmir for years to come. I had and their repeated criticism of the v.r ..if, turbaned Punjabi farmers listened at a divisional headquarters United States for helping to defend enthroned like maharajahs behind- in the Kashmir mountains while an South Vietnam against a foreign- the steering wheels of shiny new Indian staff officer explained in con- backed invasion was a significant tractors. The face of India seemed vincing detail the ambitious stra- factor in their failure to make to be transforming itself before my tegic concept behind the infiltrations Washington and the U.N. Security -ves. of Pakistani guerrillas that most of Council understand that the inci- THE REPORTER dents documented in the Nimmo brigade or even division and at iso- were native Kashmiris who had report constituted a clear-cut mili- lating certain of its forward units crossed over into Pakistani territory tary aggression in a bitter political in key positions in preparation for at some time in the past and joined conflict. a larger invasion. the so-called Free Kashmir armed An operation of this kind, and on forces or paramilitary formations. The Timid Observers this scale, needs weeks or even And even this claim may be an No such sharp-edged conclusions months to organize effectively and exaggeration. are to be found in the Nimmo re- requires previous approval at least port, of course. Indeed, true to the at the corps headquarters level. Yet HAT IT ALL amounts to is one U.N. tradition, the report has no the Baramula attack was only one of W more example of the twentieth- edge at all. In his covering letter to a large number of similar Pakistani century technique of indirect inva- Secretary-General U Thant, General raids into Kashmir between August sion through paramilitary interven- Nimmo even seems to go out of 5 and 15, in groups up to battalion tion in support of a real or fictitious his \v -v to blunt its impact. "As you strength, along the five hundred insurrection on the victims' territory v. •"-'.(-.'' he tells his chief, "the miles of the old cease-fire line. Such —what the Communists call wars of ;.• lions . . . have in general an offensive unmistakably implied liberation. In this case, the invasion been able to verify, either integrated strategic planning at the was disguised but direct, and the tiii-ou^K observation or direct highest national echelon in Pakistan. alleged local insurrection was largely evidence, the identity of those re- The Indian military authorities, if not entirely fictitious. A common sponsible for the action and par- who originally estimated that there pattern in most unavowed invasions ticipating in it, or whether and to were more than three thousand "in- is that they usually begin with what what extent there had been in fact filtrators," as they termed them, in looks like mere harassment. But a crossing of the cease-fire line." Yet Jammu and Kashmir, now seem in- whenever the scale of harassment on page 3 of the report, dealing clined to put the number at six or reaches the level it attained in Kash- with "Incidents of 7-8 August in the mir, one can be sure that guerrilla Baramula sector on the Indian side," ambushes and sabotage will gradu- the U.N. observers state that they ally evolve according to General confirmed attacks by armed groups Giap's three-stage formula into set on five bridges, two Indian forma- battles between large organized tion headquarters, and six pickets, formations. Moreover, experience some of these targets being up to teaches that to assure success the seventeen miles behind the original aggressor must always be prepared cease-fire line on the Indian side. to intervene with conventional forces Further in the course of their in- in support of his paramilitary units vestigation, the U.N. observers state or guerrilla allies; the fiasco at the that they "interviewed one of the Bay of Pigs stemmed largely from captured raiders, who stated that he our failure to heed this rule. Another was a soldier of the Sixteenth Azad prime lesson to be drawn from the Kashmir (the portion of Kashmir history of unconventional aggression seized by Pakistan in 1947 and con- is that it is very hard to foil by trolled by it ever since) infantry purely defensive action on one's own battalion and that the raiding party territory; unless one is prepared to was composed of about three hun- seven thousand, of whom about one accept defeat, one must be ready to dred soldiers of his battalion and thousand are thought to have fled attack the bases, however distant, one hundred 'mujahids' (armed back into Pakistan since the cease- from which the enemy paramilitary civilians trained in guerrilla tac- fire, while about three thousand are assaults or support operations are tics)." still in Indian territory, mostly hid- launched. Our disregard of this prin- Why didn't General Nimmo con- ing in the mountain forests but ciple for a while in Vietnam nearly sider this statement, supported by occasionally staging a small attack led to disaster. various material facts, as evidence here or there. In the case of Kashmir, India of "the identity of those responsible The actual number of raiders can might have been able to contain the for the action"? When one visits the only be guessed at, but the U.N. ob- Pakistani raiders by a simple police terrain, as I did, noting in particular servers cannot have doubted almost action. It was impossible to be sure the location of these five bridges from the first that they numbered in of this at the time, however, and one that were attacked, it is clear that the thousands. The observers like- can understand the Indian Army's this invasion of Indian territory by wise knew—or could easily have decision to cross the cease-fire line in three hundred regular soldiers of discovered—that few if any of them force to cut off the Uri-Punch salient a de facto branch of the Pakistani were local inhabitants who had from which the Pakistanis were Army, aided by one hundred taken up arms on the spot. Even the launching some of their most poten- trained guerrillas, was no mere Moslem opposition Plebiscite Front tially dangerous raids. troublemaking raid but a carefully in Kashmir, whose leaders I inter- The subsequent escalation might planned attack aimed at crippling viewed in Srinagar, claims no more conceivably have been avoided if the movements of an entire Indian than that a majority of the raiders the U.N. had identified Pakistan as October 22, 1965 the aggressor early in August and the clinches so they can resume a subject that is no joking matter to mobilized all the pressures at its swinging cleanly at each other. "We the Indian people as a whole. "How command to halt the aggression be- report to the U.N. that the Paks are do you like those nice new Patton fore it provoked the inevitable Indi- shelling us," an Indian officer ex- tanks we gave you?" I asked. "Oh, an retaliation. But the U.N. tried to plained to me, "and we give them sir," he said, in fluent but curiously hold the balance even between the an hour to call it off. In the mean- clipped English, "you mean those aggressor and the victim of aggres- time, we go on taking our casualties Pattons we captured from the Paks. sion, as it has done many times be- and gritting our teeth. Then at the Oh, very good, sir." That broke the fore, and thereby failed in its mis- end of the hour, the U.N. calls back ice and we got down to some serious sion to preserve peace. Despite the and says they are sorry but they talk. "What would India do if the deficiencies that have been pointed can't get through to Rawalpindi or U.N. tells you to give up Kashmir?" out in the Nimmo report, the U.N. that they got through but the Paks I asked him point-blank. failure probably should not be laid wouldn't listen, so we say 'Thank "Oh, sir," he said, "I think* the a t the door of the field observers, who you very much' and our guns go into U.N. have to come and push us out. are trying to do a hard and danger- action too. What could be fairer?" Not so easy, sir." ous job under impossible conditions, "But suppose," I persisted, "your but rather on the Secretariat, which ORE DIFFICULT is the problem of government decided it was in the imposes its bureaucratic blinkers on M trying to get both sides to pull nation's interest to accept some com- their observing, and above all on the back to their original positions. Per- promise on the issue." Security Council, which failed to act haps for the time being it is a hope- The young Sikh smiled an angelic in time on the conclusions suggested less problem, and instead of trying smile. "Oh, sir," he said, "I think by the cautious report. to enforce a general withdrawal, the then we have new government." U.N. would do better to concentrate Recognizing Aggression on persuading the two sides to ac- What Is the Truth? Seen in the perspective of the cept limited measures aimed at re- There seems little possibility of the Indo-Pakistani conflict, the U.N. ducing the mutual sense of insecurity situation arising. Prime Minister system as it now functions handicaps at certain crucial points along the Shastri and Foreign Minister Swaran the defensive reactions of the victim. front. I vividly recall riding in an Singh are not bluffing when they de- Last August India was the victim— Indian Army jeep up the hair-raising clare that the basic issue of India's perhaps to the secret satisfaction of new road the Indians are building right to Kashmir is not negotiable some Indians who were spoiling for along the cliffsides—a remarkable or even discussable. Whatever role a good fight. Tomorrow it may be feat of mountain engineering—to the U.N. may play, or pretend to Pakistan's turn. I have seen no evi- the 8,500-foot-high Haji Pir Pass, play, in easing the tensions that dence of any impending Indian ag- some nine miles beyond the original now prevent a permanent settlement gression, camouflaged or otherwise, cease-fire line, and hearing the de- will require great tact and patience. against Pakistan, but a glance at the fiant "never" of a young Indian of- It will also require more reliable in- ethnic map of Asia suggests certain ficer when I asked him how soon he formation about present conditions points where Pakistan might prove thought India would have to return than any government, including highly vulnerable to the same kind its hard-won position and that hard- India's, appears to possess. of paramilitary warfare it waged un- built road to Pakistan. I could un- My own futile attempt to learn successfully against India. India it- derstand his feelings. That pass in the whole truth about the tragedy self is exposed to various forms of Indian hands could prevent, or at that had overtaken one Kashmiri attack along its whole frontier with least impede, the passage of Pakistani village made me realize the difficulty China, while certain elements here raiders through the Uri-Punch gap. that any impartial investigator faces. are publicly agitating for Indian Another conversation that made The village, which is called Kana- support of Tibetan guerrillas. The a lasting impression on me took muh and is situated about twelve truth is that all Asia is in ferment place in the garish bar of the Cosmo miles northeast of Srinagar, was one today, and unless the U.N. soon Hotel ("luxurious comforts under of seven that Plebiscite Front propa- overcomes the inhibitions that make one roof") in Jammu, the disheveled gandists told me had been burned it unable to recognize any form of little Hindu city that is the winter to the ground by the Indian Army aggression except those which are capital of Jammu and Kashmir State. or local police forces in reprisal for long since obsolete, this huge conti- A young Sikh officer next to me was help given by villagers to the raiders. nent may be heading toward a con- celebrating his first leave from a long On arriving, I found the village in- flagration. tour of duty on the nearby Chamb- tact except for a number of houses In fact, unless the U.N. observers Jaurian front, and when he discov- at one end of it that had been iiere are given more realistic instruc- ered that I was an American he im- recently destroyed. The fright- tions and better support from head- periously ordered the barman to ened-looking peasants interrogated quarters, they will have a hard pour a half tumbler of a brownish through my Delhi chauffeur said time even making the present cease- liquid tasting something like varnish that Pakistani planes had bombed fire mean that the firing cease. Up to remover into the already dubious the village, killing more than a now they have functioned more like highball of local whiskey I was drink- hundred inhabitants. But the ap- the referee in a boxing match who ing. I retaliated in kind, avoiding pearance of the ruins seemed to belie keeps pulling the contestants out of escalation, and then risked a joke on this version. 38 THE REPORTER Before I went to Kanamuh, a trust- sultant action. It seemed the likeliest worthy European resident of Srin- version, and I finally left Kashmir agar, who had recently visited the reasonably confident that nothing village and questioned the survivors like the outrages alleged by Pakistani in their own language, told me that propaganda had occurred either at he gathered that some raiders hiding Kanamuh or elsewhere in the valley. in one or more village houses had But I would feel happier if the sniped at a passing Indian Army unit, meager facts I could verify had left killing two officers and an enlisted a smaller margin of uncertainty in man. The soldiers had then done my mind. The whole Kashmir issue what any soldiers would do. Some is so complex and thorny that it houses had been set on fire and prob- had better be left for a subsequent ably some civilians killed in the re- dispatch. «» HEW YORK TIMES, Tuesday, 29 March 1966 Text of Johnson Proposal for U.S.-India Special to The New York Times ples, and indeed the people new teaching techniques in intrude on our safe journey WASHINGTON, March 28— of all lands. farm and factory—to stimu- toward a time when—as your Prime Minister Gandhi's late new ways to meet age- father promised—life will be following is the text of Presi- goal is to weld the Indian -old problems. better for all our people. dent Johnson's toast tonight, ''•at nation into a land where the The journey to the future Ladies and gentlemen—let a White House dinner for Prime words of its founding fathers is over a long, winding road, us honor the chief of state Minister Indira Gandhi: come true and their views of every mile tested by chal- whose Prime Minister we Madame Prime Minister: its future are real. lenge and doubt. welcome so warmly tonight. There is mucn that binds Together, Prime Minister, Join me ^Wfo I have heard — and do in India and the United States we can avoid the detours that President of, fiidla. part believe—that Queen Vic- together. Both our nations toria—speaking In a different have the deep-felt obligation age and under different cir- to the basic dignity of man—- the conviction that people cumstances — once gave the can solve1 their problems by following estimate of two of free choice far better than her Prime Ministers. . • they can under an arrange- "Mr. Gladstone," said .she, ment by force. There is in "talks to me ' as if I were , a India and this country the strong tradition. public meeting—but Mr. Dis- I remember clearly nfy visit raeli speaks to,me .as If. I to India in 1961. were aiWoman." ':-: Toriight'I%m pleased td: tell 'Impatient to Know' our friejids assembled here I remember what I saw and that .we have spoken to; our felt and heard in; India. The .gracious visitor not only as ,a thousands of students along anJ.with /an understand- the roads and in the cities— 'ti-iitit: also as a lead- each of them impatient to chless sense of , know and learn—the teachers |iyls}onTfrarid.";a builder with a and the scholars •— the public ->Wui$jV.t|5rof faith. servants — and the people, India'is a vast and,varied searching, discovering, hop- land. The roots of freedom ing and I think of our young and justice run deep in the people here — what we have Indian past. Its culture was done in. the last year to full and strong centuries b'e- achieve a new • revolution in f ore the dawn of the Christian education—beyond the wild- era. . . . est dreams of a decade or The world has listened to two ago.v the wisdom of India -spoken How can we bring into " through the voice of an "'elo- closer union the spirit and the quent leader. * : courage of both our countries ? Once years ago he s.ald: Tonight I propose we; mark > "Democracy demands disci- the visit of Prime : Minister.' plines tolerance and mutual Gandhi with a lasting/endow- regard. Freedom demands, re- ment for the benefit' .of -to- spect for the freedom.- of quiring yqUng minds In : the' others. In a democracy Indian nation. change's are: made by mutual May we, Prime Minister, discussion and persuasion^ and with your Government's per- Hot by violent means." '• mission ^-and,^ that of the American- Congress—launch a 'Strong in Sacrifice' new and imaginative venture: These were the words of an Indo-American foundation. Prime Minister Nehru. This I propose this foundation was the belief of Prime Min- be established in India and ister Shastri. Their fidelity ,.to endowed with $300-million in freedom's cause created, with Indian "currency owned by the Mahatma Gandhi, a new1,-'na- United States. Other founda- tion,— conceived in struggle, tions all over the world will grown strong in sacrifice. cooperate,. I am sure, .with Now, Prime Minister Gan- this new .enterprise. dhi comes to this house !ahd\ I suggest this foundation this table, custodian of • her be organized as an independ- nation's hope, and the steyard ent institution—with the dis- of-her-nation's-dreams. •:• tinguished citizens of both " Today we talked about :the: our countries on its board of work and the. sacrifice needed directors. to • make;-';i those dreams •. a I further propose that the | modern reality. We discussed . new foundation be given a practical ways India and the broad charter to promote pro- wfiMea^tSfe^tn. help... build gress in all fields of ~ learning - 5j a, .world where life is hopeful —to advance sqieiice—tp^ en- ''l our peocourag- e researc.E.|s:tav4syeIbj).- MEW YORK TIMES, Tuesday, 29 March 1966 DEiet war wifti iJ.aKistan. Indians want .'to establish hJgwovKtjjIjEh they: .can count', on United'te^tates.'economic aid in1 the future. ••• 15=4^ ' • : ' United States assfsTaTiS was suspended last summer as a result of the Indian-Pakistani > By JOHN D. POMFREX conflict over Kashmir. Since Special to The New York Tinies then, only $150-million of the $435-million in aid that had WASHINGTON, March 2£—President Johnson announced been pledged for this fiscal year —'"'" ''Spjans/fto establish an.Iridian-American foundation to has been released to assist India Ijnl^gjfess in all fields of learning in India. He pro in her food crisis. In his welcoming remarks, .•jx.-Sffij:;— —=~"| posed that the foundation be President Johnson said the 'set up. wifih $3f" :.,/"./ United; iS.tates believed in back-1 worth of Indian currency;'!] --2Z"+'--- Who were determined their own social and by;-'the. United Sl^gpgn Indian .banks^..' .•^^y^i.fji' ,'' he said, address- Mr'; Johnson announced^'the ing Y-Mrs. Gandhi, "that India proposal'in his toast at. a dinner under your leadership will have such determination." at the -White House for Mr?. "We want to learn how we can best help you and how our The text of Presidents toast- help can be used to the very is printed on Page'14. best effect," Mr. Johnson con- tinued. "Your people and ours Indira Gandhi, India's Prune share the conviction that, how- ; ever" difficult the problems, Minister, who arrived- here this there are none that a strong morning for'two days of talks and a vigorous democracy, can- : with the President. not solve." ^.,:' -.V: . .