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Los Carabinae (Coleoptera: Carabidae) De Oviedo (Asturias, España): Biodiversidad, Fenología Y Modificaciones Morfológicas

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Los Carabinae (Coleoptera: Carabidae) De Oviedo (Asturias, España): Biodiversidad, Fenología Y Modificaciones Morfológicas Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (S.E.A.), nº 54 (30/6/2014): 179–192. LOS CARABINAE (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) DE OVIEDO (ASTURIAS, ESPAÑA): BIODIVERSIDAD, FENOLOGÍA Y MODIFICACIONES MORFOLÓGICAS Aitor Somoano1, Izaskun Merino-Sáinz2 & Araceli Anadón3 Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo. C/ Catedrático Rodrigo Uría s/n 33071 Oviedo (Asturias, España). 1 [email protected] 2 [email protected] 3 [email protected] Resumen: Se recogieron 3.150 especímenes, el 76,8% endémicos, pertenecientes a ocho especies de carabinos en diversos tipos de vegetación. El promedio de la verdadera diversidad fue 2,6 especies efectivas, pero la media fue 4,5 especies por lugar, sin grandes diferencias entre hábitats. Se obtuvieron siete agrupaciones, de las cuales bosques y plantaciones presentaron abundantes C. basilicus. Existieron correlaciones significativas entre C. nemoralis y C. basilicus con la humedad y entre Cychrus spinicollis con la altitud. Las especies se sucedieron en sus periodos de máxima actividad: primavera y verano en C. basilicus, verano en C. violaceus, otoño en C. macrocephalus, C. spinicollis y C. nemoralis; C. luetgensi tuvo cuatro máximos poblacionales. Se detectaron reiteradas variaciones morfológicas en el labio de C. basilicus y C. nemoralis sin relación con factores ambientales. Palabras clave: Coleoptera, Carabidae, Carabinae, distribución, riqueza específica, abundancia, MDS, vegetación, correlaciones parciales, Península Ibérica. The Carabinae (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of Oviedo (Asturias, Spain): biodiversity, phenology and morphological changes Abstract: Eight species of Carabinae have been identified from 3,150 specimens gathered in 24 plots of known vegetation. The av- erage “true diversity” of the sites was 2.6 effective species, while the average per site was 4.5, without great differences between sites. Seven clusters with similar species aggregates have been defined; forests and forest plantations yielded an abundance of C. basilicus. There were significant correlations between C. nemoralis, C. basilicus and the level of humidity, and between Cychrus spinicollis and the altitude. The maximum of activity of each species successively changed: spring and summer for C. basilicus, summer for C. violaceus, autumn for C. macrocephalus, C. spinicollis and C. nemoralis; C. luetgensi had four population peaks. Re- current morphological variations were detected in the labium of C. basilicus and C. nemoralis without any connection with environ- mental factors. Key words: Coleoptera, Carabidae, Carabinae, distribution, species richness, abundance, MDS, vegetation, partial correlations, Iberian Peninsula. Introducción Los coleópteros Carábidos pueblan todos los hábitats excep- Vasco (Ortuño & Marcos, 2003). En áreas próximas de la tuando los desiertos (Lövei & Sunderland, 1996). Son uno de vertiente sur de la Cordillera Cantábrica, en la provincia de los taxones mejor conocidos en entomología y uno de los León, destacan los trabajos monográficos sobre el comporta- grupos modelo más utilizados en biología, como lo prueban miento de los carábidos en diversos hábitats como brezales, los diversos estudios sobre su sistemática, ecología y conser- pastizales de trashumancia y sobre diversos bosques y planta- vación llevados a cabo en Europa (e.g. Kotze et al., 2011a). ciones forestales (Cuesta et al., 2006, Taboada et al., 2011a, En la Península Ibérica destacan los trabajos de Serrano Taboada et al., 2011b). (2013a, 2013b) sobre su distribución y diversidad. Los alrededores el monte Naranco presentan diferentes Los carábidos han sido objeto de estudio sobre los que ecosistemas caracterizados por tener un grado de antropiza- se han analizado los efectos de la fragmentación (Niemelä et ción variable. Como consecuencia de las prácticas agrícolas al., 1988; Halme & Niemelä, 1993; Niemelä, 2001; Taboada históricas que se han llevado a cabo en esta región, coexisten et al., 2006 Gaublomme et al., 2008), del manejo forestal parcelas en las que la actividad ganadera, agrícola o forestal (Niemelä et al., 2007), su comportamiento en los bordes persiste, parcelas en las que esta actividad nunca ha tenido (Heliölä et al., 2001; Taboada et al., 2004) y gradientes de lugar (o ha sido mínima) y otras en las que la recuperación lugares urbanos a rurales (Niemelä & Kotze, 2009). Estudios natural del hábitat ha comenzando. La zona de estudio reúne centrados en la evaluación de la calidad del hábitat (e.g. Eyre diversas áreas de bosques y matorrales autóctonos, plantacio- et al., 1996) y su utilización en estudios