--V ''• ;. The talks, described by White The Presidentlsaidie planned to discuss with':Mr.s.'::G-ahdhi his House sources as general and ; informal, ' will center on the "deep desire, whichYl know; you share, for the continued -im- problem of obtaining peace in provement in relations between Asia and on India's; economic India, and her great sister na- problems. ^"M''•'''*:if " |if n, .Pakistan." ' : '"""f^Ehe- President said he would Mr. Johnson waS;-at ;his' jnf : courtly in greeting MrSi,G.aJiS._, :s6 ."discuss with Mrs. Gandhi ip,w peace can be obtained or Theirs was the first": meeting 'made more secure in Asia and between a United States Presi- throughout the world." dent and a: woman who was In responding, Mrs. Gandhi •he44*?*tf government. said: pi^&SiiaGMncUrt'-i- was received "We in India are greatly In- terested and concerned about Jwith.'military honors on the peace, for to us it is not only a tSouttU^awn of the White House question of a'n ideal, but one of in 38-degree temperature with very practical necessity to give a nippy 15-mile-an-hour wind us time and opportunity to deal out of the northwest. with those 'other problems and questions which you have men- She wore a black cloth coat tiqned; that is, to be able to over her orange sari. The Presi- develop our country; to give op- dent wore a topcoat and a hat portunity to our own people to at a rakish angle.' stand on their feet; to deal with After the ceremony, they con- the many obstacles and cliffi- •culties whifch a long-standing ferred alone for 75 minutes in the poverty has'imposed on us," President's office, then joined The monpr that the President their advisers in the Cabinet proposed bs spent to underwrite cational investments of the Room for 20 minutes more of the foundation has been accu- m 1 discussion. mula'ted through'saies"of'united! ade by the Ford, -Rockefelle| States surplus food to India for | and Carnegie Foundations.^ After this meeting, the Presi- Indian currency. The total It may undertake projects to dent walked Mrs. Gandhi across I amount available to the United improve general schooling, to the street to Blair House, where! States for use is ?57S-million. teach farming techniques or she is staying. Several times; A proposal to allocate $300- fight illiteracy, as examples, of- Mr. Johnson paused and di-j million for the foundation will ficials said. It could also pro- be sent to Congress under the mote exchanges of students arfdfc] rected photographers to get out 'executive-waiver provision of! scholars between the two count of the way so that he and Mrs. Public. Lawr,480, under which'tries. Gandhi could pass. :/i; " : :su?plu|^fogd];ip sold for local' ||||!pjpjeimefcfor both gjoVeipn- ipurpenqieisg^ie proposal must ppppid't|ie initial talk'sjiad Uiei;$(;|fti!^EBhgress for 30 days 1 ^5^|&|||i;iStijection before the '.gbfaejIpfBll in' an atmosphere pfi jinScSMpiean be put aside for thei informality and friendliness; j idgsigriated purpose. : They are not expected to pro- "'•The foundation, which is ex- duce any hard decisions. Diplo- pected to come into being in several months, would be run mats hope that the discussions by a board composed of equal may help establish a personal numbers of Indian and. United, rapport between the two lead- States representative^^Sfej^ijj ers, ^ssas^ '^ ''•''• --.Officials here hopete^^pMt; j..•-.. fL intends"tp incf eajse age in innovatjve^cjjpl icUlttuc|ivproduction, bushel* ; homi|;|)l;a.ns;'have been'iiipset NEW .4B» YORK Kctalb oTtipun^^^^^* V "^^^iiVi^-^e - FOUNDED by HORACE GREELEY, APRIL 10, 1841 The Herald Tribune makes available a broad cross section of Informed and responsible onlnlon through the views and observations of our columnists. Our own opinions an exeressed In these editorials. miiiiiiiiiiiimmiimiiiimiiiiHiimiiiiimiimiiimimiHmmmiiiHiiuimiiimmiiiniHH 24 THur8day, March 31, 1966 D i miimiiimiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiimmmNiiimii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiwiiiMiimiiiiiiWMiiiiiiiiHiiiWNi!MiiiimriiiiimmiM The Issue Is Still Kashmir - ^.Prime Minister Indira Gandhi may have" nese camp; and the chance of building the feome here in search of greater American kind of India Mrs; Gandhi has in mind eonomic 'aid; but in doing so, she was may be set back many years. It would be vise in describing for us the kind of India difficult for President Johnson to offer fin which ^ we were being asked to Invest and for the Congress to confirm long-term f large amounts of both public and private economic aid for India (though emergency funds It is an India which will not for- famine relief is, of course, another mat- ever be dependent on foreign support but ter) until and unless a greater degree of which "can attain a stage of self-generat- stability is achieved in the region through ing growth within the next decade." solution of the Kashmir crisis. fit is also an India which will establish The Indians complain that we have been ,at ."democratic, socialist" alternative to unfair to their side of the dispute; and they ;l|eti'T-Ghinais' Communist totalitarianism. have a point. It often is forgotten that ;lt:y i& -because India may offer such an Pakistan, as well as India, failed to carry wHprnative' that Peking regards it as a out the original UN terms of a settlement threalTahavKas turned against it. envisaging a plebiscite. The Pakistanis were IThe India Mrs. Gandhi has projected supposed first to withdraw their troops fcfr us is the kind in which we Anight from the disputed region, and they failed g):£dly invest our friendship, goodwill, to do so. technology and capital. But Prime. Minister , It may not yet be too late to return, to GJtndhi, in her statement to the National the original UN proposals. If adequate in- P|ess Club and in the communique she ternational guarantees were mobilized, isSijied jointly with President Johnson, has both' sides might be called upon to with- played down and even misrepresented • the draw their forces from Kashmir, and the overriding danger which could destroy the UN plebiscite might proceed as originally hopeful picture she has painted. That is, arranged. It is to the interest of the United ofvcourse, India's continuing dispute with States and the Soviet Union, as well as to" Pakistan over Kashmir. that of ,the principals involved, to pool iThe communique said there has been their diplomatic resources at the United cpiisiderable progress toward peace.follow- Nations to reopen the issue^alpngwthese ing the Tashkent Declaration bjP11'^*-^ :t countries. But it failed to note 't progress has been undermined by cent '•• deterioration- in relations;JsfL themp-so much so that, while,the. hope-, ful communique was being issued in.Wash- ington, Indian Defense Minister Chavan was announcing in New Delhi' that Pakis- tan has1 assumed "warlike postures" along India's western borders. . . ,. / It-is the task of diplomacy; to devise fresh initiatives to resolve 'tie Kashmir issue:.- The .painful shortcoming of . th^ Washington communique, is ; that it con- -'*•-'-'-- '--'-'•-- of such: initiatives. Yet if to I slide HEW YORK HERALD TRIBUNE, Thursday, 7 April .ashmir With Open Prime Minister Gandhi, on her return friendly relations with our neighbor to be to India; declared herself pleased with the treated by its government as a jumping off results of'her visit to the United States. ground for further claims." However feeble At the same time, she said she was dis- the argument, it was strong enough to turbed by the behavior of Pakistan, which poison relations still more. Pakistan turned .is becoming more hostile toward India to Peking and then undertook its reck- as it draws closer to Red China. less military assault on Indian-held Kash- If Mrs. Gandhi was pleased with her mir in September. talks with President Johnson, this may be The Soviet-sponsored Tashkent settle- due in no small measure to the conduct ment raised the hope that a compromise of her host. Acting on his own, or on the on Kashmir might yet be negotiated—and recommendation of his Secretary of State, that Pakistan might be saved from a sui- Mr. Johnson evidently skirted around the cidal attachment to Red China, the result unpleasant topic of Kashmir. of "psychotic government." But India did The result was an easy agreement on not encourage such hopes—and Mrs. Gandhi emergency U. S., aid for India (which in- •nearly killed them with her statement in, volves no serious political or diplomatic New York that "It, is now too late to problems) and evasion, for the most part, talk of plebiscite. The second invasion of of the only important issue which might Kashmir by Pakistan last summer has have given real meaning to the meeting destroyed whatever marginal or academic of the Indian and American heads of state. value the old United Nations resolutions The consequence of this evasion is the con- might have had." tinued deterioration in relations between That is not the view of other UN mem- Pakistan and the free world. bers. It is not the view, so far as is known, B. K. Nehru, India's Ambassador to of the U. S. government. Mrs. Gandhi's Washington, once described the administra- argument is as weak as her father's. tion of Pakistan as a"frustrated and But arguments aside, the important ques- psychotic government." That may well be tion is whether something might yet be the case, but the attitude of the late Prime done to keep Pakistan from going over Minister Nehru and now that of his daugh- the brink. If Pakistan should be lost, India's ter, the present Prime Minister, may have victory in Kashmir would be a pyrrhic one; played no small part in producing Paki- and the problem of Viet Nam would be stan's state of mind. superseded by\ a still greater one. Prime Minister Nehru, in a statement Kashmir may be a dreamland, but it's to Parliament in 19'63, announced that not one to be approached with closed eyes. India's offer of a plebiscite as a basis for It is to be hoped that President Johnson, ..a settlement of the Kashmir dispute was Premier Kosygin and Prime Minister Wilson 'bfeing-wimdrawn because "we do not wish will open theirs before making-.'premised and sincere desire, for visits to Mrs. Gandhi in Nl^^iliSSi-:^- - fast-lay, April 26,' 1966 THE WASHINGTON POST Galforaith Blames U.S. -Pakistan War By Bryoe Nelson By a Washington Post Staff Writer Former Ambassador to India John K. Galbraith was sharply critical yesterday of U.S. mili- tary of U.S. military aid pro- grams and charged specifically that arms assistance to India and Pakistan caused the war between two countries last year. "If 'we had not supplied arms, Pakistan would not have;, sought a military solution,^; the former Ambassador, now which have'fess than a $200 per! an economics professor at capita annual income, excep^ Harvard University, told the in cases where there is a spe- Senate Foreign Relations Com- cific presidential determina- mittee. tion of Americas interest. Galbraith testified on the "There is something intrin- Administration's $3.4 billion sically obscene in the combina- aid package proposed for fis- tion of ill-fed people and well- cal 1967. fed armies deploying the most In "the course of his testi- modern equipment," he mony Sen. Wayne Morse CD- argued, in opposing resump- Ore.) said President Kennedy tion of military aid to India told him ten days before he and Pakistan. was assassinated that an in- Although Galbraith sup- tense study and re-examina- ported the doubts of Chair- tion was underway into Amer- man J. William Fulbright CD- ican policies in Vietnam. Ark.) about the value of U.S. military assistance, he dis- Morse Cites JFK agreed with Fulbright 011 two Morse said that President points. He disputed Fulbrightt's United Press International Kennedy told him that "he contentions that the United . . „_ _,. . ., was. not sure that I was not .tates had become involved in —John K. Galbraith and Sen. Fullbnght. opposition Vietnam because of the aid. in South program, and that a s-ubstan-j ;Vietiiain. Morse told President ital portion of UjS" ,-foreign!] kennedy that he feared the aid should be disthinitelE use of military adviseES, woujdj international orgari^ ican combat troopgi'i'jHe;, saitji /Gaijbraith said that the tihan- that he left with the;feeirog! ireling of -any large amount of that it was not President Ken- add through multi-lateral chan- nedy's intention to commit nels such as- the World Bank American combat troops to would tax the resources of the South Vietnam. Bank and tend to make the Although Morse said ."it is Bank an American, rather conjeitare on my part", he said than an international, institu- that U.S. policy m Vietnam tion. would be different if lived. Galtoaith said that tlhe Unit- "We would not be sacrificing ed State's /became involved in the lives of increasing num- South Vietnam through "a bers of American boys today," tragic fatalism" which caused Morse said. the United States to -take In 1his discussion of the for- small steps the ^consequences eign aid program Galbraith of which were not foreseen. was especially critical of U.S. He said Vietnam "is not an military aid to poor eations area -of any great strategic im- which h© termed a "policy of portance, not a testing ground arming iflhe indigent, which of democracy, nor a bastion of was iso favored by Mr. Dulles." freedom." If the peasants of South Vietnam were offered a Deny Arm To Poor chance to vote for either the .Congress should amend Saiigpn government or the Viet cfyn'fi,--- Galbraith would/choose neither! j BALTIMORE SIM, Wednesday, 2? April 1966 of P *Sfohn Kenneth GalbraMr^noted' economist, wit and. former Ambassador tovlhdia;' has got;'a..-point when-he deplores the creation through military aid of well-fed, well-equipped 'armies in ill-fed nations, and .he has got:part of- -a point when he declares that -United States assistance to. Pakistan "caused" last year's Indo-Pakistani' war. It is true enough that without Amer- ican'arms Pakistan might have been slower to adventure into its ill-fated seeking of a military solution on Kash- mir. But the history of arms aid to Pakistan is somewhat more compli- cated than Mr. Galbraith suggests. Oh the'surface, and in public statev ments from Washington, we gave Pakistan arms to strengthen its pos- ture against the Soviet Union. Under the surface, the fact was that in the early .years of Pakistan's existence, amid the political fevers that followed the deaths of Mohammed Ali Jirinah and Liaquat Ali Khan, .American non- military^ help was . going down the drain, in: waste and corruption; and it became increasingly clear that 'the only element in the country that could be called vat all: stable was the nuli- taxy.j And so^ our assistance^inertia-,, te^iel "arid "in military advice had a pohticaKpu^ose, too. -Perhaps we did too much of it In- deed, we did do too much of itj; as events v;have ^demonstrated. But the situation was a tough one;:'' and. we wanted very much for Pakistan'-not; .td; collapse. ;;' . •~-'"'':. ... . j£»$ U.S. on Supplying A rms to Pakistan. jl SfcWotdd Regard Action as Karachi Accused of Massu ;;(:-*B Very Serious Threat' Forces at Cease-Fire Ixni^? ;V By J. ANTHONY LUKAS and ordnance factories, .-! ';':•'" Special to The New York Times forth from China." ••' NEW DELHI, Aug. 9—India In the light of these factors, he added, the resumption of pro- has Informed the United States viding military supplies or spare that the supplying of American parts to Pakistan "will only en- arms to Pakistan would be re- courage Pakistan in its aggres- garded as "a very serious threat sive and hostile designs against to the security of India." India." Foreign Minister Swaran Ayub Accuses Indians Singh told Parliament today Special to TS« rfew fork Tlmu that this warning had-been pre- KARACHI, Pakistan, Aug. 9 sented to the United States Gov- —President Mohammad Ayub ernment recently through the Khan of Pakistan accused India Indian Embassy in Washington, today of building up her armec The Foreign Minister spoke/rjn' forces at an "alarming rate.' response to a question from He said that 'the Indians' weap- legislators about reports from ons were "mos't sophisticated Washington that the: United and meant for use in fighting States was considering relaxing on the plains and not on the the ban on the sale of weapons hills against the Chinese." to Pakistan. The New York Times In a speech a,t^ Dacca, the The United States suspended capital of East Pakistan, he all military assistance and sales Swaran Singh, Foreign Min- maintained that because of this to both India and Pakistan dur- ister;: Jtold of;/the warning. Pakistan would have to build ing the brief Kashmir war be- up "a well-trained and deter tween the two countries last concerted .campaign intended to mined force." September. This spring, Washi persuade the United States not ington partly relaxed the bail to;--Supply.- arms to Pakistan. State Department Silent by permitting the sale of'"noni Last week, American corre. Special to The New Vork Tlmei lethal" equipment to both coun- spondents were provided with WASHINGTON, Aug. 9— Th> . tries. detailed information on a Paki- However, Pakistan, which de- State Department declined to stani "arms build-up" along the comment today on Foreign Min pended heavily on United States Kashmir cease-fire line. , arms aid before the September ister Swaran Singh's warning war, has been pressing to get Warning by Defense Chief that the supplying of arms t< at least spare parts for the Yesterday, Defense Minister Pakistan by the American planes and tanks Y. B. Chavan repeated this in- would threaten damaged in the conflict. formation to Parliament and Reliable sources here say;that said that the build-up constitut- the Defense Department arid the ed a "grave threat to our secu- Central Intelligence Agency rity!" have been supporting Pakistan's In his statement today, For- request on the ground that the eign Minister Swaran Singh United States investment in said that India' had been assured Pakistan is already so,'heavy by the United States that it that it should not be jeopard- did not intend to "give" any ized now. armanents or military supplies However, at least to Pakistan. • • .ments in the State Department However, his statement Indi- f are believed to be vigorously op- cated that these assurances are '"posmg the proposal. '.Chester not accepted quite at face value iwles, the Uriited States Am- here. He said: bassador here, is reported to "The United States Govern- =.have argued strongly against ment cannot be unaware of Fa1- "such A move.-on;the ground that kistan's continuing belligerent it would affect Indian-American postures against India, its mass- „_ Lr relations and would give pe sing of forces along the [Kash- /'leftists here a new talking point mir] cease-fire line and its>,ac- * recent days, India has quisition of large quantities, of Amounted what appears to be a.MICr aircraft, bombers, MEW YORK TIMES. Friday, 12 August 1966 1WKASRIIRIAR Cautions India and Pakistan to Avoid Hostile Moves By BENJAMIN WELLES Sp.eclaJ to The New yortt Times WASHINGTON, Aug. 11 — The United States is interced- ing quietly with India and Pak- istan in an effort to persuade them to avoid steps that might lead to another armed clash. High Indian and Pakistani political figures have been ac- cusing each other of arms esca- lation and hostile; "-inttent'. '••• Senior' officials-here, who re- call the brief' but" destructive war over Kashmir that broke out between the two countries last September, see no indica- tions yeb of another open clash. However, one high authority is known to be particularly con- cerned about the course of events to the next'eight weeks, during which. Mrs. Indira Gandhi, India's Prime Minister, is expected to come under in- tense nationalistic pressure in Parliament. The Parliament, now in: the so-called "monsoon session." named for1 the annual intense rainy season, is scheduled to Chinese MIG-19 jet fighters, to the State Department -ffei | adjourn in mid-October for a T-59 tanks ana other combat confer with Secretary of ;S tatej month. materiel. e Until then, the fires of na- Despite Indian cnarges that Dean Rusk, Raymond Mare;- tionalism in the Indian and Pak- Pakistan is rapidly expanding Assistant Secretary for iNear istani Parliaments may feed on her forces with the help of Eastern and South Asian"'^Af- suspicion that the United States China, informed sources believe fairs, and their senior j suby? •will bow to pressure and resume such aid is principally "for. ordinates. : \ suspended sales of military show." They contend that "Since India and Pakistan equipment to one country or the China is in no position to spare stopped fighting last autumn," other, United States officials] substantial quantities of arms a State Department source feel. Such pressures could lead because of the situation in Viet- said, "our position has been to to another conflict, they believe. nam. stress to each of them the im- Informed sources said' there To 'counter the Indian as- portance of not letting another was no plan to resume these sertions, Pakistan has alleged arms race interfere with their sales, which were halted Sept. that large arms shipments have vital economic development 8, 1965, when the two Asian gone to India in recent months programs. nations went to war. from the Soviet Union and "We're trying in every way The situation has been com- other Eastern European coun- we can to exert a moderating plicated in recent weeks by in- tries, v influence on both sides. How- tense Pakistani pressure on the The American diplomatic ever, we also realize that both ^.United States to resume sales pressure has been applied be- are sovereign countries able-and' of repair parts for tanks, air- hind the scenes both here and prepared to acquire arms^w'iiere' .c'raft and other military equip- overseas. The United States they want." ..•'. 'J"|j ment that Pakistan has received Ambassadors, Chester Bowles India and Pakistan receives over the last 12 years and that in New Delhi and Eugene Locke the bulk of American foreign.'* weie damaged in last autumn's in Rawalpindi, have conferred assistance. India has rep^ive'd.! fighting. repeatedly with senior officials. about $5-billion and Pakis-tirS .Military parades in Pakistan Similarly, Indian and Paki- $3-billion in various' last spring revealed Communist istani diplomats have been called aid, including food.'" THE OBSERVER WEEKEBD REVIEW, 13 INDIA AND PAKISTAN have common responsibility of Paki- come too near war over the stan and India. The present fundamental issues between cease-fire line dividing the terri- them. It is high time they turned At this week's meeting of Commonwealth tory would be dismantled. There to the difficult but crucial task of would be free access to Kashmir making peace. Prime Ministers the Indian and Pakistani from both countries. Kashmir Solutions for the Indo- would elect five representatives Pakistan problems are possible. leaders will sit together. But their to sit in the Parliament of India, A major issue, the division of countries are divided by a threat of and an equal number to sit in the waters of the Punjab, was the Parliament of Pakistan. resolved in 1959 through the war that could be catastrophic for the Agreed local taxes would good offices of Mr Eugene Black remain available solely to the and the World Bank. Early in world. Here, a distinguished Indian local Government of Kashmir. 1962 President Kennedy sought scholar and ex-diplomat offers a plan Income taxes and excise duties to build on that precedent, sug- would be levied at agreed rates gesting that Mr Black might for ending this 17-year-old feud. and from their proceeds Kash- help with Kashmir. Pandit mir would make an agreed Nehru turned down the proposal allotment, to be shared equally while Presiden. Ayub Khan was likely. Eventually the Western gropings on the Indian side. In by India and Pakistan, for willing to ealsrtain >' Powers, too, might be dragged 1957 Pandit Nehru stated in an expenditure on defence, foreign When i iinii'.-< ^ii into ihe struggle, possibly even interview with the New York affairs and other services. was made: .ifier ine Linnese against an erstwhile ally. Times that some joint arrange- attack on India the responses of Possibilities such as these ments with each country retain- ihe two men were reversed; and clearly demand an urgent ing its independence would be there v.as still another reversal examination of the best steps " the logical future path." this year when nuiia was reluct- Both countries would abjure toward a general improvement Such arrangements might the use of force and all forms ant to see I' Thant mentioned in of the day-to-day relations cover a customs union, commu- a mediatory role while Pakistan of propaganda to subvert the between the two countries. nications, and freer movement agreed arrangements, which was sympathetic. : Is there a chance of such im- between the two countries. Their would be included in a treaty To the outsider these shifts of Atomic Energy Commissions position might merely be indica- provement ? Past gropings on which would be registered with both sides indicate that there is. could co-operate in developing the United Nations. The U.N. tive of the unreality of the an exclusively peaceful atomic approaches of the two countries A few years ago President Ayub presence in Kashmir could be Khan suggested an understand- industry. continued for a period of years, to the issues involved. Their But the linchpin of the new real significance is that positions ing between Pakistan and India to reinforce assurance of imple- can be shifted and that in inter- on the defence of the subconti- arrangements would concern mentation of the treaty. national affairs any indication of nent. This suggestion was con- defence. Aggression against Kashmir could thus become the absence of total obduracy is sistent with the views of the late either country would constitute an area of fruitful co-operation a favourable sign. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the an attack on both. Both States between India and Pakistan. founder of Pakistan. V. P. would agree to respect each Neither would have lost Kash- m Menon. an official who was other's territorial integrity, and mir. Both would have gained Threatening present at the discussions in 1946 they would bind themselves not it, but whatever the ultimate However, the barometer of between the British Cabinet to enter separately into military solution of the issue, it should the subcontinent indicated that Mission and the leaders of the alliances which could be used be accompanied by the kind of tensions, far from subsiding, Indian Congress Party and the against either. treaty relationship suggested in have recently been rising omi- Muslim League, says in his Perhaps there could be a Con- this article. Without such an nously : the stream of refugees book " The Transfer of Power sultative Council consisting of arrangement to establish posi- in 1964 was fuller than for many in India," that Jinnah "agreed the heads of the two Govern- tive co-operation, a settlement years past, and that year's two that it would be convenient to ments, their Defence Ministers of the Kashmir issue will bring rounds of discussions at the have common railways, customs and other colleagues as appro- relaxation of tensions little Security Council took place to and so forth. ... He certainly priate, meeting once a month, more than did the agreement the ugly accompaniment of contemplated treaties and agree- oftener if necessary, alternately on the sharing of the waters threatening statements in the ments governing these matters, at Delhi and Islamabad, to of the Punjab. Press of bosh countries. Recent which could be settled once the agree on the implementation of Only an overall change in events in the Rann of Kutch are fundamentals of Pakistan were common policies. I would sug- the nature of the present another viriilent symptom of agreed." gest that the two heads of gov- relations can lead to a whitt- their unpeuceful relationship. Menon also records that on ernment alternate as president ling away of suspicions and The interest of the Chinese the eve of the setting up of India of the Consultative Council. I animosities. Only an overall complicates the situation. If and Pakistan as independent would further suggest that the change will bring benefits to Pakistan and India were to clash States Jinnah suggested that first president should be Presi- those directly concerned—the seriously, China would almost there should be a " super dent Ayub Khan. 600 million people of Pakistan certainly become involved un- Governor-General" of the two How would Kashmir, the and India, to Asia as a whole less orv side won a swift and dominions (as they then were). main unsettled issue, be provided and to all parts of the in- _-cisive victory, which is un- There have been similar for? Defence would be the terested world. NEW YORK TIMES, Tuesday, ? September 1965 TKantMakesa To Both Sides in Kashmir By KATHLEE?f TELTSCp '•''."'' '. , "Special to The. New. York Tjmjs UNITED NATIONS, N..-.Y., Sept. .1—Th e Secretary General, U Thant, rushed ; appeals to 'Indian and Pakistani 1 leaders today for immediate :Step.Sv;tofpr.eYenj;j;the;;'Hinmif nent" threat of war in Kasfa^ --yv •„•'. --.- . •--- -"• '~ ~ ••'' v- •"- ; lowed' by more than tw.o weeks In parallel messages to Prime thfe-f irst of a series of announce- Minister Lai Bahadur Shastri of m.ents by India" that her army India and President Mohammad ha[j crossed the Kashmir cease- Ayub-.Kli.an-: of- Pakistan, the f{re i^ first at .Kargil, then United: Nations:- chief- called for jn the Tithwal area and most 45 Observers in Area a military pull-back by both involved guerrillas. parties to the 1949 cease-fire . Mr. Thant, who has been get- The United Nations has 45 lj ting daily reports from the observers along the 500-mile ne cease-fire !ine. They are under M, Thant acted in the wake the command of Lieut. Gen. of reports of an air battle. This, had been an unprecedented Robert H. Nimmo, an Austra- together with word of ground number of acts of violence. He lian. Mr. Thant insisted in his fighting, has led to mounting added: message that the dispute be concern here that the clash is "Without any attempt to ap- settled by peaceful means. He spread'mgVn^a 'full-scale con- S^ug"^^*^ argued that the restoration of flict that, may be difficult to from t,0lth sides of the line, in- calm along the cease-fire line stop. •'' "... . •, volve an increasingly large would afford the most favor- Arthur J. Goldberg, chief number of armed men on each able climate for such a settle- side ment. United States "delegate, en- ' and take place in the air The Secretary General had dorsed Mr. Thanfs appeal with ^VlfanT ^Kaders held off making a statement a statement that it was essen- that the cease-fire agreement on Kashmir in an apparent tial to obtain an immediate both countries accepted in 1949 effort to exercise first, and to cease-fire, a withdrawal,. -.of was! b.einS so widely disregarded the fullest, what influences, he that: it was "reduced to little could use privately to secure armed personnel from'-occupied consequence." He continued: a halt in the shooting. areas and a restoration of calm. "An .outright military con- He sought earlier to .send Under Secretary Gfeneral Meeting Held Possible ' frontation ^between the armed forces of India and Pakistan is Rajlph J. Bunche to the"> area The possibility of a Security threatened and may be immi- to talk with authorities onl both sides. He abandoned, this' Council session on the deterio- nent, which can have only the plan, however, when both ••pat'v rating Kashmir situation was gravest implications for the peace of the world and for the ties made impossible "condi-i seen but so far none has been lives and well-being of the in- tions" for the visit. , I 'requested. - - habitants of Kashmir and the Instead, he called home! ::'i'The big powers were believed General Nimmo for consulta- peoples of India and Pakistan." tions and said he would resort reluctant to resort to ah airing •*In the interests of peace in to "other efforts." General of the conflict, which has been the area, Mr. Thant called on both he'ads'of; government to in- Nimmo returned to his post before the Council intermittent- dicate immediately an intention earlier this week. ly since 1948, without making The dispute over Kashmiri to heed the cease-fire agree- goes back to 1947, when Brit-; progress toward a basic settle- ment aha asked specifically for ish rule ended with the parti- ment of the dispute. their adherence to the follow- tion of the Indian subconti- Mr. Thant, who has been in ing points: nent and the establishment of *IA cessation of crossings of Pakistan. The Hindu Mahara- almost daily consultation with the line by armed personnel of the delegates of India and Paki- i h j(j ' jah of Kashmir decided to have eac s e the predominately Moslem stan, chose the form of a per- .^Withdrawal of armed per- state joined to India. Fighting sonal appeal to the two leaders, isonnel of each side from posi- broke out and Pakistani tribes- He did so, he explained, to twns on he other party's side men swept across the birder. reflect "the depths of my fears." of the line. The United Nations suc- The most serious new develop-^1A halt to all firinf g_ across ceeded in securing a cease-fire line from either s de agreement, which left Pakistani ment, he declared, is the re- ^Cooperation with the United with one-third of the state and ported resort by both sides to Nitions observers and assur- India with the larger and more the use of regular troops in arice that they will have free- prbsperous portion. the military-actions along the;donl of movement. cease-fir0 line. Earlier^ i0had: [been contended.-that the -.dashes'] WASHINGTON POST, Sunday, 5 September 1965 ' Fundamentals in . • . - . As the United Nations Security CounciJ delves , into the fratricidal conflict between India and Pakistan, it ought to start with two points of ref- erence. First, Pakistan began the present fighting in Kashmir. That much is clear from the report of the Secretary General, U Tharit. But second, India contributed mightily to the aggravations by a series of actions ranging from her refusal to hold a U-N.-recommended plebiscite in Kashmir after the 1947 truce,'to her bland announcement that the disputed mountain territory had been incorporated as one of her integral states. ' Obviously the immediate challenge befdre the Security Council is to use every strategem at its command to restore the cease-fire and dispositions look to the Soviet Union to endorse his flam- that existed before August 5. India says that she boozling. And Soviet-American relations, influ- will agree if Pakistan agrees; but Pakistan declines enced by the alliance between the United States to give any assurance that she will respect the and Pakistan, were such that Moscow was not about cease-fire line. There is talk in New Delhi that to listen to Washington. Pakistan must be branded an aggressor. Now, with the Soviet apprehensions about the Here is the second part of the challenge to the new role of China, things may be different. The Security Council, and awareness of it may make the Soviet Union so far has refrained from taking sides U.N.'s role more acceptable to Pakistan. When the in the current dispute. Although China may be tangled history of the Kashmir dispute is reviewed, expected to back Pakistan against India, China is not a member of the United Nations. It is at least both sides are aggressors. It would be absolutely possible that this time the Soviet Union will sense pointless to revive this label which could only feed a community of interest with other members of the anger and make a solution more difficult and the Security Council in furthering, or at least not remote. blocking, a radical approach to the Kashmir Instead, the Security Council ought to concern problem. itself with the fundamental problem, which is to This is the most serious test the Security Council get a territorial settlement that will stick.' It is has faced since it became paralyzed by the cold fruitless to appeal to New Delhi and Rawalpindi war. If members can now work together on the for this. Clearly enough, any practicable settlement fundamentals — which in this case means going is going to have to be devised from the outside, as beyond a truce to activate international machinery, fairly as possible on the merits of the case, and of which plenty is available, to adjudicate the Kashmir dispute—then the Security Council may then put up to the two disputants. Without a yet prove to be a useful instrument of peace. Kashmir settlement, the sore is certain to fester Neither Pakistan nor India could be expected to and erupt periodically to inflame the subcontinent. be entirely happy about such an approach, although A truce alone would be a mere poultice, not a cure. privately a number of responsible persons in each To be sure, the United Nations has tried futilely country no doubt would welcome an out from in the past to obtain agreement on a fair solution. the Kashmir entanglement. The inducement ought Always before this has been frustrated—first, by to be the assurance of additional world financial the intransigeance of politicians, primarily in India, help—once the way was paved for a genuine set- who thought that they could get their way merely tlement that would reduce the costly arms drain— by holding out; and second, by the distractions of for the economic breakthrough in both countries^ the cold war. Krishna Menon in India could always that experts now believe is soon attainable. NEW YORK HERALD TRIBUNE, Sunday, 5 September 1965 *J The Crisis in Asia The war—it is limited, but it is war maintain friendship with both Paki- —in Kashmir has added a new and stan and India; it has offered military most dangerous element to the grow- aid to both. Pakistan accepted; India ing crisis in Asia. For while the at first refused, then accepted some struggles over Kashmir, over Viet assistance when Red China en- Nam and over Malaysia, are all, in a croached on Indian territory. India sense, peripheral, and all seem to have protested the original help to Paki- divergent inspirations, they are all stan; Pakistan protested the later aid related. At the heart of Asia lies the to India. Now both accuse the United explosive mass of Red China. It could States of assisting the other in ag- burst into violent action through its gression. And both tend to play down own unstable composition; it could be the far more dangerous influence of touched off by events on its borders. their Communist "friends." And in the meanwhile, by its very It is mandatory for the United existence, no less than by its precepts, States to do what it can to assure it gives vastly increased significance that American weapons, supplied with to every area of feud and friction the express undertaking that they within the whole continent. were not to be used by Pakistan The greatest potential for cataclys- against India, and vice versa, be with- mic violence lies along the long frontier drawn from combat. And since this between China and the Soviet Union. would be a hopeless task if the war That this region is relatively quiescent expands, the first American objective now does not negate this premise. must be a cease-fire. This is not only Moscow and Peking have a common a special obligation, in the light of cause/on the surface, in the Viet Nam American relations with both con- struggle, but even here their differ- testants. It is also a general necessity, ences-are apparent. And in the for fear that the fire in Kashmir may Kashmir fighting they are not only bring on a clash of giants that could openly at odds,: but brought into close involve all Asia, if not all the world. geographical juxtaposition. The threat to world peace in Kashmir is in reality far greater than Pakistan has been wooing Red that in Viet Nam, or in Sukarno's China; India has done the same to the skirmishing with Malaysia. But each Soviet Union. Each has received of these conflicts could be merged into verbal support for its own position on the greater one in a war from the the Kashmir issue, and India has ob- Persian Gulf to the Java Sea—who tained more practical help from Rus- can tell where or when the fury would sia. . Whether Red China, poised on die away? This is the crisis of Asia— the Himalayan slopes above the fight- the greatest since the Communist ing, . will give its own form of as- Chinese defeated the Nationalists. sistance to Pakistan remains to be The Hindu Maharaja, who ceded his seen. In any case, the co-inheritors of Moslem subjects in Kashmir to India the Indian empire have, by their in 1947, has bequeathed an unhappy quarrels, weakened their guard on legacy for everyone concerned—for the gates that lead to the threatening none more than India, which has North. • found the territory" a troublesome The position of the United States moral millstone around its neck. But in the Kashmir contest is peculiarly that legacy must not be allowed to unpleasant. This country has tried to bring on a major war. NEW YGi'LK TIMES, Sunday, 5 September 1965 "again becoHie acuterand is now,should stop Infiltrations across dangerously serious.