como bioindicadores nes forestales, prados de siega y pastizales, junto con las en ecosistemas terrestres (Ortuño & Marcos, 2003; Rainio & etapas de sucesión por la tala, los incendios o la evolución Niemelä, 2003; Koivula, 2011; Kotze et al., 2011b) demues- hacia un estado climácico derivadas del abandono de fincas. tran la importancia de relacionar estos coleópteros con el Conocer la diversidad de Carabidae correspondiente al ambiente. centro de Asturias y su asociación con las condiciones am- La principal aportación a su estudio en Asturias son los bientales y la vegetación es algo fundamental para seguir trabajos de Peláez & Salgado (2006a, 2006b, 2007a, 2007b, profundizando en la plasticidad de este grupo y sentar las 2013) sobre el análisis ecológico y biogeográfico de los mis- bases para futuras aplicaciones de este grupo como bioindica- mos en relación con la vegetación en el Macizo del Sueve, dores. Para ello se ha diseñado un muestreo continuado en donde existen hábitats diversos y con alto grado de conserva- diferentes hábitats representativos en torno al Monte Naranco ción. En el noroeste ibérico destacan las monografías de Gali- en Oviedo (Asturias), con el objetivo de estudiar la diversidad cia (Campos Gómez & Novoa Docet, 2006) y la del País de la subfamilia Carabinae, su fenología y su distribución. 179 Fig. 1. Mapa de la vegetación y leyenda de las formaciones vegetales (CTAPA) de las zonas y puntos muestreados (círculos negros). Las zonas son Ules, Ajuyán, Brañes, El Violeo, Naranco y Oviedo; y los puntos son cada uno de los sitios de muestreo. Fig. 1. Vegetation map and legend of vegetal formations (CTAPA) of sampled zones and sites (black circles). The zones are Ules, Ajuyán, Brañes, El Violéo, Naranco y Oviedo; and the points are the sampling sites. Material y métodos Área de estudio. Se localiza en el concejo de Oviedo, en el das las temperaturas medias y la humedad media del suelo y centro de Asturias. Se muestrearon diversos puntos del Monte del ambiente tomadas en cada muestreo, siempre a la misma Naranco, el cual forma parte de una serie de sierras prelitora- hora. les que se eleva hasta 600 metros con una pendiente media del La denominación de las asociaciones vegetales mues- 6,9%. En la falda meridional se localiza la ciudad de Oviedo, treadas, según Díaz González & Fernández Prieto (1988), se mientras que al Norte y al Este transcurre el río Nora. Fito- indica a continuación. geográficamente (Díaz González & Fernández Prieto, 1988) –Bosques y prebosques: bosque eútrofo (Beu) de roble este concejo se encuentra ubicado en el subsector Ovetense, con arces y fresnos (Polysticho setiferi-Fraxinetum excelsio- sector Galaico-Asturiano de la provincia Cántabro-Atlántica ris); bosque oligótrofo (Boli) de roble con variante de rebollo de la región Eurosiberiana. Se caracteriza por un clima tem- (Blechno spicanti-Quercetum roboris, facies Q. pyrenaica); plado, oceánico, de precipitaciones moderadas y regulares, e aliseda (Ali; Hyperico androsaemi-Alnetum glutinosae); inviernos suaves con bajo riesgo de heladas. bosque mixto (Bmx) transición de un bosque eútrofo de roble Se han elegido 24 puntos (Figura 1) que se han mues- a una aliseda, lauredal (Lau; Hedero helicis-Lauretum nobi- treado quincenalmente durante un año en siete zonas diferen- lis). Prebosque de rebollos (Reb) cuya etapa madura es el tes: siete puntos en El Violeo (cima del monte Naranco); tres bosque oligótrofo de robles; prebosque de sauces (Sau; Betu- en Brañes y cinco en Ajuyán (todos en la parroquia de San- la-Salicetum atrocinerea) cuya etapa madura es el bosque tamaría de Brañes, ladera norte del Monte Naranco); tres oligótrofo de roble. Avellanar (Av; Rubu ulmifolii-Tametum puntos en el Monte Naranco; cuatro puntos en Ules de Lillo communis), orla de formación de bosque eútrofo de robles. (parroquias unidas de Santa María del Naranco y San Miguel –Las dos plantaciones de castaños y robles de Ules de Lillo, situadas en la ladera sur del monte Naranco). Los (PlaJU y PlaMU) y la de Ajuyán (PlaRCAj) son derivadas restantes dos puntos se localizan en El Cristo y el Parque de de bosque eútrofo de robles. La plantación joven (PlaCVl) Invierno, enmarcados en la ciudad de Oviedo. de castaños de El Violeo deriva de un bosque oligótrofo de Se han caracterizado los puntos de muestreo según su roble. El eucaliptal (Eucl) está conformado por Eucaliptus vegetación y su geología, atendiendo a los mapas de litología globulus. y vegetación de la Cartografía Temática Ambiental del Prin- –Comunidad de equisetos (Equ; Picridio hieracioides- cipado de Asturias (CTAPA) y fuentes complementarias Eupatorietum cannabini subasociación equisetosum telma- (Soto, 1986; Méndez-Bedia, 1976). El Anexo A recoge los teia), orla nitrófila de ortigas (Ort; Urtico dioicae-Sam- datos de los puntos de muestreo y sus características, inclui- bucetum ebuli) de una sauceda-aliseda. 180 – Matorrales: Aulagar (Au; Ulici europaei-Genistetum
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