*' |the cease-fire line, withdraw became, effective, ,-ta January, the infiltrators and its armed1 1949, after- intensive fighting "Implicit in it, in my view, forces from Indian Kashmir, between India and Pakistan. is a potential threat to peace and take responsibility for pre- But a senior United Nations not only between India and Pa- venting further infiltration. official said today that although kistan but to the broader Observers interpreted this as both India and Pakistan were peace," Mr. Thant said. a positive and favorable re- considered to have accepted it, In a statement to the Council sponse to Mr. Thant's appeal. neither had ever ratified if today, Gopalaswami Parthasa- Officials here declined to com- formally. rathi, the Indian representative, ment on Mr. Thant's report to There have been many shoot- formally demanded that the the Security Council. One offi- ing incidents across the cease- Council "condemn the aggres- cial said, however, that Mr.' fire line over the years. The dif- ion by Pakistan" and instruct lhastri's reply could be treated- ference this time is that each ~^akistan to withdraw from as India's reaction. Security Council Asks Them side accuses the other of offi- ;ashmir. He said the Council Indian observers expressed cial responsibility by using did not appear to be facing up approval of Mr. Thant's report,, to Withdraw to Respective regular armed forces and cross- o the issue of aggression. which appeared to place pri- ing into territory controlled by Syed Amjad Ali, the Paki- mary responsibility for the Sides of '49 Truce Line the other. Mr. Goldberg, in a stani representative, denied the present trouble in Kashmir on- statement, said: accusations made by the Indian Pakistan. There had been criU "Consultation by the Secre- delegate. He said he had not yet icism here of the Secretary. tary General and the president eceived instructions from his Jeneral for not making public DECISION IS UNANIMOUS of the Security Council with Jovernment and asked the the report of General Nimmo, members of the Council has re- right to state its position later. chief United Nations military vealed a general desire that the The Pakistanis have maintained observer in Kashmir, that .was Security Council be convened .hat the current Kashmir con- believed to have indicted Pakis- 11 -Nation Unit Meets Again promptly to consider in light of :lict is a result of a popular tan for disrupting the cease-fire; the Secretary General's appeal Cashmiri rising to throw off line. on Conflict Wednesday— for a cease-fire, the serious 'ndian rule. India, which has dreaded the conflict now taking place in Mr. Goldberg, who left the Security Council meetings on Threat to Peace Seen Kashmir. Since under the cir- jench of the Supreme Court to the Kashmir issue appears now custances a meeting is neces- replace the late Adlal E. Ste- to be only too eager to partic- sary. I have as Security Coun- enson as the United States ipate in it. Officials expect By SAM POPE BBEWER cil President, called a meeting chief delegate, has begun his that Pakistan this time will be Special to The New York Times of the Council for 3 P.M. to- Jnited Nations career as Pres- on the defensive and India on day." dent of the Security Council the offensive, thus reversing, UNITED NATIONS, N. Y., The latest basic report on the >ecause it was the turn of the their roles at past meetings. Sept. 4—The Security Council Kashmir question is more than United States under the system Pakistan's actions, however, voted unanimously tonight to seven years old but never has of month-by-month rotation are being watched by New Delhi- demand that India and Pakistan been considered by the Council. among the 11 members in the with increasing disquiet and call an immediate halt to their It is the sixth report of Dr. ~!nglish alphabetical order of even confusion in some quarters. Frank P. Graham. He still holds their countries' names. Her relentless thrust into In-, border war in Kashmir.' the title of United Nations The following is the text of dian territory, despite challenges It also called upon them to : Representative for India and the Security Council resolution by airpower, large-scale use of respect the cease-fire line estab- Pakistan. which was presented by Bolivia, American-aid equipment, indig- lished in 1949 and to withdraw Withdrawal Urged >ory Coast, Jordan, Malaysia nation in Washington, and ap- all armed personnel" to their the Netherlands and Uruguay: parent use of Communist mili- Presented on March 28, 1958, tary strategy, has mystified respective sides of the line. "The Security Council, noting : es (by Jack Manning) on the basis of a Security Coun- the report of the Secretary many here. ss as president The Council further urged the cil resolution of Dec. 2, 1957, his "Jeneral dated 3 September Diplomatic exchanges be- Indians and Pakistanis to co- report recommended withdrawal icral, is at the of Indian and Pakistani troops 1965, tween Peking and Rawalpindi, ider Secretary. operate with the United Na- from the disputed area in prep- "Having heard the statements the Pakistani capital, in the last tions Military Observer Group aration for carrying out earlier of the representatives of India two days, Marshal Chen Yi's in India and Pakistan in its and Pakistan concerning the meeting with Pakistani leaders proposals to have a plebiscite in deteriorating situation along- and Chinese support for Paki-- supervision of the cease-fire Kashmir. lie cease-fire line in Kashmir stan's position in Kashmir are: line. India has since maintained that the situation is settled anc "1. Calls upon the Govern- regarded as ominous signs for The Council asked the Secre- that a plebiscite is no longer ments of India and Pakistan to evp" and troublesome con- tary General, U Thant, to re- appropriate. Pakistan disagrees take forthwith all steps for an against India. ' port on the implementation of vehemently. mmediate cease-fire; At the time of the partition "2. Calls upon the two Govern- the resolution within three days ments to respect the cease-fire and agreed to meet again on of the former British Indian empire in 1947, both India and ine and have all armed per- the Kashmir issue at 3 P.M. Pakistan laid claim to the sonnel of each party withdrawn j Wednesday. entire 84,000 square miles of to its own side of the line; ' 5 Kashmir, .formally known as "3. Calls upon the two Govern- Ehant Sees 'Sterions Threat : ments to cooperate fully with Mr. Thant reported to the the state oOainmu and Kash- mir. Islamic ; Pakistan's claim ;he United Nations Military Council that the situation in was based on. the fact that Observer Group, India-Pakistan, Kashmir was a "dangerously Kashmir's population was main- in its task of supervising the serious" threat to world peace. ly Moslem; India said the state observance of (the cease-fire; was hers because of a letter of "4. Requests the Secretary The emergency Council ses- accession from Kashmir's Kin General to repiart to ±he Council sion today was called by Arthur du "Maharajah. within three days on the 'im- J. Goldberg, the United States lii the subsequent fighting plementation of this resolution." representative, who'is president India" managed to keep contro The countries that introduced of the ll-SM),on body for this of about two-thirds of Kash the resolution are the six mir's territory, including thi elected, nonpermanent members month. • celebrated Vale of Kashmir, am of the Security Council. He acted when Mr. Thant re- ,1-ias proceeded in recent year; ported that hfe had not received jt§ integrate it into the Indian India States Conditions satisfactory replies to his ap- Union. Pakistan's desire t< Special to The New York Times , peal last Wednesday 'to India "free1 " Indian-held Kashmir hai NEW DELHI, Sept. 4—India long fceen the central elemen made known tonight minimum and Pakistan to observe the in tier foreign policy. conditions for accepting a 1949 ceasa fire. Mr. Tnant stressed his sense cease-fire in the clash with I Although the question of dis- of urgency today when he be Pakistan in Kashmir. puted Kashmir is one of the came the First Secretary Gen In reply to Secretary General oldest before the Security Coun- eral in the 17 years of debat Thant's appeal Wednesday for cil, feeling runs so high when on Kashmir to present a per a cease-fire, Prime Minister Lai sonal report on it to the Secu Bahadur Shastri said the it is discussed that no decisive . ritv Council. "st.m-tins1 noints of anv stens EN.INS1! Security Cou to Withdraw Sides of '4 DECISION I H-NationU! on Conflict Threat to The New York Times (by jack Manning) GOLDBERG PRESIDES AT U.N.: Arthur J. Goldberg of U.S. officiates as president or the Security Council at meeting on Kashmir. "U Thant, Secretary General, is at the left at table. At right, behind Mr. Goldberg, is Dr. Kalph J. Bunche, Under Secretary. .-lA'Cl l.iiOjl* 11,-C AJLO.U. J.fJ(j 4. ^-.tjv-J. f v-v* Union. Pakistan's desire to Special to The New York Times satisfactory replies to his ap- 1 >eal last Wednesday "to India "free" Indian-held Kashmir has NEW DELHI, Sept. 4—India long been the central element made known tonight minimum and Pakistan to observe ttye in her foreign policy. conditions for accepting a 1949 cease fire. Mr. Tfiant stressed his sense cease-fire in the clash with Although the question of-4ife- of Jargeney today when he be- Pakistan in Kashmir. >uted Kashmir is one of the came the First Secretary Gen- In reply to Secretary General oldest before the Security Coun- eral in the 17 years of debate Thant's appeal Wednesday for on Kashmir to present a per- sil, feeling runs so high when a cease-fire, Prime Minister Lai sonal report on it to the Secu- Bahadur Shastri said the t is discussed that no decisive ,rity Council. "starting points of any steps j diplomatic action has ever been The report was based on in- toward the restoration of possible. formation supplied by the com- peace" were that Pakistan mander of the United Nations Diplomacy Is Stressed Military Observation Group in This time there is said to India and Pakistan, Lieut.Gen. lave been heavy pressure by Robert H. Nimmo of Australia. the United States to get an im- Mr. Thant's terse summary was General Nimmo's reports, as mediate Council meeting. Wash- summarized by Mr. Thant said: ington is concerned about In- "The series of violations that dian reports that Pakistan is at- began on 5 August were to a tacking with heavy equipment, considerable extent in subse- including up-to-date tanks, that quent days in the form of armed the United States supplied. This men, generally not in uniform, crossing the cease-fire line from equipment was supposedly in- the Pakistan side for the pur- tended to protect Pakistan pose of armed action on the against possible attack by Com- Indian side." munist China. , Mr. Thant said that this A highly qualified source said was a "conclusion reached by General Nimmo on the basis of that the main hope of Council investigations by the United members was not to plunge the Nations observers," though the United Nations into any new identity of individuals could not military action but to persuade always be established, two of its members—India and that the Kashmir problem had Pakistan—to settle their dif- ierences through international diplomatic machinery and not through war. A cease-fire agreement ar- ranged by the United Nations HERALD TRIBUNE, Tuesday, ? September 1965 ;AR By Darius S. Jhabvala Of The Herald Tribune Staff The dispute between India and Pakistan over Kashmir— a mountainous land of three milioh people that is one of the most exquisitely beautiful spots in the world—is as old as the independence of the two nations. In the 18 years since the conflict began, diplomatic and legal intricacies and Indian- Pakistani competition for mili- tary and economic supremacy have grown to overshadow the original causes of the dispute. And the desires of native Kashmiris have had little in- fluence on their country's fate. The dispute began shortly after India and Pakistan were declared free from British rule in August, 1947. Under pressure, native states and tribal territories on the sub- continent joined one nation or the other. The chief criterion was religion—Moslems joining Pakistan and Hindus joining India. RULER But the situation was com- plicated when-^-as in Kashmir —the local ruler was of one faith and the, majority of his people of the other..Kashmir's ruling maharajah was a Hin- du, but 75 per cent of the Inhabitants were Moslems. Associated Press cablephoto On Aug. 15, 1947, Kashmir NEW REFUGEES—Chhamb district villagers head into the wilds to escape the fighting. signed an agreement with Pakistan which barred Kash- Kashmir to India was illegal mir from entering into nego- • that the accession of Kash- out the agreed terms for a mir to India was illegal and variety of reasons, most of since the earlier standstill tiations with any other coun- agreement with Pakistan had try. But this agreement— that the Indian forces had which have to do with internal unlawfully occupied the state. political pressures. barred such a move. The which might have kept Kash- Pakistanis thus reject Indian mir free from union with Exactly a year later, a India considers itself in ceasefire was arranged. India legal possession of Kashmir claims and refuse to with- either India or Pakistan- draw their own forces so long broke down when Moslem and Pakistan agreed that through the instrument of ac- Pakistan would withdraw its as Indian troops "illegally tribesmen, armed and encour- cession and its ratification. occupy" other parts of Kash- aged by Pakistan, involved troops and stop aid to the The Indians maintain that a the state and. attempted to tribesmen; pending a final plebiscite in Kashmir would mir. capture Srinagar, the capital. solution, the territory would have to be held only' on the. The maharajah immedi- be administered by local question of conforming or re- ately flew .to New Delhi and authorities under the super- jecting the accession. The delivered a signed instrument vision of a UN commission; matter of a plebiscite on of 7 accession making .Kashmir after Pakistan had completed Kashmir becoming a part of a part of India. This acces- the withdrawal of Its troops, Pakistan is riot involved, the sion was ratified by the Con- India would begin withdraw- Indians assert. stituent Assembly of Kashmir ing the bulk of its forces, and The Indians also argue that In 1952. - . the accession of the state Pakistani forces are in their The maharajah's action would be decided by .a free section of Kashmir illegally authorized India. to • send arid impartial plebiscite. and insist that until the troops .to defend the state The 750-mile ceasefire line Pakistanis withdraw com- against'.'the Moslem tribesmen. placed two-thirds of Kashmir • pletely, the rest of the 1949 Meanwhile,; in January, 1948, in India's hands and the rest agreement— including the Iridla appealed to the United in Pakistan's. NOWJ nearly 17 years later plebiscite—cannot be imple- Nations Security Council to mented. call ,on ' Pakistan -to halt arid after 126 meetings of the assistance; to' tHf tribesmen. Security Council, neither Pak- Pakistan maintains < that istan nor India has carried the original accession '• of HERALD TRIBUNE, Tuesday, 7 September 1965 THANT'S MEDIATION TRIP y ••;.' The. -first was'.' released tfeturdgy. In .it, Mr. Thant 1, detailed the events In the dis- By Darius S. Jhabvala mir and elsewhere to the posi- puted territory Since Aug. 5, OS The Herald Tribune Staff tions held on Aug. 5. •when Pakistani-backed armed UNITED NATIONS. The resolution also re- Infiltrators crossed over the quested that Mr. Thant "exert 750-mile ceasefire line Into United Nations Secretary the India-held part of Kash- General U Thant announced every possible effort" to gain mir. last night he will go to India those ends. and Pakistan as soon as pos- The resolution, like a sim- RESOLUTION sible in an attempt to bring ilar one passed earlier this about a ceasefire in the fight- month, was sponsored by the On the basis of the first ing between the two nations. six non-permanent members report, the Council unan- of the Council. It was intro- imously adopted a resolution It was believed Mr. Thant duced and passed at an emer- which endorsed, Mr. Thant's will leave late today or early gency session called by U. S. Sept. 1 appeal to the two tomorrow. Ambassador Arthur J. Gold- governments to respect the Mr. Thant made the an- berg, the Council president. 1949 ceasefire Agreement and nouncement after an emer- Responding to the Coun- .to recall their forces behind gency session of the UN Secu- cil's request, Mr. Thant said the ceasefire Line. rity Council had unani- Mr. Thant yesterday re- he would make a "very early ported that there had been mously adopted a resolution visit" to the two countries and ",no official response to this calling on both India and Pak- "exert every effort" to halt ^al}.,.-..-,... from- either govern- istan to stop hostilities "Im- their fighting. . V'; '•' • J»ent'? and that "it is clear mediately and promptly" and Mr. Goldberg said the Sec- that • the - conflict between withdraw their forces in Kash- eiary General's "presence, India and Pakistan is broad- ;.|i}S. impartiality,; his fairness Wing and intensifying." .:BJacL the 'dignity of his office llr. Thant noted that Lt. may hfelp bring this tragedy Gen. Robert H. Nimmo, of Australia,.chief of the 45-man to a prompt close." UN observer group in the .The unanimous vote in area, had asked the Pakistani fayor of the resolution was forces? 'td'witlidraw from the regarded as a success for the Chhamb sector. newly appointed Mr. Gold- : berg, who. as Council presi- H6wever,. :Geh:: Nimmb. was. dent is facing a major test told", that "since "the/Indians early in his UN career. He had pressed for the resolution i would nojjfvacate their posi- throughout the day. tions..,. .' . h.ow carf you ex- Neither Pakistan nor India, I pect us to unilaterally halt however, showed an inclina- our purely defensive opera- tion to compromise In the tions which are designed to Council session;':••':VS. forestall Indian aggression." • /.Mr.. Goldberg, in a brief . statement yesterday after- rioon, said "The situation is^ Ihdiaii •Pbrijgn:, Secretary: even more serious and grave C. S. Jha, who ftevir here Sun- than when we last met." day to represent his country, '-'The U.: S. diplomat decided Declared India would respect to call a meeting after he had the appeal for- a ceasefire held several extensive con- "only . when, .Pakistan takes sultations early in the morn- further steps ; to stop the ing with President Johnson, armed and unarmed crossings Secretary of State Dean Rusk, of the ceasefire line" in Kash- Mr. Thant and British Am-i mir and withdraws all forces bassador Lord Caradon. to' the Pakistani -side of the line/ ' • •: ,< ' Accusing . the ]: Indiana of continuai Aggression, ,Pakis- tan's Ambassador Amjad All pliarged . bifterly; that "what Hitler " and); thfr -Nazis did in ijiurbpe.jndia lias taken upon herself :; to .do.' in Asia." He accused, sthe. inidians of being ttie '•. first; : to cross ' the ceasefire Ijjje in Kiaslunu- and the first |d employ ;aircraft there. Pak-' i^tan, he sald> "will jiot con- ^eae'sfte^inlplavflf ,our. terri- -tipry, .' one 'fraction' , of our .. ; .iTarlier, ..Mr;,:.; Thant re- JsMedfi^c^secoiHiv :reipojrt to1 $& ;Coimcii:.:on /in* '•sitttatlori ' IB Kashmir. r « .'_' ..-••..• /'. ' BALTIMORE SUN lame rin- tne Tuesday, 7 Sept. 1965 He' stepped-iip "• fighting:"of- 'Tecent days in'Kashmir had been serious enough to cause world-wide concern; but still' until Sunday and yesterday was iconfined to Kashmir, arid the sitaution there is and has been for eighteen years a special one, x with a history of -repeated 'incidents that did not lead to war. Recent incidents have been fiercer, yet still the frail hope remained that because they .were taking/place :in Kashmir: they might at least be! confined 'geographically. Now, with the fighting spread to the F.unjab, that hope is gone. '.- . : The Punjab, for thousands of.years a battleground; is itself divided. The par^ titioh of 1947 .cut it :in:.two,, slicing' be- tween Lahore and Amritsar, which are just along^ the road from , each other. Except for its proximity to the border, Lahore,- the:new Pakistan's finest'city; •would have been the .nation's,.capital. Amrit'sar, .though not ; a. capital;, is highly distinctive in iis own right as the holy, .place of the •Sikhs):-;thS:.last warriors of .India to submit to/British rule. It wa's'in 'the Punjab, .that' •• - ' • ,/. .--¥:.':A! heaviest communal slaughter"' ,took place; and now again it i of. bloodshed, ,this time in .'between" one nation and another: India blames Pakistan for the expan; sion of hostilities into the;;: Punjab; Pakistan blames India. .President'Ayub cries that India has long prepared'for .war on Pakistan, and to that ericl'i has "exploited the Chinese bogey to secure massive arms assistance" from.-,"the .West. In. answer, India .may' The Herald Tribune makes available a broad cross section of Informed and responsible ootnlon Inrough the views and observations of our columnists. Our own opinions are expressed In these editorials. N^ 28 Tuesday, September 7, 1965 -V iilini miiiiiiiiiiiiiilllllliiliilllllimiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiillllliiiiiiiiiiiilitiliiiviiliiliiiliiniiiiviiiiiiiiiiilili i iimii'iiimiiiimilllllliiiiimiimmimmttiij mniiiiiuii r. \ The War—And What to' Do About It By common admission of both sides Thus, there was never any decision as well as by the plain facts of the upon the merits of the case by the situation, India and Pakistan are at Security Council or by the Kashmiri war. What started (at least so far as people. India proceeded, indeed, as if the regular forces of the two nations the matter were settled and formally are concerned) as some bickering absorbed Kashmir and neighboring along the truce line in Kashmir, has Jammu into the Indian Republic. But spread outside the disputed area al- in fact nothing had been determined; together. The armies are embroiled in Kashmiri politics remained unsettled the Punjab and, from the public and turbulent—and so did the truce Statements of their leaders, to two line. peoples, once part of the same state, All of this helps explain why the propose v to seek a definitive end to Security Council's demand for a their quarrels by war. cease-fire was disregarded. For de- That this means tragedy for the spite its resolutions and debates, the sub-continent is self-evident. Both Council is no stronger than the will India and Pakistan have acute eco- and the power of its members. Any nomic problems which war could real check on the war must come not only aggravate, and political prob- from what the Council says but what lems that could become fatal under such nations as have given or sold the strains of a long conflict. The military equipment to India and effect of such cataclysms on the un- •_ Pakistan may refuse to do. For ex- easy balance of forces in Asia, with ample, if the United States, the its complex, and, multiple frictions, Soviet Union, Great Britain and could be equally disastrous for all France were to see to it that no more Asians and thus for the world. arms, no more spare parts, no am- The war deepened arid spread in munition or other items necessary defiance of a resolution by the Secu- for war went to the combatants, rity Council. This is hardly surpris- their power to wage war would be ing. The Council has been seized of sensibly, perhaps decisively, di- the Kashmir -question since the be- minished. Then, if both sides came ginning of 1948. Both India and to their senses, the UN could provide Pakistan committed themselves to a forum for truce discussions or an acceptance of a plebiscite in the area; excuse for accepting a cease-fire. neither could • agree on its terms, or This cannot happen by simply press- on the interim government of the ing a button. India and Pakistan both territory. The Council made various have their own war plants and access gestures, set up commissions and to other sources of supply beside the conferred with the contestants. But. major powers. And, of course, there the'best it could achieve was a virtual is always the huge question-mark partition of Kashmir—one which did posed by Red China, which is backing not recognize any of the economic or Pakistan. But some form of military political realities of the case, but -was boycott, whether under UN auspices purely an acceptance by the two or not, is clearly the first step in end- countries1 that' they had reached a ing the dangerous war that threat- stalemate. ens to set Asia aflame, • . - . NEW YORK POST, Tuesday, 7 September 1965 The Kashmir War uPAULHURMUSES New Delhi (CDN). reported 20 to 30 of these have been delivered India and Pakistan have passed the point of in crates by the Russians in the last six months. no return. Informed sources here say they have not yet The swiftness of the massive Indian thrust been matched against the Pakistanis in the into the rich Punjab came as a shock and caught current conflict. Pakistan off balance . The only defense that India has against night By broadening the front until now limited to air attack is the Soviet SAM-2 ground to air disputed Kashmir state, which was invaded by missile. Batteries of these antiaircraft missiles Pakistani regulars on Aug. 5, India has, in effect, have been in position around New Delhi and launched an undeclared war of her own by send- Ambala for some time. ing a force including British- and French-made * V * tanks across the Pakistan border, striking for the The attack by the Indians into tlie Punjab prime target of Lahore. came at a time when Pakistani forces were press- Lahore is 35 miles from the Indian city of ing hard on the Kashmir front, about 150 miles Amritsar, the jumping-off point for the attack- to the north of the present main action. ing Indian forces. It has a population topping This strategy left the crucial Amritsar-Lahore 1,000,000, is the capital of West Pakistan, but is sector far to the south with minimal defenses. of dubious military value. Clearly, the Pakistanis calculated that India - The Pakistanis are employing American-made would not strike overland with her First Armored Sherman and Patton tanks, while in the air they Division. The element of surprise favored India. have F-66 Sabres and all-weather supersonic F-104 But reports reaching New Delhi say the front, Starfighters provided by the United States under where the Indians have penetrated, js not at all the terms of mutuel defenses agreements. clearly defined. They added that skirmishing was There was none of the crises atmosphere in taking'place on the Indian side 24 hours after the the Indian capital of New Delhi such as that Indians jumped off with their invasion. And which gripped the nation after the Chinese Com- India admitted that Pakistani paratroopers made munist attack on India's northern borders in jumps at Patiala and Ambala, two large towns October 1962. At At that time the panicky about 150 miles north of New Delhi. citizenary dug trenches around New Delhi and The ratio of Indian troops to the Pakistanis prepared for the worst. is estimated at three to two. But this numerically * * * superior Indian Force is up against heavier In actual fact there si a sense of relief afetr Pakistani firepower and more modern weapons. 18 years of what India has long claimed to be her There is no talk by either side of pulling back. "abusement" at the hands of the Pakistanis. On the contrary, the Indians and Pakistanis have But New Delhi, and other major cities Such each vowed to destroy the other. as Bombay and Calcutta, are acknowledged here Pakistan has called for help from her British "fair game" for retaliatory air strikes by the and Iranian allies in Cento, and has said that Pakistan air force. under the terms of her membership in Seato, her The Indian Air Force does not have an all- friends there should also rush to her defense. weather interceptor capability. For most part These would include Britain, France the United it is a hodge-podge collection of subsonic fighters States, amongst others. bought from Britain and France. But newly No one here seriously believes for a moment purchased Russian MIG-21s are being assembled th'at either request will be heeded. For the time at Ambala, the key northern Indian air base. A being, this is strictly an Indian Pakistani show. U The&nf "s Mission Amid the incalculable perils created by the India-Pakistan conflict, most of the world will welcome the news that UN Secretary General U Thant plans a quick peace mission to the warring nations. He cannot be asked to produce overnight miracles; but his journey will dramatically symbolize the active involvement of the UN in this explosive crisis. He carries humanity's hopes and prayers with him. AN INDEl?ENDENT NEWSPAPER TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 1965 PAGE A20 While Humanity Cries ftth the Indian stab at Lahore the Indo-Pakistani tions for adjudication. Recourse could be had to fonflict has taken on an entirely new dimension. the World Court or to the World Bank. Or an Indian troops have crossed an established inter- international mechanism could be devised for con- national border some hundreds of miles from the sulting the Kashmiris themselves. An independent previous area of direct concern in Kashmir; Pakis- Kashmir, precarious though it might be, would by no means be out of the question if it would help tani paratroops also are reported to have landed eliminate the canker. in Indian Punjab. This is war, as Pakistan Presi- What should be evident to all is that no formula dent Ayub Khan has bluntly recognized. Unless could succeed so long as one disputant or the it .can be promptly checked, it will surely expand, other thought that it had something to gain by brihginj* the frightening possibility. of city bomb- holding out. This is the key to a workable U.N. ing that would inflict horrifying casualties. approach. If both India and Pakistan were con- It is hard to believe that sensible men in New vinced that neither could look for further outside Delhi and Rawalpindi can want to see a general aid until both a cease-fire and a means of settle- massacre; but concepts of honor sometimes be- ment were agreed—and if there were assurance come warped. If it is any aid to rational con- of enough help to reach an economic break- sideration, both sides are now technically aggres- through once a settlement were reached—this sors. Whether the respective combatants will be would be strong inducement indeed. any more prepared to respond to an appeal by the Obviously any such approach will depend at United Nations Security Council in the new situa- root on functional cooperation between the Soviet tion will depend in part on how much pressure Union and the United States. If both major powers the outside world is able collectively to apply. will recognize their common interest in isolating Over the long run the U.N. efforts are bpund the conflict from the cold war and refraining from to be futile unless they look beyond a mere cease- abetting either India or Pakistan, the efforts of fire to an actual territorial settlement in Kashmir. the United Nations to bring about the conditions Restoration of the cease-fire line that existed be- for real peace will have immeasurably more force. fore August 5, and strengthening the pathetically For Americans, who have the strongest ties of inadequate present U.N. truce inspection machin- friendship to both countries, the prospect of en- ery, are obviously the first essential. But the basic larged war in the subcontinent is too excruciating need—and one that must be met to relieve the to contemplate. The consequences of a religious Pakistani frustrations that set off the current fight- and communal blotfdbath could set both countries ing—is to apply surgery to the'problem of Kashmir back a generation or more, and the cost in terms itself. of lives would be incalculable. Every argument of This could be done in several ways. Since the humanity and compassion cries to the leaders in U.N. has long been seized of the problem, per- New Delhi and Rawalpindi to turn back from the haps the Secretary General could make sugges- abyss of this ghastly tragedy. V ji^^^^^i: - . • •• -'•'•^-" - {;---'-"----^-f-,--..,v , iec>-{_.**,-f...:m*~r - I. The Smoke and the Fire EDMOND TAYLOR NEW DELHI the middle of the street Kashmir heard an explosion that could have RINAGAR, the summer capital of state police were swinging their long, been a hand grenade, or perhaps S Jammu and Kashmir State (area brass-tipped lathis at a group of just a tin can of something cooked 86,024 square miles; 1961 popula- youths who were running for dear up in a school chemistry lab or even tion 3,560,976), is an odd little place life. a giant firecracker. My visitors re- at any time—more odd than really Late that same afternoon, there was torted with some heat that it had beautiful, it seemed to me—but con- a knock on my door and two young been a pukka military hand grenade ditions were peculiar even by local men in European clothes asked if they from their underground arsenal; standards when I arrived there at the could come in. They identified them- - then the older of the two handed end of September. My introduction selves as members of a students' revo- me several copies of the resolution to the special Kashmiri atmosphere lutionary committee fighting for intended for the U.N. "Indian Gov- began while I was having tea at the Kashmir's freedom. Their committee, ernment sent its Gestapo into action Indian government's regional press they said, had organized a peaceful and wave after wave of repression information bureau, where I had demonstration of students that morn- was clamped on us," the text asserted. gone to present my credentials and ing outside the headquarters of the "Kashmir was turned into something to ask for an appointment with the U.N. military observer group and worse than a Nazi concentration state's chief minister. I was having had tried to hand over to the U.N. camp and naked genocide was com- a pleasant chat with one of the press personnel a resolution setting forth mitted on us! The drama of Eich- officers when there was a loud noise their grievances; they had been de- mann was re-enacted." out in the street, quite close it nied entrance by the Kashmir police • seemed. "A blowout, of course," the and then brutally charged with "HILE I read on, the two genocide press officer remarked. lathis and gun butts. In retaliation victims supplied me by way of Having often heard similar blow- they had thrown two hand grenades footnotes with lurid atrocity stories outs during the Algerian war, and at their attackers, and had left two —villages in flames, innocent peas- even for a time in Paris, I finished policemen writhing in pools of ants slaughtered by the score, women my tea as fast as courtesy allowed blood on the ground. raped by the hundreds—all of which and went out to investigate. "People According to my two visitors, the older revolutionary shouted to saying bomb explode, sir," my chauf- more than a hundred students me across the room in a voice suit- feur reported. The circumstances, had been arrested and then barba- able for addressing a large outdoor unfortunately, did not lend them- rously tortured in the police trucks rally. In more than thirty years as a selves for the moment to impartial taking them to prison, and in retalia- foreign correspondent I have never investigation. An armed patrol, rifles tion a third hand grenade had encountered such iron-nerved—and at the ready, its men two paces apart, been thrown at a police detach- iron-lunged—conspirators. faces alert and ugly, was trotting in ment on Residency Road. Perhaps For, if the resolution could be single file along the sidewalk, and in I had heard it go off? I said I had read at its face value, my visitors 24 THE REPORTER • t 4 " vrr "[ouax AdOofr'j '' were indeed conspirators; in fact two student revolutionaries had made molested last May and it is likely they were nothing less than the fa- to me, namely that a significant part that the feeling was in many cases mous guerrillas, or raiders, the In- of the Kashmir population had been justified. (The number of such cases dian papers were constantly writing and was actively supporting the in- is thought to have increased further about. "Indian Government tried to filtrators or raiders from across the since the arrival of Pakistani raiders mislead the world by naming us border, contrary to previous Indian in August.) But it is often pointed 'Pakistan Infiltrators,'" the docu- official claims. out by way of explanation that po- ment explained. "But now we have lice forces under the local authori- risen and shall fight to the last." Smoke, Fire, and Propaganda ties—not the Indian Army—fre- At first I was skeptical about prac- Both Rawalpindi and New Delhi, quently search passengers boarding tically everything my two visitors had I suspect, are sometimes misled by or leaving busses to make sure they told me. Later, I discovered there their respective proteges or agents in are not raiders in disguise or that was quite a bit of truth mixed in Kashmir, and reports from both sides they are not carrying concealed with the wild exaggerations about must often be taken with several weapons. Women are not spared, and "genocide." I finally succeeded in grains of salt. Pakistan's External especially when the searches are car- obtaining confirmation from a local Affairs Minister Z. A. Bhutto, for ried out by non-Kashmiri police, official spokesman that the noise I example, has reiterated the prepos- they are not always conducted with heard on my arrival in Srinagar terous genocide charge in the U.N. tact; sometimes, it appears, the had been a small plastic bomb On the other side of the coin one searchers are deliberately untactful. planted or thrown by some student can cite Kashmir's chief minister, Kashmir is not the nightmare land agitators and that it had injured a G. M. Sadiq, arriving in Delhi on the that Pakistani propaganda depicts, passing cyclist and a policeman. The same day his police had just shot but there is scarcely better founda- spokesman also admitted that a num- down seven of his constituents in tion for Indian claims that the fail- ber of students had been arrested the streets of his state's capital and ure of the local population to give after the morning's demonstration, declaring that the general situation the Pakistani raiders any significant but claimed that most of them had in Kashmir was "absolutely normal." support demonstrates their basic loy- been released within a few hours and Often there are real flames, or at alty to India. The Kashmiris are a denied that any had been tortured least embers, behind all the clouds gentle, unwarlike race, but their or otherwise maltreated. After I re- of propaganda smoke, and those em- obvious unwillingness to fight for turned to Delhi, hand grenades were bers could in certain circumstances independence is no proof that they thrown by students in Srinagar on start a world conflagration. Wars do not want it. And gentle folk can several occasions and, according to usually do generate atrocities. But sometimes be incredibly stubborn. official statements by the Kashmir if, as the Pakistan sympathizers in One thing is painfully apparent: authorities, two youths were injured Kashmir allege, Kashmiri villages those Kashmiris who do have a defi- by what appeared to be the prema- have been deliberately burned down nite political ideal, and who are ture explosion of a bomb they were by Indian forces—and I suspect my- willing to run risks for it, are adopt- planting. It was also claimed that self that this has happened, though ing increasingly extremist attitudes hand grenades made in Pakistan had less frequently than alleged—it is that tend to narrow the choice been found in police raids. probably often because Pakistani open to the Kashmiri people to one The student demonstrations be- raiders have sniped at Indian troops simple alternative: India or Pakistan. came increasingly frequent and vio- from such villages, realizing full well lent, leading to bloody clashes with the reprisals they would provoke. Ten Million Missing Persons the police in the streets of Srinagar. The charges of rape are equally Political activists on the opposition On October 17, the Kashmir govern- complicated. Most frequently they side naturally make a major effort ment ordered all schools in the city are laid against the police forces to convince foreign newsmen that the of Srinagar closed for an indefinite that were sent into the valley entire Moslem population of the period. The decision had become from other parts of India when po- state shares their pro-Pakistan or necessary, a high Kashmir official litical agitation threatened to get out anti-India extremism; a number of told the press, because "Some un- of hand last spring. I heard several street demonstrations and other the- scrupulous people, paid agents and leaders of the legally tolerated pro- atrics are probably staged mainly to mercenaries of Pakistan, had endeav- independence Plebiscite Front talk- catch their attention. It is not certain ored to take advantage of the student ing of Moslem women raped by the that even the central government in community and incite them into agi- hundreds. The most responsible Delhi knows what the true state of tation and indiscipline." Earlier the Front leaders, such as Maulana Mo- opinion in Kashmir is. "I am con- Kashmir home minister, D. P. Dhar, hammed Sayeed Masoodi, were more vinced," an Indian editor told me, asserted that some Pakistani raid- cautious; they spoke merely of "mo- "that a great many Kashmir Moslems ers were still hiding in Srinagar lestation." The Front's official prop- are willing to put up with the status itself and charged that there was evi- aganda publications are similarly quo. But 1 am equally convinced that dence that "certain elements were circumspect. for a long time the central govern- maintaining close liaison with these The distinction drawn between ment has dangerously underestimated raiders." That sounded like at least rape and molestation is interesting. the strength of pro-Pakistan senti- partial and indirect corroboration of Hundreds of Kashmiri women prob- ment in the valley." the most important allegation the ably did feel that they had been The lack of accurate information November 4, 1965 25 about the whole situation available merely shrugged impatiently as if the ground Pakistani agents. A few days to Indian policymakers in Delhi is . matter had gone beyond the control after I left. Kashmir but eleven days in itself disturbing. An official of even the least extremist among before Masoodi's arrest, it was an- expert on the problems of Kash- the Moslem leaders. When a war nounced that five prominent Mos- mir here, after explaining to me that starts, there is not much freedom of lem leaders had been jailed for "activ- there are important Hindu and choice left to the individuals on both ities prejudicial to peace and public Buddhist enclaves in predominantly sides, who are swept away either by order." As the Kashmir authorities Moslem Kashmir, just as there are < their own passions or by the pressure doubtless anticipated, the arrests Moslem ones in the adjoining Hindu of an uncompromising police and touched off a wave of violent protest, Province of Jammu, had to admit propaganda apparatus. At least this and they were not slow to let the that he had no figures on the size of is what happened to the Maulana, population see that they meant busi- these various enclaves and did not who has since been arrested, along ness. A twenty-four-hour curfew was believe they had ever been compiled. with most of the remaining leaders briefly clamped on several quarters The 1961.census figures show roughly of the Kashmiri self-determination of Srinagar. Then, as the student un- 1.1 million non-Moslems to about 2.4 movement. Jail has never had the rest continued, came the drastic de- million Moslems for the whole State virtue of inducing a spirit of mod- cision to close all the city's schools. of Jammu and Kashmir, but ac- eration among political prisoners. Some Indian observers here be- cording to my source they were not Hitherto Masoodi had impressed lieved that this firm stand on the part further broken down. In fact, judg- foreign observers as being the best of the Kashmir government, com- ing by the 1964 edition of a hand- balanced as well as the most influ- bined with the central government's book on India published by the min- ential of the Front leaders still at unequivocal statements that Kashmir istry of information, the central gov- large, but I could see how Indian will always remain part of India, ernment does not even know the repression was endangering that might eventually restore tranquillity exact population of the majority of balance. He spoke about a police to the state. There had already been the state's eight administrative dis- assault on him during the disorders some reports of increasing numbers tricts, since their frontiers were dislo- last May in which he had four teeth of Moslems refusing to follow ex- cated by Pakistani occupation in 1947. knocked out, described the latest tremist leadership any longer. On As a Moslem reader of the Hindustan conflict in the valley as an authentic the other hand, I also encoun- Times complained, the total present- "revolt" of the Kashmiri people— tered Indians here who appeared to day Moslem population of India— though he did not appear to main- share my view that at least some of listed as just under forty-seven mil- tain that the local population had the disaffection in Kashmir was at- lion in the 1961 census—was given taken an active part in the fighting— tributable to psychological blunders in one recent speech by President and denounced the Indian forces for committed by the police authorities S. Radhakrishnan as sixty million burning "hundreds of homes," for in their determination to round up and in another by Prime Minister "killing scores of civilians," for loot- every last Pakistani raider or agent Lai Bahadur Shastri as only fifty ing, i "molestation" of women, and regardless of the impact on normal million. (In fairness to these Indian for putting "hundreds" of Kashmiris civilian life in the state. In studying leaders it should be pointed out that in jails- or concentration camps. not only the present disorders in census data are particularly difficult There was bitterness, rather than Kashmir but the history of the nu- to collect in this huge country.) fanaticism, in this indictment. merous and sometimes much graver Before visiting Kashmir, I had been local incidents that have occurred in told by reliable western friends in The Psychological Gap other parts of India in recent years, New Delhi that some seventy per My own travels around the Vale I am surprised to see how great a cent of the Kashmiri population of Kashmir satisfied me that there psychological gap has remained be- would probably vote for indepen- had been no general revolt of the tween the Indian bureaucracy at ev- dence in any plebiscite; the only population despite Pakistani efforts ery level and the masses of the coun- element of uncertainty was whether to provoke one last August. Evidence try, despite eighteen years of national the remaining thirty per cent would is accumulating, however, that de- independence and provincial self- be split twenty per cent fpr union spite early Indian statements to the government. In many bloody con- with Pakistan and ten per cent for contrary, part of the population did flicts between the authorities and India, or vice versa. When I inter- rise up or at least actively assist the infuriated citizens, the former seem viewed Maulana Masoodi at the raiders. But the small number of to have displayed the same well- Front headquarters in the pictur- shotguns and muzzle-loading rifles intentioned but heavy-handed insen- esque old quarter of Srinagar, captured by the Indian Army in the sitivity that marked officialdom in he appeared to feel that such for- state indicates that these activists the last phase of British rule. mulas belonged to the past: "As a probably never exceeded a few hun- Whatever else may be said of the result of the excesses committed here dred at most. confused conflict in Kashmir, it is by the army and local authority, The October student riots and certain that it has caused the leaders there is no doubt at all about what general agitation in Srinagar are of what was formerly no more than the outcome would be: the decision something quite different, though a struggle for greater independence would be almost unanimous." there is little doubt that many of the to manifest their sympathy, if not "Unanimous for joining Pakistan, demonstrators have been stirred up solidarity, with a military enemy of you mean?" I asked. The Maulana and sometimes equipped by under- India. According to the Hindustan 26 THE REPORTER •; ' j AdOO 1OU3X Tunes, the inevitable consequence is terms that do not correspond to any as Pakistani expansionism. There is that "There can be no solution of the- known policy attitude of the central cause for some concern, however, Kashmir question today which will government, and his anti-U.S. and that the sheer volume and constant not leave a deep sense of injury in anti-Pakistan pronouncements ap- repetition of the themes is beginning the minds of India or Pakistan, or peared to align him with a faction to" overstimulate the Indian masses. both." In particular, as another of left-wing ultranationalists both in- By far the most dangerous aspect writer in the same paper affirms, "No side and outside the Congress Party of the psychological battle that has government of this country could that/is vying more and more stren- been continuing between India and survive to deliver a solution involv- uously with the right-wing ultrana- Pakistan since the cease-fire has been ing anything more than purely in- tionalists in incendiary demagoguery. the increasing injection of the com- ternal adjustments to Kashmir." Above all, Sadiq appeared to be munal issue into the dispute between There is a hope, though a faint one, trying to force the government's hand the two countries. The major blame that the Indian government might on die Vitally important issue of the falls on Pakistan, where the press eventually reach an understanding conditions under which India might and radio have been allowed to with Sheikh Abdullah, the venerated agree to withdraw to the original spread religious hatred very thinly Kashmiri independence leader at cease-fire line in Kashmir as part of disguised as patriotic propaganda. present under arrest, on such "in- a general detente with Pakistan. Responsible Indian leadership—and ternal adjustments"; he is reported Whereas the official Indian position even some extreme nationalist leader- to have written several moderate and up to now has seemed to be that ship that has not always been noted constructive letters to Prime Minister there could be no question of with- for responsibility in the past—has Shastri and other high Indian offi- drawing from the newly reoccupied taken great pains to avoid inflaming cials. It is by no means certain areas of Kashmir until there were the traditional Hindu hatred or fear that even Sheikh Abdullah's release solid guaranties that Pakistan would of the Moslem. In fact, however par- from detention and his agreement not use 'the terrain to launch new adoxical it may seem, Indian na- —if it could be obtained—to -ac- attacks or infiltrations., Sadiq in his tionalist propaganda in the form it cept concessions stopping short of full speeches here declared that there has taken recently may be an anti- independence for Kashmir would would be no withdrawal, period—a dote to the poisons of old-fashioned suffice to appease the fanaticism that position that almost inevitably im- communalism. It is a risky one, how- recent events have unleashed there. plies renewal of hostilities with Pak- ever, and sometimes in voicing their And it is extremely doubtful that istan unless the present regime there indignation over Pakistan's exploi- Pakistan would be satisfied with should first be overthrown. tation of the communal theme the such a solution. The question inevitably arises in Indians seem to a foreign observer to an observer's mind whether the In- be unconsciously reflecting traces of NE unexpected and extremely dian government is really in full communal prejudice in their own O dangerous aspect of the Kashmir control of its own authorities in minds. problem came to light during Chief Kashmir. Under the best conditions, An example was the decision of Minister Sadiq's stay in Delhi, where the Indian constitution makes it very the East Pakistan Moslem League he conferred with national leaders difficult to exercise central control to organize a great "Crush India and made several public speeches. over state authorities. Day" rally in Dacca on October 22. As a Moslem resident of Kashmir, Past experience indicates that such Sadiq symbolizes the nation's unity The Communal Danger rallies are all too likely to launch in the face of Pakistani aggression, A disturbing element in the present anti-Hindu programs in Pakistan and the central government naturally situation is the Indian government's and retaliatory anti-Moslem ones in was glad to give him a public build- apparent eagerness to exploit the West Bengal. The Indian govern- up. Sadiq appears to have exploited tonic effect of the recent fighting on ment, therefore, understandably sent the situation to launch himself as a national unity and morale. Through a note of protest to Rawalpindi. Less national figure. Instead of being the speeches, radio talks, and press con- wisely, it published the text of the puppet that his local enemies accuse ferences by political leaders, the na- note in the domestic press, and when him of being, Sadiq seemed to have tion is bombarded daily, or even Pakistan rejected the communica- not only an internal policy of his several times daily, with calls for tion as "interference" in its domestic own for Kashmir but almost an inde- unceasing vigilance, reminders of affairs, Prime Minister Shastri in a pendent foreign policy. According to the Indian Army's prowess, and speech at Allahabad warned that by Indian press reports, he lectured warnings to Pakistan not to try In- going ahead with the scheduled rally Prime Minister Shastri on such mat- dian patience too far. Pakistan was "playing with fire." He ters as allowing members of the Responsible Indian leaders and was right, but perhaps so much pub- Congress Party to talk with Sheikh publishers usually keep the polemic lic talk here about Moslem com- Abdullah or the attempts of Railway with Pakistan at a fairly dignified munalism in Pakistan is not the best Minister S. K. Patil in London and level and avoid crude appeals to way to dampen Hindu communal- Washington to reassure Anglo- hate. Also, such nationalist and mil- ism in India. American opinion about India's in- itarist themes are linked with a sys- In a situation like that now pre- tentions in Kashmir. tematic educational campaign to vailing in the subcontinent, this In his public speeches, Sadiq poured make the Indian people realize the is, to say the least, a disquieting vituperation on the United States in permanent threat of Chinese as well thought. November 4, 1965 • M ^o J -_ 'oti'jx- join Pakistan on religious grounds if given a ^choice, few realize the amount of opposition among Kash- rniris to Indian rule on purely po- II. Background to Conflict litical and economic grounds as well. The more than $170 million spent RICHARD CRITCHFIELD by India in Kashmir in the past decade has gone mostly for military highways and public buildings, and TT WAS the beginning of January, A fierce groan swept over the vast , several hundred million dollars more •*- 1964. I was the only western cor- mass of people. Suddenly some men has gone to maintain some 150,000 respondent in Kashmir. For ten days were on their feet and shouting, police and military troops in the the valley had been engulfed in a "Release the Lion of Kashmir! Only Vale to stave off uprisings. Despite religious frenzy. Moslems, heavily Sheikh Abdullah can be trusted to New Delhi's endless claims that cloaked against bitter cold, had identify the Holy Relicl" "Kashmir is an integral part of surged in almost constant processions Within minutes Red Square was India," it has not seriously tried through the valley, demanding the in pandemonium. "Plebiscite! Plebi- to raise the living standard of Kash- return of the stolen sacred hair of scite! Down with the Indian gov- mir's Moslems, and the poverty of the Prophet Mohammed. Night and ernmentl" The treasonous words, the people living in this beautiful day they had marched through the punishable by imprisonment, rum- valley comes as a shock to the foreign, streets of Srinagar, bearing the bled across the square and echoed visitor. corpses of their dead and carrying from the crowded rooftops. Masoodi, thousands of green Islamic flags and caught up in the fever, shouted at The Gentle Lion black banners of mourning. the top of his lungs into the micro- Jawaharlal Nehru clearly knew the In the distant eastern Indian sea- phone: "The ice that has frozen our danger of the Kashmir situation coast town of Bhubaneswar, just politics for ten years has meltedl during the last five months of his when the religious outburst in Kash- Spring has come to Kashmir even if 'life. In February, 1964, suffering mir was at its height, Jawaharlal God has not given the world ears to partial paralysis and uremic poison- Nehru collapsed of a stroke and had hearl" ing, and aware he had not long to to be carried semi-conscious from a Masoodi was wrong. The Indian live, Nehru' sent his deputy, Lai political convention. In steamy East authorities, who until then had been Bahadur Shastri, to Kashmir to Bengal, Pakistani Moslems had al- reluctant to crush a religious demon- strike a bargain with the Moslem ready begun massacres of Hindu stration, hestitated no longer. Indian leaders. Shastri secretly promised to neighbors and the communal slaugh- Army troops supported by armed release Sheikh Abdullah, the former ter was rapidly spreading toward police were called from their heavily chief minister of Kashmir, whom Calcutta, inflamed by refugees' tales fortified barracks and sent into Srin- Nehru, despite their old friendship, of rape, murder, and arson. In Ra- agar to reoccupy the city, and Kash- had deposed and kept in confinement walpindi, the Pakistani capital, an mir's third abortive uprising against for ten years, in return for an end emergency cabinet session decided to Indian rule in a decade was quelled. to religious demonstrations and a appeal once again for United Na- Thousands of troops patrolled Srin- promise that Moslem elders would tions intervention. agar's streets with fixed bayonets. help in a public identification of the But in the Vale of Kashmir, cut Policemen, watched by sullen crowds, recovered holy relic as the genuine off from the outside world by bliz- set off fireworks in the streets. hair of Prophet Mohammed. zards and total censorship, these Meanwhile, All India Radio in. Abdullah was released two months repercussions to its troubles were New Delhi broadcast news reports later, and on April 18 made his unknown. And when daylight came that the Kashmiri people were re- triumphal return to Srinagar. I had on January 4 a huge multitude, in joicing and dancing in the streets returned to the city that morning •defiance of an Indian police order, to celebrate the recovery of the holy and watched as nearly a million moved into Srinagar's historic Red relic, and this Indian version was wildly cheering peasants lined Ab- Square, where Nehru had promised largely carried in the world press. dullah's sixty-mile approach across Kashmir a plebiscite fourteen years For anyone who was there, nothing the Vale. As the procession crawled before. From an improvised plat- that India says on Kashmir can be through the city and surging mobs .form on top of a bus, Maulana quite the same again. showered his car with spring flow- Mohammed Sayeed Masoodi, a re- India has always insisted that ers, all Srinagar echoed with the vered elder, said the Indian authori- whatever unrest there is in Kashmir cry "We want a plebiscite!" ties claimed to have found the hair is caused by the religious bias of a Abdullah, a silver-haired, soft- but would not show it to him backward people, and that the Kash- spoken giant of a man, pledged to or the other Moslem leaders and miris themselves are largely indiffer- his adoring peasant followers, "I divines. "If the relic, God forbid, ent pawns in the struggle between am with you even if I am torn to is not recovered, there will be no India and Pakistan. Many fair- pieces to solve this problem." He difference between the sky and earth minded Indians are convinced that did not, however, demand a plebi- nor the river and shores in Srinagarl" this is true. While many westerners scite but spoke instead in ethical he shouted over a loudspeaker. concede that the Kashmiris would terms of forgiveness and love for l 28 .... <* ' TtfE REPORTER w3, both India and Pakistan. Later, in right. For years Nehru had fostered Washington of a "new five-year arms- New Delhi, there was a moving rec- the notion in the Indian people aid program to India, which had onciliation with Nehru, and mara- that should Kashmir join Pakistan, been strongly urged by U.S. Ambas- thon conversations between the dying India's Hindu fanatics would murder sador Chester Bowles. leader and his former protege'. their fifty-five million Moslem coun- -' Nevertheless discussions about the Abdullah had first caught the trymen and every border state in possibility of talks between Ayub popular imagination during Hindu- India would seek independence. Both and Shastri continued, but the two Moslem riots in Kashmir in 1931 arguments were questionable, but leaders reportedly agreed to post- when he undertook to give the last Nehru by then was too weak politi- pone a settlement on Kashmir until rites to a young Hindu girl whose cally to go back on them. Shastri had settled into office and relatives were afraid to go by them- Instead, he saw a way to avoid could prepare Indian public opinion. selves to the cremation ground. Then having to give Kashmir up. That Then rumors began spreading an obscure young Moslem chemistry that Shastri had secretly informed teacher, Abdullah carried the Hindu India's militant right-wing party girl's body through Srinagar's streets leaders that he did not intend to and went on into legend as the "Lion give up Indian sovereignty rights of Kashmir." The Vale has never had over Kashmir. Hindu extremist news- a religious riot since. paper articles critical of Shastri As leader of Kashmir's National abruptly ceased. New Delhi then Conference, a democratic indepen- began taking a series of steps to dence movement that had links with absorb Kashmir constitutionally into India's Congress Party before 1947, India. Abdullah served as Kashmir's first w Abdullah, with Shastri's permis- prime minister from 1947 to 1953. * ,t- Iff^f^^si sion, went abroad last January, His rule was notable for radical land ostensibly on a pilgrimage to Mecca reforms and a steadfast refusal to and to visit the Moslem countries. accept Indian economic aid. In Au- In- Algiers his visit coincided with gust, 1953, he was abruptly deposed one by Chinese Premier Chou En-lai, for seeking Kashmir's independence who invited Abdullah to visit Pe- after he became disillusioned with was to bring Pakistan in. Sheikh king. Shastri cabled Abdullah that Indian rule, and was jailed for the Abdullah went to Pakistan with an his passport (giving his nationality as next ten years. offer from Nehru: Would President a "Moslem Kashmiri") was canceled Ayub agree to the creation of an and ordered him to return to Delhi CURING those years, Kashmir was internally autonomous Kashmir, with for "talks" at once. At Delhi's Palam ruled by Bakshi Ghulam Mo- India and Pakistan forming a Airport, Abdullah was hustled off by hammed, Abdullah's former deputy. confederation, guaranteed by the Indian police without seeing anyone He soon became a tyrannical and United 'Nations, for its joint de- and has been held incommunicado corrupt dictator who crushed all fense? in South India ever since. A British political opposition with a private In early May, Nehru hinted to newsman who tried to reach Ab- army of secret police. Indian author- the Indian parliament that ties, 'dullah was expelled. ities looked the other way while "even constitutional" ties, with Paki- In the meantime, Pakistan had Bakshi pocketed a handsome share stan might be desirable. Ayub agreed also jailed K. H. Khurshid, the of Kashmir's development funds. (A to meet Nehru in June to discuss former president of Azad (Pakistan- British banker, then in Kashmir, es- forming a confederate bond between held) Kashmir, reportedly for favor-' timated this to be as high as $75 the two countries to create some ing Kashmir's reunification as an million.) order in Kashmir. He told Abdullah autonomous state, relatively inde- In late 1963, Bakshi resigned un- he might agree to the proposal, pro- pendent of both India and Pakistan. der pressure from the prime minis- vided Pakistan's sovereignty was not Then, on August 5, began the tership, but was able to keep Kash- infringed upon. series of events that ultimately mir his personal fief by installing a On the evening of May 24, Nehru ended in the Indo-Pakistani war. sidewalk petition writer, Khwaja called Kashmir's Chief Minister Sadiq Shamsuddin, as his successor. Sham- to his house in Delhi for urgent con- A Link for Friendship? suddin himself was forced out of sultation. He asked Sadiq if he Masoodi, who until his arrest on office in early 1964 and was replaced would agree to the confederation October 21 was considered Abdullah's by G. M. Sadiq, the present incum- plan. Sadiq agreed. spokesman, said, "We have tried bent. The next morning, Nehru left for to keep Sheikh Abdullah's views Soon after his stroke in January, a two-day rest in the mountains. The alive in the six months since he left 1964, Nehru had decided that Kash- morning following his return, May us. His policy is that the Kashmir mir must be settled once and for 27, he suffered his fatal stroke and issue must be settled in accordance all. The question, once Abdullah was died. Four days later Ayub publicly with the will of the Kashmiri people released, was how. rejected the confederation proposal. and on the basis of friendship By then, India could not easily His rejection, it appeared, was partl-y between India and Pakistan. have agreed to give up Kashmir out- prompted by the announcement in "Nehru told Abdullah in his last November 4, 1965 29 ,Culfcl«Sa^«lUiHii.;p\t...; ,_^Ui«A^Wi!J^<^a4(nl«&^l-^i-.=A-.«M AdOO days that he felt Kashmir could do more harm to India than any-other question. This military action by India and Pakistan will not settle anything. Even if India takes over Pakistan-held Kashmir, it still will not be settled. "Somehow all this violence must end. Now all the young men want to join Pakistan. Everybody first of all wants his own freedom. And when the chance for freedom is not there . . . well, after this every- body will say they must go to Paki- stan. They must bring Sheikh Ab- dullah back to Kashmir. He is the only man to get India and Pakistan to settle it;" Abdullah's followers have adopted an aloof policy toward the question of the infiltrators. Their own public effort since June has been to send ten volunteers into Srinagar's Red Square once a week in a Gandhi-style civil- disobedience movement. The dem- onstrators court arrest by shouting the slogans "This .land is ours and we will decide its futurel Release Sheikh Abdullah!" Several hundred have been jailed. One eminent Kashmiri lawyer, an intimate of Sheikh Abdullah, de- scribed to me what he thought were the Sheikh's views for a Kashmir settlement: "Abdullah believes that it is not only a question of Kashmir but of the whole divided subcontinent. Pakistan's attitude toward Kashmir has been too possessive. "On the other hand, Abdullah found President Ayub more reason- able last spring than Ayub's public statements would indicate. He would go along with India a long way. "If India wants peace and to end the fighting with Pakistan, Abdullah .must be released. The Sheikh wants Kashmir to flower as a place where Hindus, Moslems, and Sikhs can live together. He wants India and Pakistan just to leave the Kashmiris alone and let them develop their own genius. After all, the valley is only twenty-six by sixty miles, a small piece of land. Why have India and Pakistan made it a question of false pride and false prestige? Abdul- lah's idea of a confederation is aimed at making of Kashmir a link between India and Pakistan." These were the aims of Sheikh Abdullah's movement. 30 FOUNDED'by HORACE GREELEY, APRIL 10, iS4i The Herald Tribune makes available a broad cross section of Informed and responsible opinion through the views and observations of our columnists. Our own opinions are expressed In these editorials. "' '.'< iimiiiiiniiiiii iiiniiiii mini i inn ii iimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimmHiiimiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim mil i niiiiiiiimmiiiiniimiiiii 22 Monday, March 28, 1966 D iiiiiiiimimimimmiimmitmmiii iimnmmm imimimiumliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiimmimimniiimiiiiiiimiii lllllimiimiinmillMllNllfmill ifmimniim'mniitimi Kashmir in Washington >.- It had been hoped, when Prime Minister the leaders of India -and the United States .Gandhi first announced her plans to visit are meeting in Washington, the Presidents Washington, that she and President Johnson of Red China and Pakistan are meeting in "would be able to concentrate on India's Rawalpindi; nor can it be an uncalculated -csiossai •eeoBc^ik' problem;. There is the coincidence that President Liu Shao-chi and .AT.mediate need for -greater American food shipments to meet the threatened famine; Foreign Minister Chen Yi should be Arriv- «iid there is the strong desire to secure the ing just after Pakistan had paraded the full resumption of American aid so that jet fighters and tanks it had received from India might proceed with its economic de- Peking.- >"tlopment program. These two problems President Ayub may have turned to Red ttre of such great scope that they could China out. of desperation, following the easily consume the few precious hours U. S. decision to cut off military shipments which the two leaders will have to con- to both Pakistan and India. At the same duct business today and tomorrow; and if .time, he may be resuming his dangerous Mrs. Gandhi- could manage to exclude any diplomatic game of trying to scare Wash- crther items, she undoubtedly would be ington by cozying up to Peking. This game pleased to do so.' is even less promising now than it was : Unfortunately, that will not be possible. before" his failure to force a solution of the Since the announcement of her visit, the Kashmir issue by force of arms. bloom began to fade from the Tashkent Yet President Ayub and his problems agreement between India and Pakistan. cannot be ignored. President, Johnson and" .That part of the agreement providing Mrs. Gandhi cannot seriously discuss long- for the withdrawal "of troops from each range plans for India except on a basis of other's territory has been carried out, and stability in the region. And stability is that is all to the good; but the deeper and difficult, if not impossible, until India cojmes broader issues remain suspended in midair. to terms with Pakistan on the Kashmir .The breakdown of the recent ministerial issue. rrieeting in Rawalpindi has been followed by That does not mean that the United a resumption of angry exchanges between States must take advantage of India's the two neighbors; and it very much looks current difficulties to press for concessions .as if aty.-parties, were being carried back to on Kashmir. Hunger is not negotiable. But ,,. akistau ' J-£l^ Regarding the comment in your,March. 31 ^editorial,| -"The'Issue Is Still Kashmir/' that-Pakistan,.also, failed " .to-carry out the^ original United Nations terms.of a set- ftlement- envisaging-'.a plebiscite in. Kashmir,.may I point out'the fallowing facts: ' ' ' " . ~' .Pakistan was' not ..required,.first, to ,withdraw Its f troops from the .disputed region. Tile plan of the settle- j ment, explained authoritatively by the Unite,d. Nations / Commission;' was that the ;withdrawal,. of troops >by India and Pakistan should be. co-ordinated and: syn- chronized.-That is why the agreement-provided for the signing and (publication, of &"Truce Agreement"'between India^nd Pakistan.in. advance of the'actual movement of troops. This was essential because .otherwise, there would be ho assurance that, by the' evacuation of. troops frbm''one sidev'it would; not be exposed to the danger of .attack..from the other.-'.:..-. ' -..-S. . . This essential condition of settlement wa$ not pe- culiar to Kashmir. There is no case in, international affairs"'where any obligation is" imposed on bne party to withdraw 'its forces,. unilaterally or even'' priO;r to the other, .The .withdrawal of .troops fr6in/ the areas of fight- ing in .the India-Pakistan war of 1965 is an example. It was :accompiifihed only 'after an agreement between the two parties as to phasing and • co-ordination, -,. which en- • sured that the operations on "the two sides would be I completed' at the sametime.', .... . • '.- . •- It was this iind of agreement: about Kashmir which was obstructed by India, making it impossible :for Paki- stan even, to 'begin .the, withdrawal of its troops from Kashmir.;. Besides making a number of offers in this 'respect, Pakistan signified, its willingness cto commence withdrawal. Of its troops provided tlm after .lapse of a significant humber^of days, India would do likewise. But . India remained, obdurate. ^ These assertions can be verified from the detailed: record,of the negotiations., held on the subject by the United Nations representatives. If there is'any doubt, let me m'ention that Pakistan offered to submit to arbi- tration the-question. of whether it'had discharged its obligations. If Pakistan had been the defaulter, why was .not this offer_ taken up by others? - . ' ,\. .. -..','• MOHAMAD SAKPRAZ, Press Counsellor, Pakistan JMission to the UnitedNatioiiso-:' BALTIMORE SUN, Tuesday, 19 April 1966 :lndia~ Won't ;:Bargain;1nsidl -.-•' " '.-' <.BJ JAMES S. KEAT '• [JVeui Delhi Bureau of The ,Sun : .New'. Delhi, "April 18'.-'— 'Inia; :made' 'it' plan -today it TyilL refi to1 enter political negotiations o '.Kashmir,, inside', or ...outside the United'. Natibhs.. 'Swarari;; Singh, vForeigri Mhister,, told. Parli'ameht :thatill'we:haye ' ! the: Security; I last September pgr^em^B-; than Jpfider/.the '^egi I ward a settlement'.of theV; ^e^Imted Natipnig^,;^:^ problem." . . . . .', Noting that tJje,!l;apikenjK^gree^ If the" question'of politicarjnego- ment- "Postulates" •'bila'teral' nego- tiations over Kashmir i? raised by tiation of differneces, Singh said, the United Nations, Singh said in "This,, to my mind, will be a veryi answer to questions in the House good reply if and when Pakistan thinks of going to the Security of the People, out; "reply willbe: in. accordance with our well-' Countil".. Asked wheteher the Govern- :; known stand that .Kashmir/is an : ment plans to ask Moscow, which integralpart o'f Indiar" • : "witnessed" but did not sign the Ig'i^^feEinissary • Tashkent accord, to mediate ^$^r|Spetp)rime Minister Idi- again, Singh said he preferred not |a|||^|lSushed off a. stir in to "drag other parties" into it. ^Hia'nienl' 'By'"conceding that no No Surprise 'RftssiaW' emissary, had. been, sent India's preference for the Tash- to.Pakistan to discuss the deterio- kent approach is no ' surprise, ration of the , Soviet-sponsored i since New Delhi believes the i agreement calls for a restoration Tashkent agreement to restore of normal relations without insist- normal relations. ing on negotiations with Pakistan In a statements to Parliament over the eighteen-year:old Kash- April 7, following her trip'aborad, mir, dispute. Mrs. Gandhi said* an emissary Pakistan, .. however, reads the had been sent, ' implying Soviet Tashkent agreement as providing Premier -Alexei N. Kosygin had machinery for the solution of all told her so at a brief conference disputes, including -Kashmir. Ra- en route home. . ;•> walpindi, in fact, believes India committed itself at Tashkent to Mrs. Gandhi- explained s.uch .flegptiatiohs..,. Pakistan, -is that Kosygin had" said : Government was relaying. nation's complaints of of the Tashkent agreemenfetpi each other and that Moscow-was; •The/ ' Tashkent '•" Agreement, considering personal discussions j signed January 10, accomplished! about them. .. , ,. i the withdrawal of Indian and Pa-j Singh said, in response to a bar-' kistan-'troops from each other's! rage of questions -about Kashmir, that he would not 'go so far as to soil and the restoration of the old say that the Security'Council's re-1 cease -fire line in Kashmir solution of September 20, which breached by both sides last. Au- successfully .demanded a- cease- gust. - fire in the Indo-Pakistahi conflict, j 'Since the troop withdrawals late was "dead." i ' '..':• in February,, however, there'has Agreement P.REFERRED been little progress, 'but growing Although he did not say so spe- cificallyi. Singh implied:..that.j.nflj^ animosity. Each nation'.accuses preferie' S .$ . with; ;P,^fc|s'tani! failing tOftiiy^iiugf'th'e ™—w~»i NEW YORK TIMES, Wednesday, 2? April 1966 Assess ;Mrs. Gandhi. Lead* Njatjpn From Socialism,:" .... BJyT ANTHONY LTJKAS 1 . jspeefal to Th«New York- Times' ":. .l^W J*ELHI, April 26—V. :K. Krishna- Menon,. -leader, of the left-wing in India's governing Congress . party, delivered . a sufotle'but stinging attack today,' oh Government policies. ' V';^ v-:fe" ffwhich Mr.s,=;Menon, who was 6ne;|pf: the Idtes Prime Minister Jayja* JP y..3tlid to Lb «r -?**r-,-z.--- • ,k. Jtrs. Gandhi was not-present harlal-ixN'ehru's . closest associ* when Mr. Menon spoke, but slie ates, suggested in a speech to was. reported to. have listened to Parliament .thatLPrime Minister Indir.a^Garidhi, '.Mr. .':N.ehru's the SBfllch over- .a /loudspeaker daugjjper1,.had permitted'a dan- in her "'Off ice in tlie> parliament geroj|s drift from her- father's building. policies of Socialism and non- Mr. Menon began by paying tributeBtp.,Mrs. Gandhi's "great alignfcient. persojM' success" on her- recent ' H« avoided an open attack on trip To^the United States. Mrs.|Gandhi. His criticism was- "However,1' he added with a' delii§red indirectly and- with little smile, "personal success is elabwate irony. Speaking in a not the,,same as policy." soft yoice sometimes almost in- Mrfj-Menon 'said "there is no (harm Yn discussing with a foreign government academic- ally the political structure of any country, but if it -means •that the discussion is relevant to the relationship that exists, then HHtertain ; consequences follov ^ms»v ;g About 'The Piper' :ay worship at the shrine of nonalignment" he warned, "but if we throw away fihe.content by letting the man 'whp'-.jEflys tt16 piper call ,-thej tune.jfflien there will' "*" '•* .jip'nahg'nrnent." - Later, he put it morei'bli "bo we want to other Brazil or do we tiftol remailigjlndia?" Mr^ 'Menon also sharply at- tacked the proposed Indian- American Foundation, which President Johnson has suggest- ed to^aid Indian education with fund^feifned from the sale of| food under the Food for Peace program. He said the foundation would be "an intrusion into the cultur- al aifettitellectual, developmen : t of ou*4ountry." f gin.' the galleries, Mr. Later, several of Mr. Menon's criticisms were : answered by rhade his-points ih'what Foreign Minister 'Swaran Singh. one legislator later called the ' Onisthe Indian - American •"Brutus is 'an honorable man Foun^.|ipn, Mr. Singh said "we manner" ' , . • ;, have "no reason to believe that, However, the legislators in making available these funds, showlffiiby .frequent laughter the President of the United that They got 'his message: an .'States had any intention what- assault, no less bitter for being soevejjfsj.f .influencing our edu- direct, on the Government's cqn- catiofiiffipolicy'." cessions"to American economic pressure. Mr. Singh added: "Let there •Thjguwas the. first time that foe no doubt in any quarter that the ^Jjear-bld' former Defense in accepting aid from any coun- Minister had publicly criticized try—'be^it Britain or Russia— Mrs. Gandhi's' three-month-old •that jEgvjwill ever .be. influenced; 1 jvill change: i.outii'-policies jG-oyernment. The ' speech/was. i ' . ri-.iplia-!L^>H££fe-J«.--^i:/f™ rii>\V!;'. .evidence of the grpwingJ tv*«>o«ti^i,i...« Allege Major Pakistani Troop Doubling of Force in Kashmir New Delhi Worried by Report ••3 •; Is Charged by Officials U.S. May Supply A j* By J. ANTHONY LTJKAS brigades are ideally placed'/to : :.-':. Special to The New York Times cut the strategic road leading * NEW DELHI, July 2—Paki- from Srinagar, the capital of In- : stan has nearly doubled her mili- dian Kashmir, to Leh, the capi- "tary strength in the Pakistani- tal of Ladakh Province and an i'Jheld part of Kashmir since the important military base sup- I; war with India last September, porting troops on the Chinese f according to official Indian border. On August 16, 1965, this •sources here. road provided one cause of fric- :: Indian officials also said to- tion that built up into the war. ™ day that Pakistan had substan- At the time, Indian troops ;;:t -tlv i" "-eased her armed forces crossed the cease-fire line and Srlsc-'here during the last 10 seized three Pakistan posts aft- >; months. er a reported Pakistani attempt * The sources said this inf orma- to -cut the route between Srina- ', tion has been directed to the at- gar and Leh. tention of the United States re- The sources also reported :fcently as part of India's re- that Pakistan had trained 5,000 f new warnings again the danger "razakars," irregulars like those ;>of any increase in United States The New York Times Aug. 3, 1964 who infiltrated Indian Kashmir '•military supplies to Pakistan. last August. The infiltration be- ••" United States military aid and India said Pakistan had came an immediate cause of the 'i sales to both India and Faki- strengthened her forces at Indian-Pakistan war. The ng stan were suspended after the Bhimbar (1) and Skardu (2). sources said the infiltration Kwar. Last spring the United brought the irregulars in Paki- ••^States relaxed this ban to per- stani Kashmir to about 35,000. ": mit the sale of "nonlethal" mili- tents and purposes part of the They said that some of the x; tary goods to both countries. Pakistani Army. razakars were being trained in guerrilla warfare at Shinkiari, J: The officials said tiie Paki- The sources also said that ; :|stani build-up suggested that Pakistan had increased her where Chinese Communist HIT '..'Pakistan was planning what structors are reported to be sta- SJthey called new aggressive ac- regular army brigades sta- tioned. istion against India. tioned in Kashmir from one to The officials also said Pakis- % U.S. Arms Aid Feared three. That meant an increase tan had been building new roads of another eight battalions, the and airfields in her section of * The sources were troubled by sources said. Kashmir. ^.reports from Washington that In addition, they said, a new Other Increase Alleged K'the United States might further armored squadron—the first in- •jease restrictions on sending dependent armored squadron— Outside Kashmir, Pakistan ^arms to Pakistan to include has been stationed at Bhimbar, was also said to be sharply in- tparts for aircraft and tanks. a small town 60 miles from the creasing her military strength. I ^ Tjie officials conceded that Kashmir cease-fire line in the The Indian sources said Pak-j jjlndia had also increased her Jammu sector. istan, which had five or six di-] Jjmilitary strength since last The sources said that four visions before last September's, ^year's conflict. However they independent light-artillery regi- conflict, was planning to raise \ •il'insisted that this increase in- ments and two medium-artillery five divisions. They said they fjvolved "less than two new di- batteries had been placed in believed three had already been "visions" and that the increase Kashmir. This, they said, made raised. •Jdid not exceed the plan adopt- a total strength in Kashmir of These divisions have been 5?ed after the Chinese attack on two regiments of field artillery "largely" equipped with Chi- "India in 1962. and four of light artillery and nese Communist arms, the ::si They also said that India's two batteries of medium artil- sources said. They said Paki-: :;. strength in Kashmir had not lery and one of light anti- istan was getting 270 tanks, •"been increased. aircraft. and 125 MIG-19's from ChuiaV j' According to the Indian Among the most ominous de- of which 100 tanks and .60 i.sources, Pakistan has increased velopments, the sources said, planes have already arrived.''; Sthe number of her Kashmir bat- was the stationing of nearly In light of this reported buildj talions from 18 to at least 26 two full brigades of troops at up, the sources said, any movj •jand "probably" 31. These battal- Skardu, about 50 miles inside now by the United States to |ions, known as "Free Kashmir the cease-fire line in the north- relax the restrictions on mili| attalions'' in Pakistan and ern part of Pakistan-held Kash- tary supplies to Pakistan would 'PakistanrOccupied Kashmir mir. | be considered an "unfriendly IBattalionsl'tf «»llrt1ne«*"* ' VlQT*rt T arClie to all ex-i Indian officials say that these I act." BALTIMORE SIM. Friday, 5 August 1966 3-Nation Commission . May Send Patrol^ r ;• Into Area ../., By JAMES S. KEAT [New Delhi Bureau of T/te Sun] • New Delhi, 'Aug. .' 4^-India , is ,' attempting to prevent "iurtber clashes in Ihe demilitarized zone between North and "South Vietnam - in its capacity as chairman of itihe. International Control Commis- sion, informed sources said today. The ;three -nation • commission, meeting in Sa'igon, has discussed .proposals -to. send-' ;patrols into the 6-rhile-wide zone . which strad;. dies the, seventeenth -parallel be- tween North and South.. Just what .form^the .patrols: would 'take re- mains unsettled, according to knowledgeable ••sources. The' ob- ject would 'be to neutralize ihe .border between North arid South Vietnam! . . .-".•'-. . 'Slipped Across Border South' Vietnam has:-charged .that troops arid- supplies i from .the Northj have .slipped, • ;'' 'e.emtar-- zone created byi the 'Geneva ' agreement. of -IflsC: •United States .heavy bombers have! attacked the "'^upply lines in recent'days. . .:. I According to the most recenHn- rmation reaching here, the boiii^ f issibn is awaiting a reacfcipn' frofrii-Poland, the Communist re'p- i^.esentatiye.' Canada is- the/ t?ijrd: .|hember. - ^. . ' ... .;•:! |,.PoIaud is presumably consulting: fffie, Soviet Union for its reactijjnj |p'fh;e proposal,, which could ha^t Jrmci i greater implications for;.i|ie |Vie'tnam 'crisis than simply^aiv |ula'ting the zone from ground infiltration. " ; Kussians. Reluctant1 . Some students of Communist af- fairs here believe Moscow in turn is seeking- . North . Vietnam's re- action, since the Russians are reluctant to, take any. step in the conflict, which is not acceptable to Hanoi; ; Indian sources appear to favor renewed patrolling of tlie 50-mile- long border by troops of the three commission piembers. But altern- ative composition of the . patrols is " also' understood to be under discussion. - . •••- .' Rejuvenation of ..the commission,1'; which has been little more than . moribund for some time, could have broad implications. Hanoi, has reduced the commission's ac- tivities 'in the North 'f-a the capital itself. The commission, has not been much more active in .the'. .South. - .-' ••"•••. '.-.'•In fact, just two months ago "India itself was. seeking ways 6f| reducing the commission's stafl .in Vietnam because -.financial sup- port from the Geneva conferees was drying up. . • ' • ' , ' If -the three members should take up - patrolling of :\be .zone again, its expenditures would in-.i crease an'd" the Geneva powers, ' : including the Soviet Union, would j have to make additional contribu- j tions..-. - -. ' . . / BALTIMORE SUN. Tuesday, 9 August 1966 -said Pakijstan has: "re- couped the loss of'arms and equip- ment" sustained in the Indo- Pakistani conflict last fall. It has five more squadrons of fighters and fighter-bombers than it did fflSREPORT a year ago, he said. ,• India, the Defense Minister add- ed, is taking "adequate counter- \ STIRS IMA measures." He did not amplify. ; Singh said in answer to a ques-, tibn that India has no information ; Nation Told To Stay to indicate that Pakistan will ex-, plode a nuclear device with Chi- Cool In Face Of New nese help in the next two years. Neither does India have any in- Kashmir Rumors formation of any agreement by Peking to supply Pakistan with nuclear weapons, he said. ;Wew Delhi Bureau, oj The Sum] • Meanwhile, political tensions . New Delhi, Aug. 8—Pakistan is rose as Hukam Singh, speaker of not concentrating increased for- the House of the People, agreed ces on India's borders, Yeshwari- amidst opposition cheers to per trao B. Chavan; Defense Minister, mit a debate on a parliamentarj told Parliament today. cpmmittee report which ha ; However, Chavan reiterated the criticized Chidambara Subraman- charge first made last week that i£m, Food Minister, for actions he Pakistan is doubling its Army and took three years ago while he was massing twice as many troops in Steel Minister. Kashmir as it had there a year : Opposition members shouted for ago. The Defense .Minister said Subramaniam's resignation, but India should react "cooly and Singh cut off debate because calmly." In answer to a -question Subramaniam had been delayed in hie said, "I do not believe there is returning from a weekend trip. any further concentration along '-, Usually reliable sources said the the international frontiers." Government had attempted to ,, Chavan and Swaran Sigh, head off the debate, which could Foreign Minister, spoke in strong prove politically explosive. Prime terms about the reports of Pakis- Minister Indira Gandhi is under- tani rearmament with Help from stood to have asked that any de- Communist China and. some| Bate be held off until she can unidentified nations allied with Appoint a high level inquiry com- the United .States; •' - . mission into the Government's Charge Is Amplified Handling of a private import-ex- ; The Defense Minister's charge port deal in which a large amount that Pakistan has received 86 of precious foreign exchange was Sabre jets manufactured under wasted. United States license was ampli- ; Another political crisis devel- fied in the House of the States by oped in the troubled state of A. M. Thomas, Minister of De- JSJagaland today when Halff of fense Production. the State's Legislature called for ^Questioned about reports that the resignation of the Chief 50, jets, manufactured in Canada, Minister, Shilo -Ao. had passed to Pakistan through •'Nagaland embraces the Naga West Germany and Iran, Thomas Hills, parts of which have been said for the first time that Iran in revolt against -Indian rule for a had admitted the presence of the decade. Leaders of the Naga fighters in Pakistan. rebel's are en route to New Delhi' ; Iran's explanation, Thomas for another and perhaps decisive said, was that the Sabre jets had i found of negotiations with Mrs been sent to Pakistan for servic- 'ing under •^riagsft '•*W'!i'^S^"-*/pi*-ft^:5'.r^jViv^">-SM'^*"*-'.-*m;' M^&^l^^Z^™^ '* MEW YORK TIMES. Wednesday, 17 August 1966 drawal and Pakistan from each other's! soil and other steps to improve j relations.v > ^a-^^ Delhi Says 'Preconditions' So far, only four of the points of agreement have been car- Prevent Discussions ried out: the withdrawal of troops,, the return of high com- missioners (ambassadors) to By J. ANTHONY LTJKAS their posts, the exchange ot Special to The New York Times prisoners and the restoration of NEW DELHI, 'Aug. 16 — telegraph, telephone and postal communications.' Prospects for new talks be- Among the .clauses still to tween India and Pakistan to be implemented are restoration improve relations between of trade, economic relations and! them appeared to have dimmed cultural exchanges; resumption' of air, train and ship .traffic, today. ( and return of .assets seized dur- This was the conclusion of \ng the war. observers after the Indian Gov- Hopes that the stalemate ernment issued an exchange of might be broken were revived' notes with Pakistan on efforts in June after President Ayub to implement last January's said Pakistan was ready'to par- ticipate in. another ministerial Tashkent Agreement. meeting if .India agreed to dis- In placing the notes before cuss "all outstanding questions." Parliament today, Foreign This was viewed here as a Minister Swaran Singh said hint that Pakistan might be Pakistan's note of July 22 willing to advance on some of the other issues if India agreed sought to impose conditions on to discuss Kashmir. the talks i>y insisting that prog- Thus encouraged, India pro- ress be made on the Kashmir posed on July '6 that officials issue before anything could be of the two Governments meet- accomplished on other isues. ing "without preconditions" to He said India had made it prepare the way for a meeting clear that she could not. agree of ministers. to any such conditions. He said The Pakistani' reply on July that India still: hoped talks 22 said that the Kashmir issue "could take place but that this lay "at the root of the Indo- depended on "the decision Pakistan conflict" and that be- ;taken by the Pakistan Govern- fore she agreed to any meeting 'ment." . , she wanted confirmation that To observers of the Indian- there would be "meaningful ne- Pakistani dispute, it appeared gotiations leading to a settle- that there were'no prospects ment" of the Kashmir issue. for breaking the stalemate. In the Indian note, delivered Kashmir Still Obstacle' in Rawalpindi Aug. 6 and issued As usual, the Kashmir issue here today, the Government was the obstacle. For;the last said^'the Tashkent Declaration 18 years the future OT the di- calls'" for progress in various vided Himalayan state has been fields of Indian-Pakistani rela- contested between the two coun- tions without progress, on any tries. Pakistan; demands a pleb-! iscite in Indian Kashmir toi determine whether it should, stay with India or go to Pakis-j tan. India contends that Kash-' mir is an integral part of' the country and 'that its future is not negotiable. •'.•'''! ' . . The two countries fought a brief war: .over .Kashmir last September. and then, tried to repair the damage last January at the meeting between Presi- dent Mohammad Ayub Khan of Pakistan and Prime „ Minister Lai Bahadur Sli^g ^^ *"*•* Tashk - =•